RESUMEN
Despite claims from prominent scientists that SARS-CoV-2 indubitably emerged naturally, the etiology of this novel coronavirus remains a pressing and open question: Without knowing the true nature of a disease, it is impossible for clinicians to appropriately shape their care, for policy-makers to correctly gauge the nature and extent of the threat, and for the public to appropriately modify their behavior. Unless the intermediate host necessary for completing a natural zoonotic jump is identified, the dual-use gain-of-function research practice of viral serial passage should be considered a viable route by which the novel coronavirus arose. The practice of serial passage mimics a natural zoonotic jump, and offers explanations for SARS-CoV-2's distinctive spike-protein region and its unexpectedly high affinity for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2), as well as the notable polybasic furin cleavage site within it. Additional molecular clues raise further questions, all of which warrant full investigation into the novel coronavirus's origins and a re-examination of the risks and rewards of dual-use gain-of-function research.
Asunto(s)
Betacoronavirus/genética , Infecciones por Coronavirus/etiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/transmisión , Neumonía Viral/etiología , Neumonía Viral/transmisión , Zoonosis/transmisión , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2 , Animales , Betacoronavirus/crecimiento & desarrollo , COVID-19 , Mutación con Ganancia de Función/genética , Humanos , Pandemias , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , SARS-CoV-2 , Pase Seriado , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/genética , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/metabolismo , Zoonosis/virologíaRESUMEN
In addition to maintaining the GenBank® nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through the NCBI Website. NCBI resources include Entrez, the Entrez Programming Utilities, MyNCBI, PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), Gene, the NCBI Taxonomy Browser, BLAST, BLAST Link (BLink), Primer-BLAST, COBALT, Splign, RefSeq, UniGene, HomoloGene, ProtEST, dbMHC, dbSNP, dbVar, Epigenomics, Genome and related tools, the Map Viewer, Model Maker, Evidence Viewer, Trace Archive, Sequence Read Archive, BioProject, BioSample, Retroviral Genotyping Tools, HIV-1/Human Protein Interaction Database, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Probe, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA), the Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB), the Conserved Domain Database (CDD), the Conserved Domain Architecture Retrieval Tool (CDART), Biosystems, Protein Clusters and the PubChem suite of small molecule databases. Augmenting many of the Web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. All of these resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Asunto(s)
Bases de Datos como Asunto , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Bases de Datos de Proteínas , Expresión Génica , Genómica , Internet , Modelos Moleculares , National Library of Medicine (U.S.) , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto , PubMed , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Análisis de Secuencia de Proteína , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In addition to maintaining the GenBank® nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through the NCBI Web site. NCBI resources include Entrez, the Entrez Programming Utilities, MyNCBI, PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), Entrez Gene, the NCBI Taxonomy Browser, BLAST, BLAST Link (BLink), Primer-BLAST, COBALT, Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, Splign, ProSplign, RefSeq, UniGene, HomoloGene, ProtEST, dbMHC, dbSNP, dbVar, Epigenomics, Cancer Chromosomes, Entrez Genomes and related tools, the Map Viewer, Model Maker, Evidence Viewer, Trace Archive, Sequence Read Archive, Retroviral Genotyping Tools, HIV-1/Human Protein Interaction Database, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Entrez Probe, GENSAT, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA), the Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB), the Conserved Domain Database (CDD), the Conserved Domain Architecture Retrieval Tool (CDART), IBIS, Biosystems, Peptidome, OMSSA, Protein Clusters and the PubChem suite of small molecule databases. Augmenting many of the Web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. All of these resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Asunto(s)
Bases de Datos Genéticas , Bases de Datos de Proteínas , Expresión Génica , Genómica , National Library of Medicine (U.S.) , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , PubMed , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Programas Informáticos , Integración de Sistemas , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through the NCBI web site. NCBI resources include Entrez, the Entrez Programming Utilities, MyNCBI, PubMed, PubMed Central, Entrez Gene, the NCBI Taxonomy Browser, BLAST, BLAST Link (BLink), Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, Spidey, Splign, Reference Sequence, UniGene, HomoloGene, ProtEST, dbMHC, dbSNP, Cancer Chromosomes, Entrez Genomes and related tools, the Map Viewer, Model Maker, Evidence Viewer, Trace Archive, Sequence Read Archive, Retroviral Genotyping Tools, HIV-1/Human Protein Interaction Database, Gene Expression Omnibus, Entrez Probe, GENSAT, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals, the Molecular Modeling Database, the Conserved Domain Database, the Conserved Domain Architecture Retrieval Tool, Biosystems, Peptidome, Protein Clusters and the PubChem suite of small molecule databases. Augmenting many of the web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. All these resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Asunto(s)
Biología Computacional/métodos , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Bases de Datos de Ácidos Nucleicos , Algoritmos , Animales , Biología Computacional/tendencias , Bases de Datos de Proteínas , Genoma Bacteriano , Genoma Viral , Humanos , Almacenamiento y Recuperación de la Información/métodos , Internet , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , National Library of Medicine (U.S.) , Programas Informáticos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through the NCBI web site. NCBI resources include Entrez, the Entrez Programming Utilities, MyNCBI, PubMed, PubMed Central, Entrez Gene, the NCBI Taxonomy Browser, BLAST, BLAST Link (BLink), Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, Spidey, Splign, RefSeq, UniGene, HomoloGene, ProtEST, dbMHC, dbSNP, Cancer Chromosomes, Entrez Genomes and related tools, the Map Viewer, Model Maker, Evidence Viewer, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs), Retroviral Genotyping Tools, HIV-1/Human Protein Interaction Database, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Entrez Probe, GENSAT, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA), the Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB), the Conserved Domain Database (CDD), the Conserved Domain Architecture Retrieval Tool (CDART) and the PubChem suite of small molecule databases. Augmenting many of the web applications is custom implementation of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. All of the resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Asunto(s)
Bases de Datos Genéticas , Expresión Génica , Genes , Genómica , Genotipo , National Library of Medicine (U.S.) , Fenotipo , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Proteómica , PubMed , Homología de Secuencia , Integración de Sistemas , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In addition to maintaining the GenBank(R) nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data available through NCBI's web site. NCBI resources include Entrez, the Entrez Programming Utilities, My NCBI, PubMed, PubMed Central, Entrez Gene, the NCBI Taxonomy Browser, BLAST, BLAST Link, Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, Spidey, Splign, RefSeq, UniGene, HomoloGene, ProtEST, dbMHC, dbSNP, Cancer Chromosomes, Entrez Genome, Genome Project and related tools, the Trace, Assembly, and Short Read Archives, the Map Viewer, Model Maker, Evidence Viewer, Clusters of Orthologous Groups, Influenza Viral Resources, HIV-1/Human Protein Interaction Database, Gene Expression Omnibus, Entrez Probe, GENSAT, Database of Genotype and Phenotype, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals, the Molecular Modeling Database, the Conserved Domain Database, the Conserved Domain Architecture Retrieval Tool and the PubChem suite of small molecule databases. Augmenting the web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. These resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Asunto(s)
Bases de Datos Genéticas , National Library of Medicine (U.S.) , Animales , Bases de Datos de Ácidos Nucleicos , Expresión Génica , Genómica , Genotipo , Humanos , Internet , Modelos Moleculares , Fenotipo , Proteómica , Alineación de Secuencia , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The National Center for Biotechnology Information has created the dbGaP public repository for individual-level phenotype, exposure, genotype and sequence data and the associations between them. dbGaP assigns stable, unique identifiers to studies and subsets of information from those studies, including documents, individual phenotypic variables, tables of trait data, sets of genotype data, computed phenotype-genotype associations, and groups of study subjects who have given similar consents for use of their data.
Asunto(s)
Bases de Datos Genéticas , Genotipo , Fenotipo , Biología Computacional , Bases de Datos Factuales , National Library of Medicine (U.S.)/organización & administración , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through NCBI's Web site. NCBI resources include Entrez, the Entrez Programming Utilities, My NCBI, PubMed, PubMed Central, Entrez Gene, the NCBI Taxonomy Browser, BLAST, BLAST Link(BLink), Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, Spidey, Splign, RefSeq, UniGene, HomoloGene, ProtEST, dbMHC, dbSNP, Cancer Chromosomes, Entrez Genome, Genome Project and related tools, the Trace and Assembly Archives, the Map Viewer, Model Maker, Evidence Viewer, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs), Viral Genotyping Tools, Influenza Viral Resources, HIV-1/Human Protein Interaction Database, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Entrez Probe, GENSAT, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA), the Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB), the Conserved Domain Database (CDD), the Conserved Domain Architecture Retrieval Tool (CDART) and the PubChem suite of small molecule databases. Augmenting many of the Web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. These resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Asunto(s)
Bases de Datos Genéticas , National Library of Medicine (U.S.) , Animales , Bases de Datos de Ácidos Nucleicos , Bases de Datos de Proteínas , Expresión Génica , Genómica , Humanos , Internet , Fenotipo , Proteómica , PubMed , Alineación de Secuencia , Programas Informáticos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
We present the completed dataset and clone repository of the Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project (CCAP), an initiative developed and funded through the intramural program of the U.S. National Cancer Institute, to provide seamless linkage of human cytogenetic markers with the primary nucleotide sequence of the human genome. Spaced at 1-2 Mb intervals across the human genome, 1,339 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones have been localized to chromosomal bands through high-resolution fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping. Of these clones, 99.8% can be positioned on the primary human genome sequence and 95% are placed at or close to their precise nucleotide starts and stops. This dataset can be studied and manipulated within generally available public Web sites. The clones are available from a commercial repository. The CCAP BAC clone set provides anchors for the interrogation of gene and sequence involvement in oncogenic and developmental disorders when the starting point is the recognition of a structural, numerical, or interstitial chromosomal aberration. This dataset also provides a current view of the quality and coherence of the available genome sequence and insight into the nucleotide and three-dimensional structures that manifest as Giemsa light and dark chromosomal banding patterns.
Asunto(s)
Aberraciones Cromosómicas , Mapeo Cromosómico , Neoplasias/genética , Composición de Base/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Cromosomas Artificiales Bacterianos/genética , Cromosomas Humanos Par 22/genética , Células Clonales/metabolismo , Citogenética , Genoma Humano/genética , Humanos , Hibridación Fluorescente in SituRESUMEN
In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through NCBI's Web site. NCBI resources include Entrez, the Entrez Programming Utilities, MyNCBI, PubMed, PubMed Central, Entrez Gene, the NCBI Taxonomy Browser, BLAST, BLAST Link (BLink), Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, Spidey, Splign, RefSeq, UniGene, HomoloGene, ProtEST, dbMHC, dbSNP, Cancer Chromosomes, Entrez Genomes and related tools, the Map Viewer, Model Maker, Evidence Viewer, Clusters of Orthologous Groups, Retroviral Genotyping Tools, HIV-1, Human Protein Interaction Database, SAGEmap, Gene Expression Omnibus, Entrez Probe, GENSAT, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals, the Molecular Modeling Database, the Conserved Domain Database, the Conserved Domain Architecture Retrieval Tool and the PubChem suite of small molecule databases. Augmenting many of the Web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized datasets. All of the resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Asunto(s)
Bases de Datos Genéticas , National Library of Medicine (U.S.) , Bases de Datos de Ácidos Nucleicos , Bases de Datos de Proteínas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Genes , Genómica , Humanos , Internet , PubMed , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Programas Informáticos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
To catalog data on chromosomal aberrations in cancer derived from emerging molecular cytogenetic techniques and to integrate these data with genome maps, we have established two resources, the NCI and NCBI SKY/M-FISH & CGH Database and the Cancer Chromosomes database. The goal of the former is to allow investigators to submit and analyze clinical and research cytogenetic data. It contains a karyotype parser tool, which automatically converts the ISCN short-form karyotype into an internal representation displayed in detailed form and as a colored ideogram with band overlay, and also has a tool to compare CGH profiles from multiple cases. The Cancer Chromosomes database integrates the SKY/M-FISH & CGH Database with the Mitelman Database of Chromosome Aberrations in Cancer and the Recurrent Chromosome Aberrations in Cancer database. These three datasets can now be searched seamlessly by use of the Entrez search and retrieval system for chromosome aberrations, clinical data, and reference citations. Common diagnoses, anatomic sites, chromosome breakpoints, junctions, numerical and structural abnormalities, and bands gained and lost among selected cases can be compared by use of the "similarity" report. Because the model used for CGH data is a subset of the karyotype data, it is now possible to examine the similarities between CGH results and karyotypes directly. All chromosomal bands are directly linked to the Entrez Map Viewer database, providing integration of cytogenetic data with the sequence assembly. These resources, developed as a part of the Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project (CCAP) initiative, aid the search for new cancer-associated genes and foster insights into the causes and consequences of genetic alterations in cancer.
Asunto(s)
Aberraciones Cromosómicas , Bases de Datos de Ácidos Nucleicos , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Neoplasias/genética , Hibridación de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Secuencia de Bases , Mapeo Cromosómico , Genoma Humano , Humanos , Cariotipificación , Sistemas en LíneaRESUMEN
In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides data retrieval systems and computational resources for the analysis of data in GenBank and other biological data made available through NCBI's website. NCBI resources include Entrez, Entrez Programming Utilities, PubMed, PubMed Central, Entrez Gene, the NCBI Taxonomy Browser, BLAST, BLAST Link (BLink), Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, Spidey, RefSeq, UniGene, HomoloGene, ProtEST, dbMHC, dbSNP, Cancer Chromosomes, Entrez Genomes and related tools, the Map Viewer, Model Maker, Evidence Viewer, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs), Retroviral Genotyping Tools, HIV-1/Human Protein Interaction Database, SAGEmap, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), the Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB), the Conserved Domain Database (CDD) and the Conserved Domain Architecture Retrieval Tool (CDART). Augmenting many of the Web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized datasets. All of the resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
