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1.
J Conserv Dent Endod ; 27(5): 449-457, 2024 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38939543

RESUMEN

Dental photography is now an excellent tool that plays a crucial role in dentistry as it helps in documenting and analyzing the oral conditions of patients. Photography provides a visual representation of the teeth, gums, and other oral structures, which aids in diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring the progress of treatment. Therefore, it is essential for dental professionals to understand the importance of dental photography and incorporate photography it into regular practice. The purpose of this paper is to provide emphasis and elucidate the path of dental photography easier for dental student and practitioner.

2.
Urolithiasis ; 50(3): 259-278, 2022 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35174397

RESUMEN

Oxalate exposure to human renal epithelial cells triggers a vicious cycle of oxidative stress leading to cellular injury and deposition of calcium oxalate crystals on the injured cells. This results in further oxidative damage causing inflammation and loss of cell-cell adhesion factors, ultimately leading to irreparable kidney damage. However, these events can be attenuated or prevented by plants rich in antioxidants used in the traditional system of medicine for treatment of kidney stones. To delineate the mechanism by which Bergenia ligulata extract exerts its cytoprotective role in oxalate-induced injury we designed this study. Our results revealed that oxalate-injured HK2 cells cotreated with ethanolic extract of Bergenia ligulata displayed increased viability, reduced oxidative stress due to lowered production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased apoptosis. We also observed lowered markers of inflammation, along with increased expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin and decreased expression of mesenchymal markers Vimentin, F-actin, Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ß1) and EMT-related proteins in renal tubular epithelial cells through immunocytochemistry, real-time PCR and western blotting. Our findings collectively suggest that by reducing oxidative stress, modulating crystal structure and preventing crystal-cell adhesion, B. ligulata inhibits the EMT pathway by downregulating the various mediators and thereby exerts its cytoprotective effect.


Asunto(s)
Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Cálculos Renales , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Inflamación , Cálculos Renales/inducido químicamente , Cálculos Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Cálculos Renales/prevención & control , Masculino , Oxalatos/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/farmacología
3.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 275: 114104, 2021 Jul 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33836258

RESUMEN

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In the Indian traditional system of medicine, Bergenia ligulata (Wall.) Engl. has been used for treatment of urolithiasis. Its efficacious nature has led to its incorporation in various commercial herbal formulations such as Cystone and Neeri which are prescribed for kidney related ailments. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess whether ethanolic extract of B. ligulata can mitigate the cascade of inflammatory responses that cause oxidative stress and ultimately cell death in renal epithelial cells exposed to hyperoxaluric conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bioactivity guided fractionation using solvents of varying polarities was employed to evaluate the potential of the extracts of B. ligulata to inhibit the crystallization process. Modulation of crystal morphology was visualized through Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Cell death was assessed using flow cytometry based assays. Alteration in the inflammatory mediators was evaluated using real time PCR and immunocytochemistry. Phytochemical characterization of the ethanolic extract was carried out using FTIR, LC-MS and GC-MS. RESULTS: Bioactivity guided fractionation for the assessment of antilithiatic activity revealed dose dependent inhibition of nucleation and aggregation process of calcium oxalate crystals in the presence of various extracts, however ethanolic extract showed maximum inhibition and was chosen for further experiments. Studies on renal epithelial NRK-52E cells showed, cytoprotective efficacy of B. ligulata extract against oxalate injury. SEM anaysis further revealed the potential of the extract to modulate the crystal structure and adhesion to renal cell surface. Exposure of the renal cells to the extract led to conversion of the calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals to the less injurious calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) form. Expression analysis for oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in NRK-52E cells revealed up-regulation of Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), Osteopontin (OPN) and Nuclear factor- ĸB (NF-ĸB), in response to calcium oxalate insult; which was drastically reduced in the presence of B. ligulata extract. Flow cytometric evaluation pointed to caspase 3 mediated apoptotic cell death in oxalate injured cells, which was attenuated by B. ligulata extract. CONCLUSION: Considering the complex multifactorial etiology of urolithiasis, ethanolic extract from B. ligulata can be a promising option for the management of kidney stones, as it has the potential to limit inflammation and the subsequent cell death.


Asunto(s)
Lesión Renal Aguda/tratamiento farmacológico , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Saxifragaceae/química , Lesión Renal Aguda/inducido químicamente , Lesión Renal Aguda/genética , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Oxalato de Calcio/antagonistas & inhibidores , Oxalato de Calcio/química , Oxalato de Calcio/toxicidad , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Membrana Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/patología , Etanol , India , Medicina Tradicional , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Osteopontina/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/química , Sustancias Protectoras/química , Ratas , Urolitiasis/tratamiento farmacológico
4.
Mol Biol Rep ; 48(1): 887-896, 2021 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33394226

RESUMEN

Pathological calcification is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidities primarily in population with chronic kidney disease (CKD), end stage renal diseases (ERSD) and metabolic disorders. Investigators have accepted the fact that vascular calcification is not a passive process but a highly complex, cell mediated, active process in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) resulting from, metabolic insults of bone fragility, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Over the years, studies have revealed various mechanisms of vascular calcification like induction of bone formation, apoptosis, alteration in Ca-P balance and loss of inhibition. Novel clinical studies targeting cellular mechanisms of calcification provide promising and potential avenues for drug development. The interventions include phosphate binders, sodium thiosulphate, vitamin K, calcimimetics, vitamin D, bisphosphonates, Myoinositol hexaphosphate (IP6), Denosumab and TNAP inhibitors. Concurrently investigators are also working towards reversing or curing pathological calcification. This review focuses on the relationship of vascular calcification to clinical diseases, regulators and factors causing calcification including genetics which have been identified. At present, there is lack of any significant preventive measures for calcifications and hence this review explores further possibilities for drug development and treatment modalities.


Asunto(s)
Aterosclerosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamiento farmacológico , Dislipidemias/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Calcificación Vascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Aterosclerosis/metabolismo , Aterosclerosis/patología , Calcimiméticos/uso terapéutico , Calcio/metabolismo , Denosumab/uso terapéutico , Diabetes Mellitus/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus/patología , Difosfonatos/uso terapéutico , Dislipidemias/metabolismo , Dislipidemias/patología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapéutico , Homeostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Hipertensión/metabolismo , Hipertensión/patología , Fosfatos de Inositol/uso terapéutico , Fósforo/metabolismo , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/metabolismo , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/patología , Tiosulfatos/uso terapéutico , Calcificación Vascular/metabolismo , Calcificación Vascular/patología , Vitamina D/uso terapéutico , Vitamina K/uso terapéutico
5.
Pharm Biol ; 54(10): 2061-72, 2016 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26974043

RESUMEN

Context Oxidative stress induces apoptosis within Islets of Langerhans in diabetes mellitus (DM). Enicostemma littorale blume, herb of the Gentianaceae family is used as an anti-diabetic agent across rural India. Objective This report demonstrates potent anti-apoptotic and cyto-protective activity of Enicostemma littorale MeOH extract (EL MeOH ext.) against 50 µM H2O2 in isolated rat Islets. Materials and methods In this study, the whole plant methanolic extract of EL with doses 0.25-4 mg/mL each for the preincubation duration of 0.5-4 h against 50 µM H2O2 were tested for optimum protective dose and time by Trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Islet intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was quantified by DCFDA staining and cell death using PS/PI & FDA/PI staining. Further, comet assay, biochemical assessment of caspase-3 and antioxidant enzyme activities along with immunoblotting of PARP-1, caspase-3, TNF-α activation and p-P38 MapK (stress kinase) induction was performed. Results The optimized dose of EL MeOH ext. 2 mg/mL for 2 h was used throughout the study, which significantly decreased total Intracellular ROS and cell death. Further, caspase-3 activity, PARP-1 cleavage, p-P38 MapK (stress kinase) activation and TNF-α levels, which had been significantly elevated, were normalized. Antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase, along with Comet assay, demonstrated that pretreatment with EL MeOH ext. can augment antioxidant enzyme activities and protect from DNA damage. Discussion and conclusions Significant anti-apoptotic and cyto-protective effects were mediated by EL with Islets of Langerhans subjected to oxidative stress-induced cell death.


Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Gentianaceae , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Citoprotección , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Gentianaceae/química , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/toxicidad , Islotes Pancreáticos/enzimología , Islotes Pancreáticos/patología , Masculino , Metanol/química , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Plantas Medicinales , Ratas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Solventes/química , Factores de Tiempo , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo
7.
Hum Fertil (Camb) ; 15(4): 190-3, 2012 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23190271

RESUMEN

Several clinical studies have recently been published documenting the possible role of adjuvant growth hormone treatment in in vitro fertilization. These studies have been performed on different groups of patients including poor ovarian responders, patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and with hypogonadotrophic-hypogonadism. The aim of this review is to examine relevant studies in the last 25 years, on the use of growth hormone in assisted conception and trace the train of events that has lead to the resurgence of interest in this subject.


Asunto(s)
Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/administración & dosificación , Técnicas Reproductivas Asistidas , Femenino , Fertilización In Vitro/métodos , Hormona Liberadora de Gonadotropina/agonistas , Humanos , Hipogonadismo , Menotropinas , Oocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Oocitos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Inducción de la Ovulación/métodos , Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico
8.
Biol Chem ; 392(4): 337-46, 2011 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21303303

RESUMEN

Eosinophil granule proteins, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin are members of the RNase A superfamily, which play a crucial role in host defense against various pathogens as they are endowed with several biological activities. Some of the biological activities possessed by ECP have been attributed to its strong basic character. In the current study, we have investigated the role of five unique basic residues, Arg22, Arg34, Arg61, Arg77 and His64 of ECP in its catalytic, cytotoxic, antibacterial and antiparasitic activities. These residues were changed to alanine to generate single and double mutants. None of the selected residues was found to be involved in the RNase activity of ECP. The substitution of all five residues individually was detrimental for the cytotoxic, antibacterial and antiparasitic activities of ECP; however, mutation of Arg22 and Arg34 resulted in the most significant effects. The double mutants also had reduced biological activities. All ECP mutants that had significantly reduced toxicity also had reduced membrane destabilization activity. Our study demonstrates that Arg22, Arg34, Arg61, Arg77 and His64 of ECP are crucial for its membrane destabilization activity, which appears to be the underlying mechanism of its cytotoxic, antibacterial and antiparasitic activities.


Asunto(s)
Proteína Catiónica del Eosinófilo/química , Proteína Catiónica del Eosinófilo/farmacología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antiparasitarios/química , Antiparasitarios/metabolismo , Antiparasitarios/farmacología , Bacillus subtilis/efectos de los fármacos , Biocatálisis , Línea Celular , Membrana Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Citotoxinas/química , Citotoxinas/genética , Citotoxinas/metabolismo , Citotoxinas/farmacología , Proteína Catiónica del Eosinófilo/genética , Proteína Catiónica del Eosinófilo/metabolismo , Eritrocitos/citología , Eritrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Hemólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Leishmania donovani/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutagénesis Sitio-Dirigida , Mutación
9.
Nat Prod Commun ; 4(8): 1089-92, 2009 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19768989

RESUMEN

In the continuing search for newer pancreatic lipase inhibitors from plants, a total of 63 extracts from 21 different plants were screened to study their pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory activity in vitro. All three extracts (DCM, EtOAc and MeOH) of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng leaves (Rutaceae) exhibited antilipase activity greater than 80%. Further, bioactivity guided fractionation of the EtOAc extract led to the isolation of four alkaloids, namely mahanimbin, koenimbin, koenigicine and clausazoline-K, with IC50 values of 17.9 microM, 168.6 microM, 428.6 microM and <500 microM, respectively. This study reports for the first time the PL inhibitory potential of carbazole alkaloids from plants.


Asunto(s)
Alcaloides/aislamiento & purificación , Lipasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Hojas de la Planta/química , Rutaceae/química , Alcaloides/farmacología , Animales , Carbazoles/aislamiento & purificación , Carbazoles/farmacología , Humanos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Raíces de Plantas/química , Semillas/química , Porcinos
10.
BJU Int ; 101(2): 192-6, 2008 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17970787

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To report our 10-year experience of sacral neurostimulation (SNS) for women in urinary retention, comparing the original one-stage with the newer two-stage technique, as SNS therapy is a well-established treatment for urinary retention secondary to urethral sphincter overactivity (Fowler's syndrome). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1996 and 2006, 60 patients with urinary retention had a SNS device inserted; their case records were reviewed and data on efficacy, follow-up, need for continued clean intermittent self-catheterization (CISC), complications and operative revision rate were assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 43 of 60 (72%) women were voiding spontaneously, with a mean postvoid residual volume of 100 mL; 30 (50%) no longer needed to use CISC. During a total of 2878 months of SNS experience, adverse event episodes included lead migration in 20, 'box-site' pain in 19, leg pain/numbness in 18 and loss of response/failure in 18 patients; 53% of the women required a surgical revision related to their implanted stimulator. The efficacy of the two-stage was similar to that of the one-stage procedure (73% vs 70%). Women with a normal urethral sphincter electromyogram had worse outcomes than women with an abnormal test (43% vs 76%). Although the efficacy was no different in those taking analgesia/antidepressant medication, this group of women had a higher surgical revision rate. Failure and complications for the one-stage procedure were not restricted to the early follow-up period. The mean battery life of the implant was 7.31 years. CONCLUSIONS: SNS has sustained long-term efficacy but the procedure has a significant complication rate. At present, the two-stage technique has comparable efficacy to the one-stage technique but a longer-term follow-up is required. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence recommended the use of SNS in women with urinary incontinence who fail to respond adequately to anticholinergic therapy, but patients choosing this treatment should be made aware of the high complication rate associated with the procedure.


Asunto(s)
Terapia por Estimulación Eléctrica/métodos , Plexo Lumbosacro , Retención Urinaria/terapia , Urodinámica/fisiología , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Terapia por Estimulación Eléctrica/efectos adversos , Terapia por Estimulación Eléctrica/normas , Electrodos Implantados , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Auditoría Médica , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Reino Unido , Retención Urinaria/fisiopatología , Micción/fisiología
11.
Tuberculosis (Edinb) ; 86(1): 28-33, 2006 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16256441

RESUMEN

Protein kinase I of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has an unusual amino acid composition in its catalytic loop, displayed autophosphorylation and transphosphorylation activity. Immunoblot analysis of sub-cellular fractions of M. tuberculosis, using anti-PknI antibodies raised in rabbits, showed that PknI localizes to the bacterial cytosol. In contrast, PknA was membrane-bound. Relative expression of pknI, when measured by combining molecular beacons and RT-PCR, decreased during infection of THP-1 human macrophages. Expression of pknA and pknB was upregulated during infection. Thus PknI represents a group of protein kinases that is distinct from the more extensively studied enzymes PknA and PknB.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzimología , Proteínas Quinasas/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Macrófagos/microbiología , Proteínas Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Conejos , Activación Transcripcional
12.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother ; 49(5): 2008-14, 2005 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15855526

RESUMEN

Quinolones were examined for rapid lethal activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis in the presence and absence of chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. C-8 methoxy, C-6 fluorine, and particular C-7 ring substituents enhanced rapid killing. With the surprising exception of moxifloxacin, higher quinolone concentrations were required for lethal activity in the presence of chloramphenicol than in its absence. Moxifloxacin was also unusual in lacking the time lag characteristic of fluoroquinolone lethality. Several fluoroquinolone dimers, which represent quinolones with large C-7 substituents, showed modest bacteriostatic activity. Unlike other quinolones, the dimers failed to display lethal activity. The insensitivity of moxifloxacin to chloramphenicol has not been observed with other bacteria and may therefore reflect unique aspects of mycobacterial gyrase.


Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Cloranfenicol/farmacología , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacología , Mycobacterium smegmatis/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Bacterianas/biosíntesis , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Relación Estructura-Actividad
13.
Eur J Biochem ; 270(4): 625-34, 2003 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12581202

RESUMEN

Pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is closely related to its ability to survive and replicate in the hostile environment of macrophages. For some pathogenic bacteria, secretion of ATP-utilizing enzymes into the extracellular environment aids in pathogen survival via P2Z receptor-mediated, ATP-induced death of infected macrophages. A component of these enzymes is nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Ndk). The ndk gene was cloned from M. tuberculosis H37Rv and expressed in Escherichia coli. Ndk was secreted into the culture medium by M. tuberculosis, as determined by enzymatic activity and Western blotting. Purified Ndk enhanced ATP-induced macrophage cell death, as assayed by the release of [14C]adenine. A catalytic mutant of Ndk failed to enhance ATP-induced macrophage cell death, and periodate-oxidized ATP (oATP), an irreversible inhibitor of P2Z receptor, blocked ATP/Ndk-induced cell death. Purified Ndk was also found to be autophosphorylated with broad specificity for all nucleotides. Conversion of His117-->Gln, which is part of the nucleotide-binding site, abolished autophosphorylation. Purified Ndk also showed GTPase activity. Collectively, these results indicate that secreted Ndk of M. tuberculosis acts as a cytotoxic factor for macrophages, which may help in dissemination of the bacilli and evasion of the immune system.


Asunto(s)
Adenosina Trifosfato/análogos & derivados , Muerte Celular , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzimología , Nucleósido-Difosfato Quinasa/farmacología , Adenina/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfato/farmacología , Western Blotting , Clonación Molecular , Cartilla de ADN/química , ADN Bacteriano/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/enzimología , GTP Fosfohidrolasas/metabolismo , Glutamina/metabolismo , Histidina/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/patología , Mutagénesis Sitio-Dirigida , Mutación , Nucleósido-Difosfato Quinasa/genética , Nucleósido-Difosfato Quinasa/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Plásmidos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Antagonistas del Receptor Purinérgico P2 , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X7
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