A comparative analysis of adolescents' emotions and emotion regulation strategies when witnessing different cyberbullying scenarios.

The search for greater popularity and acceptance by peers increases the use of social networks that may cause cyberbullying. The high number of adolescents who observe this phenomenon may help reduce the negative impact on the victims. Emotion regulation is an important predictor of adolescents' psychological adjustment and social competence to adopt a prosocial behavior. Bystanders of these incidents may misinterpret what they see, due to specific cyberbullying characteristics which may influence emotion regulation negatively. Studies about emotions and emotion regulations in bystanders are scarce. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the emotional reactions and emotional regulation strategies of bystanders while witnessing various cyberbullying scenarios (posting photographs, direct threats, offences to integrity, threats to share personal information), as well as to focus on different behavior, victim characteristics, aggressor traits, and spectator reactions. A convenience sample of 143 adolescents (from 12 to 17 years old) was used. Results showed that worry and sadness were the most expressed emotions in all scenarios (mainly for girls) and posting a photograph was considered more concerning for girls and boys both. To regulate emotions, participants used distraction (especially seven graders) and rumination strategies. Nonetheless, when posting a photo without permission, they all adopted prosocial behavior (boys and girls) because they considered it more serious. Seventh graders adopted less prosocial behavior than eighth graders. In short, girls were more prosocial than boys. Boys may have more difficulty in regulating emotions properly and it may contribute to not intervening. Also, younger adolescents may have experienced less emotional maturity. Therefore, developing programs based on socio-emotional skills, which increase awareness of the seriousness of cyberbullying, can teach youth how to deal with emotions in order to regulate them effectively, thus increasing emotional maturity.

Serious Game-based Psychosocial Intervention to Foster Prosociality in Cyberbullying Bystanders.

Bystanders of cyberbullying play an important role in the resolution of such situations and therefore, it is beneficial to promote self-regulation strategies that enable them to engage in prosocial behavior in these contexts. We propose that serious game-based psychosocial interventions with profile-based social agents can encourage prosocial bystander behavior in cyberbullying. A pilot quasi-experimental study with repeated and pre/post measurements was performed. We randomly assigned 194 7th and 8th graders to three conditions, namely experimental condition (n = 103, Mage = 13.91, SD = 1.02, 53.3% male); alternative condition (n = 37, Mage = 14, SD = 0.86, 54.1% female) and control condition (n = 54, Mage = 13.92, SD = 0.85, 50.9% female). An analysis of covariance showed that players revealed higher levels of prosocial assertive behavior when compared to other participants. Through multilevel modelling of longitudinal log-file data, we found that those who did not experience the game tended to interpret the cyberbullying situations more as non-serious, avoid assuming responsibility for intervening, and engage in aggressive behavior toward the victim. Players tended to support more and were less aggressive with victims from their in-group than those from the out-group. Insights for the development of games to promote prosocial behavior in bystanders of cyberbullying are presented.

Los testigos del ciberacoso juegan un importante papel en la resolución de dichas situaciones, lo que es útil para proponer estrategias de autorregulación que les permitan implicarse en comportamientos prosociales en estos contextos. Proponemos que las intervenciones que se sirven de juegos serios con agentes sociales basados en perfiles pueden potenciar el comportamiento prosocial de los testigos de ciberacoso. Se llevó a cabo un estudio piloto cuasiexperimental de medidas repetidas pre/post. Se asignó a 194 alumnos de 7º y 8º a tres condiciones, condición experimental (n = 103, Medad = 13.91, SD = 1.02, 53.3% varones), condición alternativa (n = 37, Medad = 14, SD = 0.86, 54.1% mujeres) y condición control (n = 54, Medad = 13.92, SD = 0.85, 50.9% mujeres). En el análisis de covarianza los jugadores tenían un mayor nivel de comportamiento prosocial asertivo en comparación con otros participantes. En un modelado multinivel de datos longitudinales de archivo quienes no tenían experiencia en el juego tendían a interpretar más las situaciones de ciberacoso como no serias, a evitar asumir la responsabilidad de intervenir y a participar en comportamiento agresivo hacia la víctima. Los jugadores tendían a dar más apoyo y eran menos agresivos con las víctimas de su grupo que con las de otro grupo. Se presentan ideas sobre el desarrollo de juegos que potencien el comportamiento prosocial en testigos de ciberacoso.

Portuguese higher education students' adaptation to online teaching and learning in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: personal and contextual factors.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought about a global crisis affecting all sectors of society. Higher education is no exception. The closure of higher education institutions has dictated a sudden and unexpected transition from face-to-face to remote teaching to mitigate the spread of the SARS-CoV-2. This paper draws upon a wider piece of research which aimed to understand how higher education students adapted to the closure of their institution and how they looked at their experience of online teaching and learning. In total, 2718 students from different Portuguese higher education institutions participated in the study. Findings showed that both personal and contextual factors explained students' positive or negative adaptation to online teaching and learning as a result of the closure of higher education institutions. Institutional and pedagogical responses, individual self-regulatory and socio-emotional competencies and adequate resources were factors that led to either a more positive or negative student experience of online teaching and learning in times of COVID-19.

Developing Children's Regulation of Learning in Problem-Solving With a Serious Game.

To support learning in problem solving in math, we created Festarola, a digital serious game where players are part of a team that organizes a party for a group of guests. The game's main objective is to develop problem-solving strategies in students and foster self- and shared regulated learning. The game is designed according to the four phases of problem solving, which are in accordance with the self-regulation phases, namely, understanding the problem (forethought), elaborating a plan (strategic planning), executing the plan (performance), and reflecting on the results (self-reflection). A user study was conducted with 363 primary school students to measure the impact of the game. Throughout several sessions, the children interacted with different sections of the game both individually and in a group. The positive results indicate that the game successfully stimulates and develops problem-solving strategies, as well as self- and shared regulation strategies.

A autorregulação percebida como preditora da utilização de recursos no moodle / Perceived self-regulation as a predictor of resource use in moodle / Lautorégulation perçue como prédictrice de lutilisation de ressources moodle / Autorregulación percibida como predictor del uso de recursos en moodle

Resumo Autorregulação da aprendizagem implica refletir sobre a utilização de recursos educativos para gerir o que, quando, como, com quem e por que aprender. Este artigo pretendeu investigar a relação entre a perceção dos alunos sobre o planeamento, execução e autoavaliação da aprendizagem e a seleção de recursos e atividades do Moodle. Responderam ao Inventário de Recursos e Atividades em Ambientes Moodle e ao Inventário de Aprendizagem Autorregulada em Ambientes Moodle 438 alunos (7º ao 9º ano). Uma análise de regressão mostrou que a perceção dos alunos sobre o planeamento, execução e autoavaliação da aprendizagem prediz a seleção de recursos e atividades de disponibilização de informação e de realização de trabalho, mas não de colaboração/interação em todas as fases de regulação do trabalho.

Abstract Self-regulated learning involves reflecting on the use of educational resources to manage what, when, how, with whom, and why to learn. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between students' perceptions regarding the planning, execution and self-evaluation of learning and the selection of Moodle resources and activities. A total of 438 middle school students (grades 7-9) responded to the Inventory of Resources and Activities in Moodle Environments and to the Inventory of Self-regulated Learning in Moodle Environments. A regression analysis showed that the students' perception about the planning, execution and self-evaluation of learning predicted the selection of resources and activities pertaining to information availability and work accomplishment, but not to collaboration/interaction in all phases of work regulation.

Résumé L'autorégulation de l'apprentissage suppose une réflexion sur l'utilisation des ressources éducatives pour gérer quoi, quand, comment, avec qui et pourquoi apprendre. Cet article a pour objet le rapport entre la perception des élèves à propos de la planification, l'exécution et l'autoévaluation de l'apprentissage et la sélection de ressources et activités Moodle. Un total de 438 collégiens ont répondu à l'Inventaire de Ressources et Activités Moodle et à l'Inventaire de l'Apprentissage Autorégulé en Environnements Moodle. Une analyse de régression a montré que la perception des élèves concernant la planification, l'exécution et l'autoévaluation de l'apprentissage prédit la sélection de ressources et activités relatives à la disponibilité de l'information et à la réalisation du travail, mais non la collaboration/interaction dans toutes les phases de la régulation du travail.

Resumen La autorregulación implica reflexionar sobre la utilización de recursos educativos para hacer la gestión de qué, cuándo y cómo, con quién y por qué aprender. Este artículo pretendió investigar la relación entre la percepción de los alumnos sobre el planeamiento, la ejecución y la autoevaluación del aprendizaje, y la selección de recursos y de actividades del Moodle. Respondieron, al Inventario de Recursos y Actividades en Ambientes Moodle y al Inventario de Aprendizaje Autorregulado en Ambientes Moodle, 438 alumnos (7º al 9º años).Un análisis de regresión mostró que la percepción de los alumnos sobre el planeamiento, la ejecución y la autoevaluación del aprendizaje predice la selección de recursos y de actividades de poner a disposición informaciones y de realización del trabajo, pero no de colaboración/interacción en todas las fases de regulación del trabajo.

Investigación-acción en la formación en educación física: promoción de la labor colaborativa / Pesquisa-ação na formação em educação física: promoção do trabalho colaborativo / Action research in physical education training: collaborative work promotion

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as potencialidades da pesquisa-ação, ancorada na autorregulação da aprendizagem, na promoção do trabalho colaborativo entre estagiários de um curso de Educação Física. Participaram 12 estagiários de um curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física de uma Universidade pública brasileira, os quais fizeram parte de um grupo de pesquisa-ação. A formação desse grupo teve a intenção de proporcionar aos estagiários investigarem a prática pedagógica e buscarem soluções aos desafios identificados nos estágios. Foram utilizadas para a coleta de dados: entrevistas, estimulação da recordação, perguntas detonadoras e discussões registradas em um grupo virtual. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo com apoio do software Nvivo-10. A partir dos resultados, identificou-se que a pesquisa-ação, alicerçada na autorregulação da aprendizagem, promoveu o aprender a trabalhar de forma colaborativa e proporcionou aos estagiários a autorregulação das suas ações para aprender a ser professor nos estágios.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las potencialidades de la investigación-acción, anclada en la autorregulación del aprendizaje, en la promoción de la labor colaborativa entre practicantes en formación de un curso de Educación Física. Participaron 12 practicantes de un curso de Licenciatura en Educación Física de una Universidad pública brasileña, los cuales formaron parte de un grupo de investigación-acción. La formación de ese grupo tuvo la intención de proporcionar a los practicantes en formación la práctica pedagógica y buscar soluciones a los retos identificados en las pasantías. Se utilizó para la recolecta de datos: entrevistas, estimulación del recuerdo, preguntas detonadoras y discusiones registradas en un grupo virtual. Se sometieron los datos al análisis de contenido con apoyo del software Nvivo-10. A partir de los resultados, se identificó que la investigación-acción, basada en la autorregulación del aprendizaje, promovió el aprender a trabajar de forma colaborativa y proporcionó a los practicantes en formación la autorregulación de sus acciones para aprender a ser profesor en las pasantías.

The objective of this study was to analyse the potentialities of action research, anchored on the self-regulation of learning, in the promotion of collaboration among interns of a Physical Education course. Twelve undergraduates in Physical Education from a Brazilian public university participated in an action research group. The formation of this group was intended to provide the interns with a chance to investigate pedagogical practices and seek solutions to the challenges identified during the internship. We used for data collection: interviews, recall stimulation, triggering questions and discussions recorded in a virtual forum. Data were submitted to content analysis supported by Nvivo-10 software. From the results, it was identified that action research, based on the self-regulation of learning, was conducive to the development of teamwork skills and provided interns with self-regulation for their actions during the teacher-training course.

Contributos da estimulação da recordação para identificar e promover estratégias de autorregulação da aprendizagem durante o estágio em educação física / Contributions of stimulated recall to identify and promote strategies for self-regulated learning during physical education internships / Contribuciones de la estimulación de los recuerdos para identificar e impulsar estrategias de autorregulación del aprendizaje durante la práctica en educación física

Compreender as potencialidades da técnica da estimulação da recordação na promoção da reflexão de seis estagiários de um curso de licenciatura em Educação Física sobre o seu desempenho constitui o objetivo deste estudo. Por meio da análise textual discursiva emergiram quatro categorias (planejamento; antecipação de resultados e previsão de solução; promoção da autorregulação da aprendizagem dos aluno; autorreflexão), as quais buscam responder às questões levantadas no estudo. Os dados sugerem que a utilização da estimulação da recordação contribuiu para a promoção da autorregulação da aprendizagem dos estagiários e para a formulação de diferentes soluções frente aos desafios do estágio.

The purpose of this study is to understand the potential of the technique of stimulated recall to promote reflection by six interns in a Physical Education course about their performance. Through discursive textual analysis, four categories emerged – planning, anticipation of results and solution forecasting; promotion of self-regulation of student learning; and self-reflection – in order to seek to answer the questions raised in the study. Data suggest that the use of recall stimulation contributed to promote selfregulation of interns’ learning and to formulate different solutions to internship challenges.

Entender las potencialidades de la técnica de estimulación de los recuerdos en el estímulo de la reflexión de seis estudiantes en práctica de un curso de licenciatura en Educación Física sobre su desempeño es el objetivo de este estudio. A través del análisis textual discursivo surgieron cuatro categorías (planificación, anticipación de resultados y la previsión de solución, promoción de la autorregulación del aprendizaje de los alumnos y autorreflexión), que intentan responder a las preguntas planteadas en el estudio. Los datos sugieren que el uso de la estimulación de los recuerdos contribuyó a la promoción de la autorregulación del aprendizaje en los estudiantes en práctica y a la formulación de diferentes soluciones frente a los desafíos de la práctica.

Entrevista com tarefa na identificação de processos na aprendizagem autorregulada / Interviewing with task in self-regulatory learning processes identification / Entrevista con tarea en la identificación de procesos en el aprendizaje autorregulada

A entrevista com tarefa tem-se revelado um instrumento útil para os profissionais da educação pois, através das interações dos intervenientes, podemos avaliar os processos e as estratégias aplicados pelos aprendizes numa determinada tarefa. O modelo que seguimos é atribuído a Zimmerman (2000, 2013), com uma perspectiva sociocognitiva. Assim, pretendemos, não só averiguar se a entrevista com tarefa pode auxiliar os profissionais a identificar processos autorregulatórios na aprendizagem, como potenciá-los nos aprendizes. Efetuamos seis entrevistas semiestruturadas a dois alunos, ao realizarem um resumo. Os resultados permitem inferir sobre o planejamento estratégico que eles fazem, quais as suas crenças de autoeficácia, a capacidade de automonitorar a tarefa e aplicar estratégias de compreensão. Verificamos também a evolução nos perfis de aprendizagem já que os alunos passaram a: adequar os objetivos das estratégias, interiorizar normas de ação e fazer revisão. Dada a sua pertinência, pretendemos alargar a investigação para lhe conferir maior aplicabilidade e estender o seu potencial.

Task Development Interviews have shown their usefulness in identifying and gathering information regarding psychological processes and strategies as students perform tasks. In light of Zimmerman's (2000, 2013) social-cognitive approach to self-regulated learning, this study proposes to answer two questions, namely, how Task Development Interviews can help professionals identify students' self-regulatory processes and how the latter can they prompted. Three semi-structured interviews were applied to two students performing a text summary. The findings revealed that students planned the task strategically, developed strong self-efficacy beliefs, and were able to self-monitor the task and apply comprehension strategies. Furthermore, these findings showed some development in regards to students' performance, namely through the adjustment of the task's objectives, the adoption and adaptation of norms of action and lastly, through the revision of strategy use. Due to its pertinent nature, the study will continue to be developed in order to extend the applicability and potential of the instruments used.

La entrevista con tarea se ha revelado un instrumento útil para los profesionales de la educación pues, por intermedio de las interacciones de los intervinientes, se puede evaluar los procesos y las estrategias aplicados por los aprendices en una determinada tarea. El modelo que se siguió es atribuido a Zimmerman (2000, 2013), con una perspectiva socio cognitiva. Así, se pretende, no sólo averiguar si la entrevista con tarea puede auxiliar los profesionales a identificar procesos auto regulatorios en el aprendizaje, sino también potenciarlos en los aprendices. Se efectuó seis entrevistas semiestructuradas a dos alumnos, al realizar un resumen. Los resultados permiten inferir sobre el planeamiento estratégico que ellos hacen, cuáles son sus creencias de autoeficacia, la capacidad de auto supervisarla tarea y aplicar estrategias de comprensión. Se verificó también la evolución en los perfiles de aprendizaje ya que los alumnos pasaron a: adecuar los objetivos de las estrategias, interiorizar normas de acción y hacer revisión. Dada a su pertinencia, se pretende alargar la investigación para conferirle mayor aplicabilidad y extender su potencial.

Cyberbullying: percepções acerca do fenômeno e das estratégias de enfrentamento / Cyberbullying: perceptions about the phenomenon and coping strategies

O cyberbullying, caracterizado como um dos tipos de violência em contexto educativo, apresenta-se como uma das principais causas do mal-estar vivido por seus protagonistas. O estudo inserido no Projeto Cyberbullying - o diagnóstico da situação em Portugal pretendeu compreender o fenômeno a partir das vivências de 118 estudantes do primeiro ano do Ensino Superior público português, que responderam a um questionário. Pudemos perceber a percepção dos alunos sobre o fenômeno e a importância que pares, professores e pais apresentam no enfrentamento e prevenção do cyberbullying. Tais resultados orientam-se no sentido do desenvolvimento sistêmico de comunidades que se fortalecem internamente para que cada um se sinta autorizado a intervir e a cuidar dos que nelas são vítimas de violência. (AU)

Cyberbullying is characterized as one of the different types of violence in educational contexts and is one of the main causes of uneasiness felt by its protagonists. It is also considered as one of the challenges of contemporary education. The study inserted in the project Cyberbullying - a diagnosis of the situation in Portugal intended to understand the phenomenon, its extension and nature through the experience of 118 first year psychology students in the Portuguese public higher education system. Participants responded to a questionnaire of open and closed-ended questions. From the analyses done we understand the students' perceptions regarding the phenomenon, as well as the fundamental importance peers, teachers and parents/legal guardians have in coping with and preventing cyberbullying. These results demonstrate that there is the need to systemically develop communities that may internally strengthen themselves so that each individual feels authorized to intervene and care for those that are the victims of violence. (AU)