Association of Cough Severity with Asthma Control and Quality of Life in Patients with Severe Asthma.

PURPOSE: Symptoms are important components in determining asthma control and in the adjustment of treatment levels. However, clinical relevance of cough in severe asthma is not well-understood. This study aimed to evaluate the severity and association of cough with patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in patients with severe asthma. METHODS: This study analyzed cross-sectional data from the Korean Severe Asthma Registry. The severity of coughing and wheezing symptoms was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) ranging from 0 to 100 for each symptom. Additionally, PROs included the Asthma Control Test (ACT), the Severe Asthma Questionnaire (SAQ), and the EuroQoL 5-Dimension (EQ-5D) index. Multivariate linear regression analysis was employed to explore the relationship between cough severity and other PRO scores. RESULTS: A total of 498 patients with severe asthma (age: 57.9 ± 13.1 years, females: 60.2%) were analyzed. The cough VAS score was higher than the wheeze score (median 30, [interquartile range 10-50] vs. 20 [0-50]; P < 0.001). Additionally, 22.5% of patients ranked in a higher tertile for cough severity compared to wheezing, while 18.5% ranked higher for wheezing severity than cough. Significant correlations were observed between cough and wheeze VAS scores (r = 0.61, P < 0.05) and between each symptom's VAS score and the SAQ (cough: r = -0.41, P < 0.001; wheeze: r = -0.52, P < 0.001), ACT scores (cough: r = -0.50, P < 0.001; wheeze: r = -0.63, P < 0.001) and EQ-5D index (cough: r = -0.40, P < 0.001; wheeze: r = -0.45, P < 0.001). In univariate regression analysis, the cough VAS score had weaker descriptive power (R2) values than the wheeze VAS score in relation to the PRO measures. Nevertheless, cough severity remained significantly associated with ACT, SAQ scores and EQ-5D index in multivariate analyses adjusted for wheeze severity and other confounders. CONCLUSION: Cough frequently presents as a severe symptom in patients with severe asthma and could have distinct impact on asthma control and quality of life.

Characteristics of Severe Asthma in the Elderly: Observations From the Korean Severe Asthma Registry (KoSAR).

PURPOSE: Few studies have compared the clinical characteristics of severe asthma (SA) in elderly patients compared to that in nonelderly patients. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Korean SA Registry, a nationwide, real-world observational study of SA in Korea. The baseline clinical characteristics, disease control status, and medication use of the patients were compared between elderly (≥ 65 years) and nonelderly groups. RESULTS: Of the 864 patients with SA, 260 (30.1%) were in the elderly group. The elderly group had lower atopy rate, but had higher prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension, and osteoporosis than did the nonelderly group. The elderly group had a lower rate of type 2 inflammation and lower levels of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (% predicted) and FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio than did the nonelderly group (P < 0.05 for all). However, asthma symptom scores and the frequency of asthma exacerbation were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Of controller medications, biologics were less frequently used in the elderly group (P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: SA in the elderly is characterized by lower lung function, less type 2-low airway inflammation, and comorbidity with COPD. These findings are being taken into consideration in the management of elderly patients with SA in real-world clinical practice.

Serum MRGPRX2 as a Long-term Biomarker for Iodinated Contrast Media-Induced Anaphylaxis.

The diagnosis of anaphylaxis is based on the clinical history. The utility of tryptase measurements in clinical setting is limited. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) is expressed in mast cells and is involved in the degranulation of these cells. We evaluated the potential of MRGPRX2 as a diagnostic biomarker in patients with iodinated contrast media (ICM)-induced immediate hypersensitivity reactions (IHRs). A total of 173 patients with documented ICM-induced IHR within 4 months from registration were enrolled and skin tests for the culprit ICM were performed. The time interval was evaluated as the duration between the onset of ICM-induced IHR and the measurement of serum MRGPRX2 levels. Serum MRGPRX2 concentration was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Of the 173 patients, 33 and 140 were included in the anaphylaxis and non-anaphylaxis groups, respectively. Serum MRGPRX2 levels were significantly higher in the anaphylaxis than in the non-anaphylaxis group (29.9 ± 24.1 vs. 20.7±17.5, P = 0.044). Serum MRGPRX2 showed a moderate predictive ability for anaphylaxis, with an area under the curve of 0.61 (P = 0.058). When groups were classified based on the time interval, T1(0-2months) and T2 (2-4months), patients with anaphylaxis had higher MRGPRX2 levels compared to the non-anaphylaxis group in the T2 group (36.5±19.2 vs. 20.5±19.0, P = 0.035). This pilot study shows that serum MRGPRX2 is a potential long-term biomarker for predicting anaphylaxis, particularly ICM-induced anaphylaxis. Further studies are needed to determine the role of MRGPRX2 in anaphylaxis in a larger population of patients with various drug-induced IHRs.

Occupational contact dermatitis caused by sodium tetradecyl sulfate in a healthcare worker: A case report.

Healthcare workers are known to be at a higher risk of experiencing occupational contact dermatitis and attention should be paid to new materials that cause contact dermatitis. Sodium tetradecyl sulfate is widely used in the treatment of small varicose veins of the legs and venous malformations. We report the case of a 42-year-old woman, a healthcare worker, who presented with contact dermatitis caused by sodium tetradecyl sulfate. The contact dermatitis induced by sodium tetradecyl sulfate resolved completely after sodium tetradecyl sulfate avoidance at the last follow-up. Thus, we recommend increased protective measures when handling this substance.

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and the Risk of Suspected Drug-Induced Liver Injury: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using Electronic Health Record-Based Common Data Model in South Korea.

INTRODUCTION: Angiotensin receptor blockers are widely used antihypertensive drugs in South Korea. In 2021, the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety acknowledged the need for national compensation for a drug-induced liver injury (DILI) after azilsartan use. However, little is known regarding the association between angiotensin receptor blockers and DILI. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in incident users of angiotensin receptor blockers from a common data model database (1 January, 2017-31 December, 2021) to compare the risk of DILI among specific angiotensin receptor blockers against valsartan. METHODS: Patients were assigned to treatment groups at cohort entry based on prescribed angiotensin receptor blockers. Drug-induced liver injury was operationally defined using the International DILI Expert Working Group criteria. Cox regression analyses were conducted to derive hazard ratios and the inverse probability of treatment weighting method was applied. All analyses were performed using R. RESULTS: In total, 229,881 angiotensin receptor blocker users from 20 university hospitals were included. Crude DILI incidence ranged from 15.6 to 82.8 per 1000 person-years in treatment groups, most were cholestatic and of mild severity. Overall, the risk of DILI was significantly lower in olmesartan users than in valsartan users (hazard ratio: 0.73 [95% confidence interval 0.55-0.96]). In monotherapy patients, the risk was significantly higher in azilsartan users than in valsartan users (hazard ratio: 6.55 [95% confidence interval 5.28-8.12]). CONCLUSIONS: We found a significantly higher risk of suspected DILI in patients receiving azilsartan monotherapy compared with valsartan monotherapy. Our findings emphasize the utility of real-world evidence in advancing our understanding of adverse drug reactions in clinical practice.

Relationship of computed tomography-based measurements with symptom perception and quality of life in patients with severe asthma.

BACKGROUND: Symptom perception and quality of life (QOL) are important domains for properly managing severe asthma. This study aimed to assess the relationship between airway structural and parenchymal variables measured using chest computed tomography (CT) and subjective symptom perception and QOL in patients with severe asthma enrolled in the Korean Severe Asthma Registry. METHODS: This study used CT-based objective measurements, including airway wall thickness (WT), hydraulic diameter, functional small airway disease (fSAD), and emphysematous lung (Emph), to assess their association with subjective symptom (cough, dyspnea, wheezing, and sputum) perception measured using the visual analog scale, and QOL measured by the Severe Asthma Questionnaire (SAQ). RESULTS: A total of 94 patients with severe asthma were enrolled in this study. The WT and fSAD% were significantly positively associated with cough and dyspnea, respectively. For QOL, WT and Emph% showed significant negative associations with the SAQ. However, there was no significant association between lung function and symptom perception or between lung function and QOL. CONCLUSION: Overall, WT, fSAD%, and Emph% measured using chest CT were associated with subjective symptom perception and QOL in patients with severe asthma. This study provides a basis for clarifying the clinical correlates of imaging-derived metrics and for understanding the mechanisms of respiratory symptom perception.

Development and Application of an Active Pharmacovigilance Framework Based on Electronic Healthcare Records from Multiple Centers in Korea.

INTRODUCTION: With the availability of retrospective pharmacovigilance data, the common data model (CDM) has been identified as an efficient approach towards anonymized multicenter analysis; however, the establishment of a suitable model for individual medical systems and applications supporting their analysis is a challenge. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to construct a specialized Korean CDM (K-CDM) for pharmacovigilance systems based on a clinical scenario to detect adverse drug reactions (ADRs). METHODS: De-identified patient records (n = 5,402,129) from 13 institutions were converted to the K-CDM. From 2005 to 2017, 37,698,535 visits, 39,910,849 conditions, 259,594,727 drug exposures, and 30,176,929 procedures were recorded. The K-CDM, which comprises three layers, is compatible with existing models and is potentially adaptable to extended clinical research. Local codes for electronic medical records (EMRs), including diagnosis, drug prescriptions, and procedures, were mapped using standard vocabulary. Distributed queries based on clinical scenarios were developed and applied to K-CDM through decentralized or distributed networks. RESULTS: Meta-analysis of drug relative risk ratios from ten institutions revealed that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) increased the risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage by twofold compared with aspirin, and non-vitamin K anticoagulants decreased cerebrovascular bleeding risk by 0.18-fold compared with warfarin. CONCLUSION: These results are similar to those from previous studies and are conducive for new research, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of K-CDM for pharmacovigilance. However, the low quality of original EMR data, incomplete mapping, and heterogeneity between institutions reduced the validity of the analysis, thus necessitating continuous calibration among researchers, clinicians, and the government.

Clinical aspects of severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by beta-lactam antibiotics: A study from the Korea SCAR registry.

Background: Although beta-lactams are 1 of the major causative agents of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR), their epidemiology and clinical aspects have been poorly studied. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of SCAR caused by beta-lactams in the Korean SCAR registry. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed beta-lactam-induced SCAR cases collected from 28 tertiary university hospitals in Korea between 2010 and 2015. The SCAR phenotypes included Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), SJS-TEN overlap, and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Beta-lactams were classified according to their chemical structures: penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. The causative beta-lactams, clinical and laboratory features, treatments, and outcomes were evaluated. Results: Among the 275 antibiotic-induced SCAR cases, 170 patients developed SCAR induced by beta-lactams. Beta-lactam antibiotic-induced SCAR showed more frequent SJS/TEN compared to SCAR induced by non-beta-lactam antibiotics (SJS/TEN/SJS-TEN overlap/DRESS: 36.5/11.2/5.9/46.5% vs. 23.8/10.5/2.9/62.9%, P = 0.049). Cephalosporin was the most common culprit drug. Particularly, 91 and 79 patients presented with SJS/TEN and DRESS, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) for poor prognosis, such as sequelae and death, was significantly increased in subjects with SJS-TEN overlap and TEN and carbapenem as culprit drug in the multivariate analysis (OR, 35.61; P = 0.016, OR, 28.07; P = 0.006, OR 30.46; P = 0.027). Conclusion: Among antibiotic-induced SCAR, clinical features were different depending on whether the culprit drug was a beta-lactam antibiotic or SCAR type. The poor prognosis was related to SJS-TEN overlap, TEN type, and carbapenem as the culprit drug.

Prescription Patterns of Oral Corticosteroids for Asthma Treatment and Related Asthma Phenotypes in University Hospitals in Korea.

PURPOSE: Oral corticosteroids (OCSs) are frequently prescribed for asthma management despite their adverse effects. An understanding of the pattern of OCS treatment is required to optimize asthma treatment and reduce OCS usage. This study evaluated the prescription patterns of OCSs in patients with asthma. METHODS: This is a retrospective multicenter observational study. We enrolled adult (≥18 years) patients with asthma who had been followed up by asthma specialists in 13 university hospitals for ≥3 years. Lung function tests, the number of asthma exacerbations, and prescription data, including the days of supply and OCS dosage, were collected. The clinical characteristics of OCS-dependent and exacerbation-prone asthmatic patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 2,386 enrolled patients with asthma, 27.7% (n = 660) were OCS users (the median daily dose of OCS was 20 mg/day prednisolone equivalent to a median of 14 days/year). OCS users were more likely to be female, to be treated at higher asthma treatment steps, and to show poorer lung function and more frequent exacerbations in the previous year than non-OCS users. A total of 88.0% of OCS users were treated with OCS burst with a mean dose of 21.6 ± 10.2 mg per day prednisolone equivalent to 7.8 ± 3.2 days per event and 2.4 times per year. There were 2.1% (51/2,386) of patients with OCS-dependent asthma and 9.5% (227/2,386) with exacerbation-prone asthma. These asthma phenotypes were consistent over the 3 consecutive years in 47.1% of OCS-dependent asthmatic patients and 34.4% of exacerbation-prone asthmatic patients when assessed annually over the 3-year study period. CONCLUSIONS: We used real-world data from university hospitals in Korea to describe the OCS prescription patterns and relievers in asthma. Novel strategies are required to reduce the burden of OCS use in patients with asthma.

Efficacy of add-on therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin in steroid hyporesponsive DRESS syndrome.

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare, potentially life-threatening, delayed, drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction. Immediate withdrawal of the culprit drug and administration of systemic corticosteroids is the most widely accepted treatment. However, it is difficult to manage patients with DRESS syndrome who are not responsive to systemic steroids. We studied the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) in patients with DRESS syndrome unresponsive to systemic steroids. We retrospectively reviewed patients with DRESS syndrome who received IVIG in addition to systemic steroids during 2012-2017 and compared the clinical features and course of DRESS syndrome, before and after IVIG treatment. Eighteen DRESS patients (9 men) were included. The most frequent offending drugs were dapsone in five patients, followed by vancomycin in three patients, and carbamazepine in three patients. Rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, atypical lymphocytes, and hepatic involvement were common clinical findings. IVIG treatment was added within a median time of 7 days from the commencement of systemic steroid therapy. After IVIG treatment (total dosage: 1-2 g/kg), the fever resolved within a median time of 1 day (range, 0-3) and liver enzymes improved substantially within a median time of 13 days (range, 0-27). No severe adverse reactions related to IVIG therapy were observed in this study; however, there was one case of mortality. The addition of IVIG in DRESS syndrome in cases refractory to systemic steroid treatment may be helpful in hastening recovery. However, comparative studies using a placebo group are needed.

High occurrence of simultaneous multiple-drug hypersensitivity syndrome induced by first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs.

BACKGROUND: Multiple drug hypersensitivity syndrome (MDHS) results in treatment delay or failure and often results in severe drug hypersensitivity reactions. There are few reports of MDHS in response to anti-tuberculosis drugs; however, clinical information is scarce. Understanding the frequency and clinical characteristics of simultaneous MDHS against first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in patients with non-severe drug hypersensitivity reactions is necessary. METHODS: We reviewed 27 patients with drug fever or maculopapular exanthem in response to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs between January 2010 and June 2019. Drug fever or maculopapular exanthem occurred when isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide were administered simultaneously. Drug provocation tests for the 4 drugs were performed to identify the culprit drugs. RESULTS: All patients showed positive reactions to 1 or more drugs. MDHS was diagnosed in 13 (48%) patients, of whom 11 and 2 patients reacted to 2 and 3 drugs, respectively. In comparison to the patients with single-drug hypersensitivity, the patients with MDHS did not exhibit any differences in characteristics. Ethambutol and rifampin were the common drugs that induced a reaction, and the combination of these 2 drugs induced MDHS most frequently. Among the patients with MDHS, there were no differences between the drugs that caused drug fever and maculopapular exanthem. All patients with MDHS were successfully treated with alternative drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous MDHS may occur frequently in patients with drug fever or maculopapular exanthem caused by first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs, indicating the need to evaluate the allergy responses for all 4 drugs, even in patients without severe drug hypersensitivity. The combination of ethambutol and rifampin was the most common trigger that induced MDHS.

Fixed drug eruption and anaphylaxis induced concurrently by erdosteine: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Erdosteine is used as a mucolytic agent and has a low incidence of adverse drug reactions, most of which are gastrointestinal and mild. Moreover, drug antigens rarely induce multiple simultaneous immunologic reactions. Only one previous case report has demonstrated hypersensitivity reaction induced by erdosteine. Here, we report a case of fixed drug eruption and anaphylaxis, which were concurrently induced by erdosteine. The association between the symptoms and erdosteine was proven by a drug provocation test. CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old woman presented with recurrent angioedema and pruritic rash on the hands, which developed within 2 h following the administration of drugs, including erdosteine, for acute upper respiratory infection. Her rash was characterized by well-defined erythematous plaques, which recurred at the same site following the administration of the medications. She also experienced angioedema of the lips. Fixed drug eruption was considered after excluding other possible causes for the presented skin lesions. A drug provocation test confirmed that fixed drug eruption on both hands had occurred after administration of erdosteine, suggesting that erdosteine was the cause of the allergic reaction. However, she also experienced angioedema, isolated wheal, and laryngeal edema; thus, IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity could also be concurrently occurring with the fixed drug eruption. CONCLUSIONS: We report about a patient who was diagnosed with two different hypersensitivity reactions concurrently induced by erdosteine. We also demonstrate that patients may exhibit multiple simultaneous symptoms that usually arise from overlapping of different hypersensitivity mechanisms. Physicians should be aware of the possibility that some patients who are allergic to certain drugs could exhibit several symptoms caused by different mechanisms of hypersensitivity reactions simultaneously.

A Nationwide Study of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions Based on the Multicenter Registry in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Because severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) rarely occur, clinical data based on large-scale studies are still lacking. OBJECTIVE: To provide information on culprit drugs and clinical characteristics, including morbidity and mortality of SCARs based on a nationwide registry. METHODS: SCAR cases that occurred from 2010 to 2015 were recruited to the Korean SCAR registry from 34 tertiary referral hospitals. Demographics, causative drugs, causality, and clinical outcomes were collected by reviewing the medical record. RESULTS: A total of 745 SCAR cases (384 SJS/TEN cases and 361 DRESS cases) due to 149 drugs were registered. The main causative drugs were allopurinol (14.0%), carbamazepine (9.5%), vancomycin (4.7%), and antituberculous agents (6.3%). A strong preference for SJS/TEN was observed in carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (100%), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (84%), and acetaminophen (83%), whereas dapsone (100%), antituberculous agents (81%), and glycopeptide antibacterials (78%) were more likely to cause DRESS. The mortality rate was 6.6% (SJS/TEN 8.9% and DRESS 4.2%). The median time to death was 19 days and 29 days in SJS/TEN and DRESS respectively, and 89.8% of deaths occurred within 60 days after the onset of the skin symptoms. CONCLUSION: Allopurinol, carbamazepine, vancomycin, and antituberculous agents were the leading causes of SCARs in Korea. Some drugs preferentially caused a specific phenotype. The mortality rate of SCARs was 6.6%, and most of the deaths occurred within 2 months.

Effects of Air Purifiers on Patients with Allergic Rhinitis: a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Study.

PURPOSE: Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is a well-known risk factor in the triggering and exacerbation of allergic airway disease. Indoor environments, where people spend most of their time, are of utmost importance. To assess the effects of air purifiers [equipped with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters] on allergic rhinitis (AR) in adult patients, we performed a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with house dust mite (HDM)-induced AR were randomly assigned to either active or mockup (placebo) air-purification groups. Two air purifiers (placed in living room and bedroom) were operated for 6 weeks in each home environment. The primary study endpoint was to achieve improvement in AR symptoms and medication scores. Secondary endpoints were to achieve improvement in the quality of life (QoL) and visual analog scale (VAS) scores, as well as in the indoor (bedroom and living room) concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10. RESULTS: After 6 weeks of air purifier use, medication scores improved significantly in the active (vs. placebo) group, although subjective measures (symptoms, VAS, and QoL scores) did not differ. Bedroom PM2.5 concentrations initially exceeded living room or outdoor levels, but declined (by up to 51.8%) following active purifier operation. Concentrations of PM2.5 in living room and PM10 in bedroom and living room were also significantly reduced through active purification. CONCLUSION: The use of air purifiers with HEPA filters significantly reduced medication requirements for patients with HDM-induced AR and significantly lowered indoor PM2.5 concentrations, regardless of room placement. Active intervention to reduce household air pollutants may help improve allergic airway disease (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03313453).

The first case of tegoprazan-induced urticaria.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Tegoprazan induces adverse drug reactions during clinical trials; however, tegoprazan-induced urticaria has not been reported. Here, we describe the first case of this. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 55-year-old woman presented with acute urticaria with pruritus after taking the gastro-oesophageal reflux disease medication, tegoprazan. Urticaria disappeared after tegoprazan discontinuation. In an oral provocation test, after taking 10% of tegoprazan, she developed pruritus, and after taking 30%, she developed urticaria on her back. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: This is the first case of urticaria induced by tegoprazan. Physicians should understand the possibility of a tegoprazan-induced hypersensitivity reactions.

HLA-DRB1*15: 02 Is Associated With Iodinated Contrast Media-Related Anaphylaxis.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of severe reaction induced by iodinated contrast media (ICM) has increased over the years with an increasing use of imaging modalities. Although ICM anaphylaxis is rare, it can be life-threatening, but currently, there is no biomarker that can identify individuals at risk of ICM anaphylaxis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic susceptibility of ICM anaphylaxis. METHODS: Patients who had ICM anaphylaxis were enrolled in the study, and their blood samples were collected for genotyping of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B, -C, and -DR. The results were compared with those of healthy Korean general population. MRGPRX2 gene in ICM anaphylaxis group was also sequenced and compared with the Korean standard database of genetic polymorphism. RESULTS: The frequencies of 3 HLA alleles (B*52:01, C*12:02, and DRB1*15:02) were significantly higher in 47 patients with ICM anaphylaxis. In particular, HLA-DRB1*15:02 was 5 times more frequent in the ICM anaphylaxis group than the Korean general population (34.0% vs 6.6%; odds ratio, 7.306; 95% confidence interval, 3.622-14.740), and this difference was most pronounced in subjects with iohexol-induced anaphylaxis (odds ratio, 16.516; 95% CI, 5.241-52.047; P < 0.0001). Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in MRGPRX2 gene, but their frequencies were not different in those with ICM anaphylaxis compared with the general Korean population. CONCLUSIONS: HLA-DRB1*15:02 is associated with ICM anaphylaxis in the Korean population.