RESUMEN
The regulation of host-pathogen interactions during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remains unresolved. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of the immune system, and so we used a systems biology approach to construct an miRNA regulatory network activated in macrophages during Mtb infection. Our network comprises 77 putative miRNAs that are associated with temporal gene expression signatures in macrophages early after Mtb infection. In this study, we demonstrate a dual role for one of these regulators, miR-155. On the one hand, miR-155 maintains the survival of Mtb-infected macrophages, thereby providing a niche favoring bacterial replication; on the other hand, miR-155 promotes the survival and function of Mtb-specific T cells, enabling an effective adaptive immune response. MiR-155-induced cell survival is mediated through the SH2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Thus, dual regulation of the same cell survival pathway in innate and adaptive immune cells leads to vastly different outcomes with respect to bacterial containment.
Asunto(s)
Inmunidad Adaptativa/genética , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/genética , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/genética , MicroARNs/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculosis/inmunología , Animales , Supervivencia Celular/genética , Supervivencia Celular/inmunología , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Activación de Linfocitos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/virología , Ratones , Fosfatidilinositol-3,4,5-Trifosfato 5-Fosfatasas/genética , Fosfatidilinositol-3,4,5-Trifosfato 5-Fosfatasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/virología , Transcriptoma , Tuberculosis/metabolismoRESUMEN
Immune control of persistent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) requires a sustained pathogen-specific CD4 T cell response; however, the molecular pathways governing the generation and maintenance of Mtb protective CD4 T cells are poorly understood. Using MHCII tetramers, we show that Mtb-specific CD4 T cells are subject to ongoing antigenic stimulation. Despite this chronic stimulation, a subset of PD-1(+) cells is maintained within the lung parenchyma during tuberculosis (TB). When transferred into uninfected animals, these cells persist, mount a robust recall response, and provide superior protection to Mtb rechallenge when compared to terminally differentiated Th1 cells that reside preferentially in the lung-associated vasculature. The PD-1(+) cells share features with memory CD4 T cells in that their generation and maintenance requires intrinsic Bcl6 and intrinsic ICOS expression. Thus, the molecular pathways required to maintain Mtb-specific CD4 T cells during ongoing infection are similar to those that maintain memory CD4 T cells in scenarios of antigen deprivation. These results suggest that vaccination strategies targeting the ICOS and Bcl6 pathways in CD4 T cells may provide new avenues to prevent TB.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Unión al ADN/inmunología , Memoria Inmunológica , Proteína Coestimuladora de Linfocitos T Inducibles/inmunología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/inmunología , Células TH1/inmunología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/inmunología , Animales , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Inmunidad Celular/genética , Proteína Coestimuladora de Linfocitos T Inducibles/genética , Pulmón/inmunología , Pulmón/microbiología , Pulmón/patología , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-6 , Células TH1/patología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/genética , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/patologíaRESUMEN
Cellular fusion of macrophages into multinucleated giant cells is a distinguishing feature of the granulomatous response to inflammation, infection, and foreign bodies (Kawai and Akira. 2011. Immunity 34: 637-650). We observed a marked increase in fusion of macrophages genetically deficient in Dicer, an enzyme required for canonical microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. Gene expression profiling of miRNA-deficient macrophages revealed an upregulation of the IL-4-responsive fusion protein Tm7sf4, and analyses identified miR-7a-1 as a negative regulator of macrophage fusion, functioning by directly targeting Tm7sf4 mRNA. miR-7a-1 is itself an IL-4-responsive gene in macrophages, suggesting feedback control of cellular fusion. Collectively, these data indicate that miR-7a-1 functions to regulate IL-4-directed multinucleated giant cell formation.
