Autonomic nervous system of the pelvis - general overview.

Autonomic nervous system of the pelvis is still poorly understood. Every year more and more pelvic procedures are carried out on patients suffering from different pelvic disorders what leads to numerous pelvic dysfunctions. Authors tried to review, starting from historical and clinical background, the most important reports on anatomy of the pelvic autonomic plexuses. We also pay attention to complete lack of knowledge of students of medicine on the autonomic nervous structures in the area studied. We present anatomical description of the pelvic plexuses including their visceral branches and anatomy of surrounding pelvic tissues which still remains unclear. More and more attention is paid to the topography of the plexuses specially because of new pain releasing techniques - neurolysies.

Nerve supply of pelvic viscera - anatomical notes, clinical implication on nerve stimulation.

AIM: The aim of this study was to present review on pelvic plexuses in males and females with some referrals to clinical practice, specially to the methods including nerve stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomy of pelvic plexuses is still confusing. Much attention should be paid to further studies on the arrangement of pelvic plexuses specially because of nerve stimulation techniques.

[Cervical vertebral column--anatomy, fractures, treatment]. / Kregoslup szyjny--anatomia, zlamania, leczenie.

The paper deals with anatomy of human cervical spine. It shows close relation between knowledge on the normal structure and methods of treatment of different kinds of spine injuries. It describes detailed anatomy and mechanical features of cervical vertebral column, including the structure of distinct vertebrae, their joints and arrangement of muscles. It reviews also historical methods of treatment of fractures in this region considering current methods.

The description of vascular variations in three-dimensional space: a novel method of spatial cerebral arteries evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Anatomical and clinical descriptions of variations in arteries are based solely on anatomical terminology. New diagnostic techniques depend on terms such as the anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, medial, and lateral location of arteries and their branches or bifurcations, trifurcations, and fenestrations. However, these methods may be obsolete and such a simplistic approach is inadequate, especially for procedures that require precise morphological and morphometrical descriptions in 3D space. This is critical for neruonavigational surgery and interventional vascular radiology. MATERIAL/METHODS: This paper presents a new system for the accurate location and description of structural variations in vessels which is based on the alpha, beta, and gamma direction cosines. The algorithm can be summarized in the following steps: acquisition of the point coordinates in 3D space, interpolation, recovery of the 3D point coordinates, and calculation of the interpolated trajectory. RESULTS: New parameters (cos alpha, beta, and gamma, the tortuous index TI, and the deviation index DI) were calculated for the spatial description of vessels. CONCLUSIONS: By using this new method, new vascular descriptive methods have been proposed. It is possible that new categories as well as vessel variations may be found. The curvature and tortuosity of the vascular segments can also be considered more effective when incorporated into the description of vessels, especially in cases where pathologies such as tumors have altered the vessel in some way.