Role of communication systems in coordinating supervising anesthesiologists' activities outside of operating rooms.

BACKGROUND: Theoretically, communication systems have the potential to increase the productivity of anesthesiologists supervising anesthesia providers. We evaluated the maximal potential of communication systems to increase the productivity of anesthesia care by enhancing anesthesiologists' coordination of care (activities) among operating rooms (ORs). METHODS: At hospital A, data for 13,368 pages were obtained from files recorded in the internal alphanumeric text paging system. Pages from the postanesthesia care unit were processed through a numeric paging system and thus not included. At hospital B, in a different US state, 3 of the authors categorized each of 898 calls received using the internal wireless audio system (Vocera(®)). Lower and upper 95% confidence limits for percentages are the values reported. RESULTS: At least 45% of pages originated from outside the ORs (e.g., 20% from holding area) at hospital A and at least 56% of calls (e.g., 30% administrative) at hospital B. In contrast, requests from ORs for urgent presence of the anesthesiologist were at most 0.2% of pages at hospital A and 1.8% of calls at hospital B. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of messages to supervising anesthesiologists are for activity originating outside the ORs being supervised. To use communication tools to increase anesthesia productivity on the day of surgery, their use should include a focus on care coordination outside ORs (e.g., holding area) and among ORs (e.g., at the control desk).

Measure to quantify the influence of time from end of surgery to tracheal extubation on operating room workflow.

BACKGROUND: The impact of delays in extubation on operating room (OR) workflow are challenging to assess because such delays may or may not be a bottleneck to the patient leaving the OR. We developed an observational measure that quantifies the influence of extubation times on OR workflow. METHODS: The time from dressing on the patient (or its functional equivalent) to tracheal extubation was observed in ORs, among a cohort of adult patients undergoing elective (scheduled) general anesthesia. During the first 36 extubations, the measure was developed using qualitative methods. During the subsequent 64 extubations, qualitative observation was supplemented with quantitative measurement. Interrater reliability was assessed during the final 30 of the 64 extubations. Video 1 (see Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/AA/A396) shows animation of a typical observation period. RESULTS: The developed measure was a single value for each case: whether at least 1 person was doing no visible physical activity potentially related to patient care for at least 1 minute between dressing on the patient and tracheal extubation. Assessing reliability, 2 raters' listings of cases with no versus 1 or more people idle were identical for 30 of 30 cases (95% lower confidence limit >90%). Spearman r = 0.99 (95% lower confidence limit 0.99) for time from dressing on patient to extubation. Predictive validity was shown by positive correlation between the percentage of cases with at least 1 person idle and extubation time (P < 0.0001): 21% for <5 minutes, 42% for 5 to 10 minutes, 87% for 10 to 15 minutes, and 100% for >15 minutes. DISCUSSION: Longer times to extubation are associated with an increased chance of at least 1 person waiting in the OR. This measure can be used in observational studies and for lean engineering projects to assess conditions when time to extubation affects workflow. Observers can combine use of this measure for extubation times with the previously developed measure for studying the influence of induction times on OR workflow.

Monitoring changes in individual surgeon's workloads using anesthesia data.

PURPOSE: We investigated whether changes in the number of cases performed by surgeons can be used as an appropriate surrogate for anesthesia departments' billed units. METHODS: We used both number of cases performed and the American Society of Anesthesiologists' Relative Value Guide™ (ASA RVG) units to assess all operating room anesthetics of an anesthesia group for two sets of 13 four-week periods. The units correspond to Canadian basic units and time units. RESULTS: Although the number of ASA RVG units is an economically important variable that quantifies perioperative workload, the number of cases is a suitable surrogate for ASA RVG units when used to monitor individual surgeons. The pooled mean Pearson correlation coefficient between the two variables was r = 0.95, with 95% confidence interval 0.94 to 0.96. In addition, there were essentially none to very weak pairwise correlations among surgeons. CONCLUSIONS: Informal hospital analyses of relative changes in a surgeon's caseload over one year using anesthesia workload data or anesthesia billing data will generally give equivalent results. The principal importance of our findings is that they can be used by anesthesiologists, specifically department heads, in their role as part of operating room committees. Such committees institute plans to revise the caseload of one or a few surgeons, and they then evaluate the results of those plans. The findings of this study are applicable to all anesthesia groups and may be especially valuable to the heads of anesthesiology departments who do not have the data to repeat our analyses.

Optimizing the arrival, waiting, and NPO times of children on the day of pediatric endoscopy procedures.

BACKGROUND: Research in predictive variability of operating room (OR) times has been performed using data from multidisciplinary, tertiary hospitals with mostly adult patients. In this article, we discuss case-duration prediction for children receiving general anesthesia for endoscopy. We critique which of the several types of OR management decisions dependent on accuracy of prediction are relevant to series (lists) of brief pediatric anesthetics. METHODS: OR information system data were obtained for all children (aged 18 years and younger) undergoing a gastroenterology procedure with an anesthesiologist over 21 months. Summaries of data were used for a qualitative, systematic review of prior studies to learn which apply to brief pediatric cases. Patient arrival times were changed to be based on the statistical method relating actual and scheduled start times (Wachtel and Dexter, Anesth Analg 2007;105:127-40). RESULTS: Even perfect case-duration prediction would not affect whether a brief case was performed on a certain date and/or in a certain OR. There was no evidence of usefulness in calculating the probability that one case would last longer than another or in resequencing cases to influence postanesthesia care unit staffing or patient waiting from scheduled start times. The only decision for which the accuracy of case-duration prediction mattered was for the shortest time that preceding cases in the OR may take. Knowledge of the preceding procedures in the OR was not useful for that purpose because there were hundreds of combinations of preceding procedures and some cases cancelled. Instead, patient ready times were chosen based on 5% lower prediction bounds for ratios of actual to scheduled OR times. The approach was useful based on a 30% reduction in patient waiting times from scheduled start times with corresponding expected reductions in average and peak numbers of patients in the holding area. CONCLUSION: For brief pediatric OR anesthetics, predictive variability of case durations matters principally to the extent that it affects appropriate patient ready times. Such times should not be chosen by having patients start fasting, arrive, and be ready fixed numbers of hours before their scheduled start times.

State-dependent laryngomalacia in sleeping children.

Laryngomalacia is a common congenital laryngeal abnormality. Despite its being widely discussed in the literature, the pathophysiology is not clearly understood. Both anatomic and neuromuscular theories have been suggested to explain laryngomalacia. We report 4 cases of laryngomalacia in which the presenting signs occurred during sleep. Awake flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy failed to demonstrate supraglottic structure collapse. Only while the patients were breathing spontaneously under general anesthesia was laryngomalacia noted. A proposed algorithm for diagnosis and treatment is included. These 4 cases of state-dependent laryngomalacia support a neuromuscular cause for laryngomalacia.

Pediatric sedation: can it be safely performed by non-anesthesiologists?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of the present review is to provide the reader with a synopsis of the recent literature on sedation of children by non-anesthesiologists. RECENT FINDINGS: Health care centers are experiencing an increasing demand for sedation of pediatric patients. Whether provided by physician anesthesiologists, nurse anesthetists, or appropriately credentialed non-anesthesia clinicians, this increase is a reflection of new advances in the area of diagnostic imaging, better pharmacologic agents, and a heightened awareness of the psychologic needs of children. By definition anesthesiologists are the experts when it comes to providing sedation to patients. For pediatric patients, pediatric anesthesiologists provide the most appropriate specialization. However, because of insufficient manpower, anesthesiologists cannot adequately meet the increasing workload of providing sedation for each child in need. SUMMARY: In some circumstances the incidence of adverse events when sedation is provided by non-anesthesiologist can be high. Predicators of adverse outcome have been identified. Given strict adherence to sedation guidelines and appropriate credentialing of the sedation provider, non-anesthesiologists can safely provide sedation for children.