Asunto(s)
Sensibilidad de Contraste/efectos de los fármacos , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/tratamiento farmacológico , Omeprazol/efectos adversos , Enfermedades del Nervio Óptico/inducido químicamente , Agudeza Visual , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 12/complicaciones , Adulto , Sensibilidad de Contraste/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Omeprazol/uso terapéutico , Disco Óptico/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades del Nervio Óptico/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Nervio Óptico/fisiopatología , Inhibidores de la Bomba de Protones/efectos adversos , Inhibidores de la Bomba de Protones/uso terapéutico , Campos Visuales/efectos de los fármacos , Campos Visuales/fisiología , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 12/diagnósticoAsunto(s)
Betacoronavirus , Ceguera/etiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/complicaciones , Neumonía Viral/complicaciones , Adulto , Isquemia Encefálica/etiología , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , SARS-CoV-2 , Accidente Cerebrovascular/etiología , Agudeza Visual/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Human neocortical molecular layer heterotopia consist of aggregations of hundreds of neurons and glia in the molecular layer (layer I) and are indicative of neuronal migration defect. Despite having been associated with dyslexia, epilepsy, cobblestone lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, and Fukuyama muscular dystrophy, a complete understanding of the cellular and axonal constituents of molecular layer heterotopia is lacking. Using a mouse model, we identify diverse excitatory and inhibitory neurons as well as glia in heterotopia based on molecular profiles. Using immunocytochemistry, we identify diverse afferents in heterotopia from subcortical neuromodulatory centers. Finally, we document intracortical projections to/from heterotopia. These data are relevant toward understanding how heterotopia affect brain function in diverse neurodevelopmental disorders.
Asunto(s)
Axones/patología , Malformaciones del Desarrollo Cortical del Grupo II/patología , Neocórtex/patología , Neuroglía/patología , Neuronas/patología , Animales , Axones/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Inmunohistoquímica , Malformaciones del Desarrollo Cortical del Grupo II/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Neocórtex/metabolismo , Neuroglía/metabolismo , Neuronas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Molecular layer heterotopia of the cerebellar primary fissure are a characteristic of many rat strains and are hypothesized to result from defect of granule cells exiting the external granule cell layer during cerebellar development. However, the cellular and axonal constituents of these malformations remain poorly understood. In the present report, we use histochemistry and immunocytochemistry to identify neuronal, glial, and axonal classes in molecular layer heterotopia. In particular, we identify parvalbumin-expressing molecular layer interneurons in heterotopia as well as three glial cell types including Bergmann glia, Olig2-expressing oligodendrocytes, and Iba1-expressing microglia. In addition, we document the presence of myelinated, serotonergic, catecholaminergic, and cholinergic axons in heterotopia indicating possible spinal and brainstem afferent projections to heterotopic cells. These findings are relevant toward understanding the mechanisms of normal and abnormal cerebellar development.
