Inequalities in Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Television Viewing According to Age Among a Brazilian Adult Population.

BACKGROUND: The present study aims to estimate leisure-time physical activity and television (TV) viewing curves according to age stratified by sex, area of residence, and socioeconomic position. METHODS: Using data from the Brazilian National Health Survey, we estimated the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and TV viewing according to continuous age. The estimates were calculated using fractional polynomials and stratified by sex, wealth, skin color, and area of residence. RESULTS: The sample included 87,376 adults (aged 18 y or over). In general, leisure-time physical activity decreased according to age while TV viewing increased. Regarding behavior of curves according to stratifiers, for leisure-time physical activity the disadvantaged groups maintained a pattern of low physical activity across all age groups or presented the decrease earlier when compared to groups in social advantage. On the other hand, for TV viewing, women presented an increase in prevalence before men, and individuals living in the urban area and the wealthiest group were those with a higher increase according to age. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings may help researchers and policymakers further explore inequalities in physical activity across life in different settings, as well as develop sensitive cultural actions to support more vulnerable people to adopt public health recommendations.

Physicochemical data of oleic acid-poloxamer organogel for intravaginal voriconazole delivery.

Functional polymeric nanoparticles have attracted attention for different biomedical applications, including drug delivery. Poloxamers (PL), a synthetic copolymers of poly(ethyleneoxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide), that exhibit thermoreversible behavior in aqueous solutions. Physicochemical properties of Oleic Acid-Poloxamer (OA-PL) organogel for intravaginal controlled Voriconazole (VRC) delivery were assessed using three different oils (isopropyl myristate - IPM, isopropyl palmitate - IPP, and oleic acid - OA, in order to select the most suitable oil phase for increasing the solubility of the drug and its dispersion in the final aqueous phase. Organogel structural organization was assessed by VRC partition coefficient, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheological analysis, and drug release assay. These data are complementary to the research article entitled "Sodium alginate in oil-poloxamer organogels for intravaginal drug delivery: influence on structural parameters, drug release mechanisms, cytotoxicity and in vitro antifungal activity" - Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2019. 99: p. 1350-1361.

Hospital admissions in the first year of life: inequalities over three decades in a southern Brazilian city.

BACKGROUND: Hospital admissions in infancy are declining in several countries. We describe admissions to neonatal intensive care units (NICU) and other hospitalizations over a 33-year period in the Brazilian city of Pelotas. METHODS: We analysed data from four population-based birth cohorts launched in 1982, 1993, 2004 and 2015, each including all hospital births in the calendar year. NICU and other hospital admissions during infancy were reported by the mothers in the perinatal interview and at the 12-month visit, respectively. We describe these outcomes by sex of the child, family income and maternal skin colour. RESULTS: In 1982, NICUs did not exist in the city; admissions into NICUs increased from 2.7% of all newborns in 1993 to 6.7% in 2015, and admission rates were similar in all income groups. Hospitalizations during the first year of life fell by 29%, from 23.7% in 1982 to 16.8% in 2015, and diarrhoea admissions fell by 95.2%. Pneumonia admissions fell by 46.3% from 1993 to 2015 (no data available for 1982). Admissions due to perinatal causes increased during the period. In the poorest income quintile, total admissions fell by 33% (from 35.7% to 23.9%), but in the richest quintile these remained stable at around 10%, leading to a reduction in inequalities. Over the whole period, children born to women with black or brown skin were 30% more likely to be admitted than those of white-skinned mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas NICU admissions increased, total admissions in the first year of life declined by nearly one-third. Socioeconomic disparities were reduced, but important gaps remain.

Sodium alginate in oil-poloxamer organogels for intravaginal drug delivery: Influence on structural parameters, drug release mechanisms, cytotoxicity and in vitro antifungal activity.

Local administration of antimicrobial agents is the first therapeutic approach for the treatment of Candida albicans infections. The duration of contact of formulations with the vaginal mucosa is critical for therapeutic efficacy. This study describes the development of organogels employing an oil phase composed of oleic acid (OA) and an aqueous phase consisting of the poloxamer PL407, alone or in association with PL188, together with 0.25-1% sodium alginate (SA), in order to obtain an intravaginal drug delivery system capable of modulating the release of voriconazole (VRC). VRC was solubilized in oleic acid homogenized with the PL-SA aqueous phase, at a final concentration of 5 mg/mL. Physicochemical characterization was performed for evaluation of the influence of SA on organogel structural organization, biopharmaceutical properties, pharmacological efficacy, and cytotoxicity, envisaging use of the formulation for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. The enthalpy variation values showed greater changes in the presence of PL188 and after the incorporation of SA or VRC in the organogels. Rheological analysis showed Tsol-gel values in the ranges 11-39 °C and 27-30 °C for the OA-PL407 and OA-PL407-188 formulations, respectively. Oscillatory analysis of OA-PL407-188 showed that G' was ~20-fold higher than G″, even after submitting the formulation to temperature variation. VRC-OA-PL407 showed fast drug release from 0.5 to 4 h, maintaining total release (~100%) up to 24 h. The incorporation of SA in the organogels enabled modulation of VRC release, with different release percentages for 0.25% SA (~75%), 0.5% SA (~55%), and 1% SA (~35%). The formulation was non-cytotoxic towards HeLa and Vero cell lines. In diffusion tests, it was able to prevent the growth of Candida albicans and Candida krusei. In conclusion, the results suggested that OA-PL407-188-SA organogels could be possible new systems for VRC delivery, with potential for use in future vaginal applications.

Association of breastfeeding, maternal anthropometry and body composition in women at 30 years of age.

This study aimed at assessing the association of breastfeeding with maternal body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fat mass index, fat free mass index, android/gynoid fat ratio and bone mineral density. In 1982, the maternity hospitals in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were daily visited and all live births were identified and examined. These subjects underwent follow-up for several times. At 30 years of age, the participants were interviewed and examined. Parous women provided information on parity and duration of breastfeeding. Multiple linear regression was used in the multivariate analysis, controlling for genomic ancestry, family income, schooling and smoking at 2004-2005. After controlling for confounding factors, breastfeeding was inversely associated with BMI and fat mass index, whereas breastfeeding per live birth was negatively associated with BMI, waist circumference and fat mass index. Women who had had a child in the last 5 years and had breastfed, showed lower BMI (ß = -2.12, 95%CI: -4.2; -0.1), waist circumference (ß = -4.46, 95%CI: -8.3; -0.6) and fat mass index (ß = -1.79, 95%CI: -3.3; -0.3), whereas no association was observed among those whose last childbirth was > 5 years, but the p-value for the tests of interaction were > 0.05. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding is associated with lower BMI and other adiposity measures, mostly in the first years after delivery. Besides that, it has no negative impact on bone mineral density.

Low birthweight and preterm birth: trends and inequalities in four population-based birth cohorts in Pelotas, Brazil, 1982-2015.

BACKGROUND: Despite positive changes in most maternal risk factors in Brazil, previous studies did not show reductions in preterm birth and low birthweight. We analysed trends and inequalities in these outcomes over a 33-year period in a Brazilian city. METHODS: Four population-based birth cohort studies were carried out in the city of Pelotas in 1982, 1993, 2004 and 2015, with samples ranging from 4231 to 5914 liveborn children. Low birthweight (LBW) was defined as <2500 g, and preterm birth as less than 37 weeks of gestation. Information was collected on family income, maternal skin colour and other risk factors for low birthweight. Multivariable linear regression was used to estimate the contribution of risk factors to time trends in birthweight. RESULTS: Preterm births increased from 5.8% (1982) to 13.8% (2015), and LBW prevalence increased from 9.0% to 10.1%, being higher for boys and for children born to mothers with low income and brown or black skin colour. Mean birthweight remained stable, around 3200 g, but increased from 3058 to 3146 g in the poorest quintile and decreased from 3307 to 3227 g in the richest quintile. After adjustment for risk factors for LBW, mean birthweight was estimated to have declined by 160 g over 1982-2015 (reductions of 103 g in the poorest and 213 g in the richest quintiles). CONCLUSIONS: Data from four birth cohorts show that preterm births increased markedly. Mean birthweights remained stable over a 33-year period. Increased prevalence of preterm and early term births, associated with high levels of obstetric interventions, has offset the expected improvements due to reduction in risk factors for low birthweight.

Association of breastfeeding, maternal anthropometry and body composition in women at 30 years of age / Associação entre aleitamento materno, antropometria e composição corporal em mulheres de 30 anos de idade / Asociación entre lactancia materna, antropometría y composición corporal en mujeres con 30 años de edad

This study aimed at assessing the association of breastfeeding with maternal body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fat mass index, fat free mass index, android/gynoid fat ratio and bone mineral density. In 1982, the maternity hospitals in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were daily visited and all live births were identified and examined. These subjects underwent follow-up for several times. At 30 years of age, the participants were interviewed and examined. Parous women provided information on parity and duration of breastfeeding. Multiple linear regression was used in the multivariate analysis, controlling for genomic ancestry, family income, schooling and smoking at 2004-2005. After controlling for confounding factors, breastfeeding was inversely associated with BMI and fat mass index, whereas breastfeeding per live birth was negatively associated with BMI, waist circumference and fat mass index. Women who had had a child in the last 5 years and had breastfed, showed lower BMI (β = -2.12, 95%CI: -4.2; -0.1), waist circumference (β = -4.46, 95%CI: -8.3; -0.6) and fat mass index (β = -1.79, 95%CI: -3.3; -0.3), whereas no association was observed among those whose last childbirth was > 5 years, but the p-value for the tests of interaction were > 0.05. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding is associated with lower BMI and other adiposity measures, mostly in the first years after delivery. Besides that, it has no negative impact on bone mineral density.

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a associação entre aleitamento materno e índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura, índice de massa gorda, índice de massa magra, razão de gordura andróide/ginóide e densidade mineral óssea maternos. Em 1982, as maternidades de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, foram visitadas diariamente e todos os nascidos vivos foram identificados e examinados. Essas pessoas foram seguidas em diversos momentos. Aos 30 anos de idade, as participantes foram entrevistadas e examinadas. As que haviam dado à luz forneceram informação sobre paridade e duração do aleitamento materno. Usamos regressão múltipla linear na análise multivariada, controlando por ancestralidade genômica, renda familiar, escolaridade e tabagismo em 2004-2005. Após controlar por fatores de confundimento, o aleitamento materno estava inversamente associado ao IMC e índice de massa gorda, enquanto o aleitamento materno por nascido vivo estava negativamente associado ao IMC, circunferência da cintura e índice de massa gorda. Mulheres que haviam dado à luz nos últimos 5 anos e que haviam amamentado apresentaram IMC (β = -2,12, IC95%: -4,2; -0,1), circunferência da cintura (β = -4,46, IC95%: -8,3; -0,6) e índice de massa gorda (β = -1,79, IC95%: -3,3; -0,3) mais baixos. Nenhuma associação foi observada entre aquelas cujo último parto havia sido > 5 anos, mas o valor de p dos testes de interação foi > 0,05. Nossos resultados sugerem que o aleitamento materno está associado a valores mais baixos de IMC e de outras medidas de adiposidade, especialmente nos primeiros anos após o parto. Adicionalmente, o aleitamento não tem impacto negativo sobre a densidade mineral óssea.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre lactancia materna, índice de masa corporal (IMC), perímetro de cintura, índice de grasa corporal, índice de masa libre de grasa, proporción de grasa en hombres/mujeres y densidad mineral ósea. En 1982, se visitaron diariamente hospitales maternales en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, y se identificaron y examinaron todos los nacimientos vivos. A estos últimos se les realizó un seguimiento en varias ocasiones. Se entrevistó y examinó a madres con 30 años de edad. Las mujeres con hijos proporcionaron información en paridad y duración de la lactancia. Se usó una regresión múltiple lineal en el análisis multivariado, controlando la ascendencia genómica, los ingresos por hogar, la escolaridad y ser fumador en 2004-2005. Tras controlar los factores de confusión, la lactancia estuvo inversamente asociada con el IMC y el índice de grasa corporal, mientras que la lactancia en nacimientos vivos estuvo negativamente asociada con el IMC, el perímetro de cintura y el índice de masa corporal. Las mujeres que tuvieron un niño en los últimos 5 años, y habían amamantado alguna vez, tuvieron un menor IMC (β = -2,12, IC95%: -4,2; -0,1), perímetro de cintura (β = -4,46, IC95%: -8,3; -0,6) e índice de grasa corporal (β = -1,79, C95%: -3,3; -0,3), mientras que no se observó ninguna asociación entre quienes tuvieron el último parto en > 5 años, pero el valor de p para las pruebas de interacción fue > 0,05. Nuestros resultados plantean que la lactancia materna está asociada con el IMC y otras medidas de adiposidad, la mayor parte durante los primeros años tras el parto. Asimismo, no tuvo impacto negativo en la densidad mineral ósea.

Toothpaste Use Protocol with Dental Bleaching for a Conservative Treatment: Case Reports.

In-office bleaching is a treatment based on products that contain hydrogen peroxide (HP) while demonstrating whitening effectiveness. HP could promote alterations to surface morphologies and properties of dental tissues. The objective was describe a toothpaste protocol associated to bleaching therapy to promote a safer approach. Patient 1 (male) and Patient 2 (female) were attended, and toothbrushing (twice a day) with a dentifrice containing bioactive glass (BG) (NovaMin™) and fluoride was indicated before and during the treatment. Three bleaching sessions were made in cases, at intervals of 7 days. The gels used were 35% HP (Patient 1) and 35% HP supplied with calcium (Patient 2). The effectiveness of bleaching treatment was observed in both cases (Vita scale), with an esthetic self-acceptance. Sensitivity associated with the procedure was not reported. The indication of BG-based toothpaste is relevant in relation to enamel properties and did not affect the whitening effectiveness of dental bleaching.

Effect of hypothermic temperatures on production of rabies virus glycoprotein by recombinant Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells cultured in suspension.

Aiming at maximizing the production of transmembrane rabies virus glycoprotein (rRVGP), the influence of hypothermic temperature on a recombinant Drosophila melanogaster S2 cell culture in Sf-900II medium was investigated. Cell growth and rRVGP production were assessed at 4 culture temperatures in Schott flasks: 16, 20, 24 and 28 °C. The maximum specific growth rates µ(max) were, respectively: 0.009, 0.019, 0.038 and 0.035 h(-1), while the maximum rRVGP levels C(max)(rRVGP) were: 0.075, 2.973, 0.480 and 1.404 mg L(-1). The best production temperature (20 °C) was then tested in a bioreactor with control of pH and dissolved oxygen in batch and fed-batch modes. In the batch culture, µ(max) and C(max)(rRVGP) were 0.060 h(-1) and 0.149 mg L(-1) at 28 °C and 0.026 h(-1) and 0.354 mg L(-1) at 20 °C, respectively. One batch-culture experiment was carried out with adaptation of the cells by the temperature falling in steps from 20 °C to 16 °C, so that µ(max) fell from 0.023 to 0.013 h(-1), while C(max)(rRVGP) was improved to 0.567 mg L(-1). In the fed-batch mode at 20 °C, µ(max) was 0.025 h(-1) and C(max)(rRVGP) was 1.155 mg L(-1). Taken together, these results indicate that the best strategy for optimized rRVGP production is the culture at hypothermic temperature of 20 °C, when µ(max) is kept low and with feeding of limitant aminoacids.