RESUMEN
A recent study showed that a significant fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP) occurred following intravenous injection of two novel superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), MF66 and OD15. To assess if this was caused by excessive glomerular clearance, the effect of both particles on renal function was studied. Experiments were performed on sodium pentobarbital anaesthetised male Wistar rats (250-350 g). Twenty-minute urine clearances were taken followed by an i.v. bolus of MF66, OD15 (2 mg·kg-1), or dH2O (0.4 mL·kg-1). MF6 or OD15 injection resulted in a significant transient drop in MAP and renal blood flow by approximately 33% and 50% (P < 0.05). The absolute excretion of sodium was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by almost 80% and 70% following OD15 and MF66, respectively. Similarly, fractional excretion of sodium was increased by almost 80% and 60% following OD15 and MF66, respectively. The glomerular filtration rate was not significantly affected, but urine flow increased nonsignificantly by approximately 50% and 66% following i.v. injection of OD15 and MF66, respectively. SPIONs produce a decrease in blood pressure and a natriuresis; however, the rate of fluid filtration in the kidney was not significantly affected.
Asunto(s)
Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/efectos adversos , Compuestos Férricos/efectos adversos , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotensión/inducido químicamente , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/efectos adversos , Natriuresis/efectos de los fármacos , Circulación Renal/efectos de los fármacos , Anestesia Intravenosa , Animales , Diuresis/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos Férricos/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Férricos/farmacocinética , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/administración & dosificación , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Masculino , Tasa de Depuración Metabólica , Modelos Animales , Pentobarbital/administración & dosificación , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Manufactured nanomaterials have a variety of medical applications, including diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancer. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the pharmacokinetic, biodistribution and biocompatibility of two novel magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in the anaesthetized pig. Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MF66-labelled 12 nm, core nominal diameter and OD15 15 nm); at 0.5, or 2.0 mg/kg) were injected intravenously. Particles induced a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure following administration which recovered to control levels several minutes after injection. Blood samples were collected for a 5-h period and stored for determination of particle concentration using particle electron paramagnetic resonance (pEPR). Organs were harvested post-mortem for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI at 1.5 T field strength) and histology. OD15 (2.0 mg/kg) MNP had a plasma half-life of approximately 15 min. Both doses of the MF66 (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg) MNP were below detection limits. MNP accumulation was observed primarily in the liver and spleen with MRI scans which was confirmed by histology. MRI also showed that both MNPs were present in the lungs. The results show that further modifications may be required to improve the biocompatibility of these particles for use as diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos Férricos/química , Compuestos Férricos/farmacocinética , Imanes , Porcinos , Anestesia , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos Férricos/efectos adversos , Compuestos Férricos/sangre , Pulmón/citología , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Tamaño de la Partícula , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
AIM: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) may play an important role in nanomedicine by serving as drug carriers and imaging agents. In this study, we present the biodistribution and pharmacokinetic properties of SPIONs using a new detection method, particle electron paramagnetic resonance (pEPR). MATERIALS & METHODS: The pEPR technique is based on a low-field and low-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance. pEPR was compared with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and MRI, in in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The pEPR, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and MRI results showed a good correlation between the techniques. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that pEPR can be used to detect SPIONs in both preclinical and clinical studies.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos Férricos/administración & dosificación , Nanomedicina , Nanopartículas/administración & dosificación , Animales , Medios de Contraste/administración & dosificación , Medios de Contraste/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia por Spin del Electrón , Compuestos Férricos/análisis , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Nanopartículas/análisis , Ratas , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
Respiratory muscle dysfunction documented in sleep apnoea patients is perhaps due to oxidative stress secondary to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). We sought to explore the effects of different CIH protocols on respiratory muscle form and function in a rodent model. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to CIH (n = 32) consisting of 90 s normoxia-90 s hypoxia (either 10 or 5% oxygen at the nadir; arterial O2 saturation â¼ 90 or 80%, respectively] for 8 h per day or to sham treatment (air-air, n = 32) for 1 or 2 weeks. Three additional groups of CIH-treated rats (5% O2 for 2 weeks) had free access to water containing N-acetyl cysteine (1% NAC, n = 8), tempol (1 mM, n = 8) or apocynin (2 mM, n = 8). Functional properties of the diaphragm muscle were examined ex vivo at 35 °C. The myosin heavy chain and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase isoform distribution, succinate dehydrogenase and glyercol phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activities, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase pump content, concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, DNA oxidation and antioxidant capacity were determined. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (5% oxygen at the nadir; 2 weeks) decreased diaphragm muscle force and endurance. All three drugs reversed the deleterious effects of CIH on diaphragm endurance, but only NAC prevented CIH-induced diaphragm weakness. Chronic intermittent hypoxia increased diaphragm muscle myosin heavy chain 2B areal density and oxidized glutathione/reduced glutathione (GSSG/GSH) ratio. We conclude that CIH-induced diaphragm dysfunction is reactive oxygen species dependent. N-Acetyl cysteine was most effective in reversing CIH-induced effects on diaphragm. Our results suggest that respiratory muscle dysfunction in sleep apnoea may be the result of oxidative stress and, as such, antioxidant treatment could prove a useful adjunctive therapy for the disorder.
Asunto(s)
Diafragma/metabolismo , Hipoxia/metabolismo , Contracción Muscular , Fatiga Muscular , Estrés Oxidativo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Enfermedad Crónica , Diafragma/efectos de los fármacos , Diafragma/fisiopatología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Glutatión/metabolismo , Glicerolfosfato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Hipoxia/fisiopatología , Masculino , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Fatiga Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Cadenas Pesadas de Miosina/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas Wistar , ATPasas Transportadoras de Calcio del Retículo Sarcoplásmico/metabolismo , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/metabolismo , Succinato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The effect of intraluminal hyperglycaemia was investigated in the iliac artery of 11 anaesthetised pigs. Following isolation of a test segment, hyperglycaemic blood (40 mmol·L(-1)) caused a significant dilatation of the artery of 167 ± 208 µm (mean ± SD; n = 6, P = 0.031). Dilatations were reduced by N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl esther (250 µg·mL(-1)) from 145 ± 199 to 38 ± 5 µm), but this was not statistically significant (n = 6, P = 0.18). Intra-arterial infusions of d-glucose (20-40 mmol·L(-1)·min(-1)), during graded constrictions, caused statistically significant increases in blood flow (n = 11, P = 0.0013). Vasodilatation was confirmed by measurements of the ratio of immediate pressure steps to flow steps (∂P/∂F) during the graded obstruction experiments, showing a decrease in instantaneous vascular resistance from a control of 0.62 ± 0.30 to 0.33 ± 0.34 mm Hg·mL(-1)·min(-1) (n = 7, P = 0.016). Autoregulation was assessed from the slopes of the plots of steady-state flow versus pressure. There were significant increases in the slope from 2.32 ± 1.03 to 5.88 ± 5.60 mL·min(-1)·(mm Hg)(-1) (n = 7, P = 0.0078), indicating significant impairment of autoregulation. In conclusion, luminal hyperglycaemia relaxes both arterial and resistance vessel smooth muscle.
Asunto(s)
Homeostasis/fisiología , Hiperglucemia/fisiopatología , Arteria Ilíaca/fisiopatología , Vasodilatación/fisiología , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Femenino , Músculo Liso Vascular/fisiopatología , Flujo Sanguíneo Regional/fisiología , Porcinos , Resistencia Vascular/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Respiratory muscle remodeling occurs in human sleep apnea--a common respiratory disorder characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) due to recurrent apnea during sleep. We sought to determine if CIH causes remodeling in rat sternohyoid (upper airway dilator) and diaphragm muscles. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to CIH (n=8), consisting of 90 sec of hypoxia (5% at the nadir; SaO2 ~80%)/90 sec of normoxia, 8 hr per day, for 7 consecutive days. Sham animals (n=8) were exposed to alternating air/air cycles in parallel. The effect of CIH on myosin heavy-chain (MHC) isoform (1, 2a, 2x, 2b) distribution, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) isoform distribution, succinate dehydrogenase activity, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity, and Naâº/K⺠ATPase pump content was determined. Sternohyoid muscle structure was unaffected by CIH treatment. CIH did not alter oxidative/glycolytic capacity or the Naâº/Kâº-ATPase pump content of the diaphragm. CIH significantly increased the areal density of MHC 2b fibers in the rat diaphragm, and this was associated with a shift in SERCA proteins from SERCA2 to SERCA1. We conclude that CIH causes a slow-to-fast fiber transition in the rat diaphragm after just 7 days of treatment. Respiratory muscle functional remodeling may drive aberrant functional plasticity such as decreased muscle endurance, which is a feature of human sleep apnea.
Asunto(s)
Diafragma/metabolismo , Hipoxia/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Glicerolfosfato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Hipoxia/enzimología , Hipoxia/patología , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/enzimología , Músculo Esquelético/patología , Cadenas Pesadas de Miosina/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , ATPasas Transportadoras de Calcio del Retículo Sarcoplásmico/metabolismo , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/metabolismo , Succinato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Respiratory muscle dysfunction is implicated in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), an oxidative stress disorder prevalent in men. Pharmacotherapy for OSAS is an attractive option, and antioxidant treatments may prove beneficial. We examined the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on breathing and pharyngeal dilator muscle structure and function in male and female rats. Additionally, we tested the efficacy of antioxidant treatment in preventing (chronic administration) or reversing (acute administration) CIH-induced effects in male rats. Adult male and female Wistar rats were exposed to alternating cycles of normoxia and hypoxia (90 s each; Fi(O(2)) = 5% O(2) at nadir; Sa(O(2)) â¼ 80%) or sham treatment for 8 h/d for 9 days. Tempol (1 mM, superoxide dismutase mimetic) was administered to subgroups of sham- and CIH-treated animals. Breathing was assessed by whole-body plethysmography. Sternohyoid muscle contractile and endurance properties were examined in vitro. Muscle fiber type and cross-sectional area and the activity of key metabolic enzymes were determined. CIH decreased sternohyoid muscle force in male rats only. This was not attributable to fiber transitions or alterations in oxidative or glycolytic enzyme activity. Muscle weakness after CIH was prevented by chronic Tempol supplementation and was reversed by acute antioxidant treatment in vitro. CIH increased normoxic ventilation in male rats only. Sex differences exist in the effects of CIH on the respiratory system, which may contribute to the higher prevalence of OSAS in male subjects. Antioxidant treatment may be beneficial as an adjunct OSAS therapy.
Asunto(s)
Óxidos N-Cíclicos/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hipoxia/fisiopatología , Músculos Faríngeos/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Peso Corporal , Enfermedad Crónica , Enzimas/metabolismo , Femenino , Corazón/fisiopatología , Hematócrito , Masculino , Cadenas Pesadas de Miosina/metabolismo , Tamaño de los Órganos , Músculos Faríngeos/metabolismo , Músculos Faríngeos/fisiopatología , Pletismografía , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Marcadores de SpinRESUMEN
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a common respiratory disorder characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). We have shown that CIH causes upper airway muscle dysfunction in the rat due to oxidative stress. Ageing is an independent risk factor for the development of OSAS perhaps due to respiratory muscle remodelling and increased susceptibility to hypoxia. We sought to examine the effects of CIH on breathing and pharyngeal dilator muscle structure and function in aged rats. Aged (18-20 months), male Wistar rats were exposed to alternating cycles of normoxia and hypoxia (90 s each; F(I)O(2)=5% O(2) at nadir) or sham treatment for 8h/day for 9 days. Following CIH exposure, breathing was assessed by whole-body plethysmography. In addition, sternohyoid muscle contractile and endurance properties were examined in vitro. Muscle fibre type and cross-sectional area, and the activity of key oxidative and glycolytic enzymes were determined. CIH had no effect on basal breathing or ventilatory responses to hypoxia or hypercapnia. CIH did not alter succinate dehydrogenase or glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activities, myosin heavy chain fibre areal density or cross-sectional area. Sternohyoid muscle force and endurance were unaffected by CIH exposure. Since we have established that this CIH paradigm causes sternohyoid muscle weakness in adult male rats, we conclude that aged rats have decreased susceptibility to CIH-induced stress. We suggest that structural remodelling with improved hypoxic tolerance in upper airway muscles may partly compensate for impaired neural regulation of the upper airway and increased propensity for airway collapse in aged mammals.