The network structures of mental and behavioral problems among children and adolescents in China using propensity score matching: A comparison between one-child and multi-child families based on a nationwide survey.

BACKGROUND: Exploring networks of mental and behavioral problems in children and adolescents may identify differences between one-child and multi-child families. This study compared the network structures of mental and behavioral problems in children and adolescents in one-child families versus multi-child families based on a nationwide survey. METHODS: Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to match children and adolescents from one-child families with those from multi-child families. Mental and behavioral problems were assessed using the Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) with eight syndromal subscales. In the network analysis, strength centrality index was used to estimate central symptoms, and case-dropping bootstrap method was used to assess network stability. RESULTS: The study included 39,648 children and adolescents (19,824 from one-child families and 19,824 from multi-child families). Children and adolescents from multi-child families exhibited different network structure and higher global strength compared to those from one-child families. In one-child families, the most central symptoms were "Social problems", "Anxious/depressed" and "Withdrawn/depressed", while in multi-child families, the most central symptoms were "Social problems", "Rule-breaking behavior" and "Anxious/depressed". CONCLUSION: Differences in mental and behavioral problems among children and adolescents between one-child and multi-child families were found. To address these problems, interventions targeting "Social problems" and "Anxious/depressed" symptoms should be developed for children and adolescents in both one-child and multi-child families, while other interventions targeting "Withdrawn/depressed" and "Rule-breaking behavior" symptoms could be useful for those in one-child and multi-child families, respectively.

Pain trajectories and their associations with cognition among older adults: a 10-year cohort study from network perspective.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the associations between pain trajectories and cognitive function in older adults. This study explored the associations between pain trajectories and different cognitive domains in older adults from a network perspective. METHODS: Data on pain trajectories were derived from the Health and Retirement Study between 2010 and 2020 using latent class growth analyses. Measurements of key cognition domains, including memory, attention, calculation, orientation and language, were included. Linear regression and network analysis were performed to evaluate the associations between different pain trajectories and cognition. RESULTS: A total of 9,551 older adults were included in this study and three trajectories of pain were identified. After controlling for the covariates, persistent severe pain trajectory was associated with poorer overall cognition, memory and calculation ability when compared to mild or non-persistent pain trajectory. In the pain and cognition network model, memory (expected influence (EI) = 0.62), language (EI = 0.58) and calculation (EI = 0.41) were the most central domains. CONCLUSIONS: Pain trajectories appeared stable over time among older adults in this study. Severity of persistent pain was an important risk factor for poor cognition, especially in relation to memory and calculation domains. Interventions targeting memory, language and calculation domains might be useful in addressing cognitive decline in older adults with persistent pain.

Quantifying cancer: Metrics, self-sustainable philanthropy, and tacit epistemological ethics in an East Indian cancer hospital.

This article ethnographically traces the performance of data collection and analysis for a cancer cost-of-illness study in an East Indian Cancer hospital. By reflecting on my experience in this project, I show how the hospital's obligations for philanthropic and business self-sustainability spatially and temporally structured data in a way that produced the conditions of possibility for what was able to be made knowable of patients' experiences in cancer health economics. While collecting and analysing data within the spatial and temporal structuring of this self-sustainable hospital, I argue that our research team attempted to craft an ethical epistemology by incorporating the unique realities of Indian cancer patients based upon assumptions made from our tacit knowledge. Specifically, we called upon this knowledge to exercise a form of tacit epistemological ethics for patients existing in an in-between space of classification within Euro-North America cancer health economics frameworks. Finally, I suggest that in light of an attempt to produce a more ethical economic logic, the results of the cost-of-illness analysis are ultimately returned to larger conditions of possibility within austere health systems and Euro-North America health economics frameworks.

Midterm Outcomes in Patients With Aortic Stenosis Treated With Contemporary Balloon-Expandable and Self-Expanding Valves: Does Valve Size Have an Impact on Outcome?

Background No data currently exist comparing the contemporary iterations of balloon-expandable (BE) Edwards SAPIEN 3/Ultra and the self-expanding (SE) Medtronic Evolut PRO/R34 valves. The aim of the study was the comparison of these transcatheter heart valves with emphasis on patients with small aortic annulus. Methods and Results In this retrospective registry, periprocedural outcomes and midterm all-cause mortality were analyzed. A total of 1673 patients (917 SE versus 756 BE) were followed up for a median of 15 months. A total of 194 patients died (11.6%) during follow-up. SE and BE groups showed similar survival at 1 (92.6% versus 90.6%) and 3 (80.3% versus 85.2%) years (Plog-rank=0.136). Compared with the BE group, patients treated with the SE device had lower peak (16.3±8 mm Hg SE versus 21.9±8 mm Hg BE) and mean (8.8±5 mm Hg SE versus 11.5±5 mm Hg BE) gradients at discharge. Conversely, the BE group demonstrated lower rates of at least moderate paravalvular regurgitation postoperatively (5.6% versus 0.7% for SE and BE valves, respectively; P<0.001). In patients treated with small transcatheter heart valves (≤26 mm for SE and ≤23 mm for BE; N=284 for SE and N=260 for BE), survival was higher among patients treated with SE valves at both 1 (96.7% SE versus 92.1% BE) and 3 (91.8% SE versus 82.2% BE) years (Plog-rank=0.042). In propensity-matched patients treated with small transcatheter heart valve, there remained a trend for higher survival among the SE group at both 1 (97% SE versus 92.3% BE) and 3 years (91.8% SE versus 78.7% BE), Plog-rank=0.096). Conclusions Real-world comparison of the latest-generation SE and BE devices demonstrated similar survival up to 3 years' follow-up. In patients with small transcatheter heart valves, there may be a trend for improved survival among those treated with SE valves.

Cognitive reserve in patients with mood disorders: Validation study of the Chinese version of the cognitive reserve assessment scale in health.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive reserve (CR) is closely associated with cognitive and functional outcome, disease severity, progression and prognosis in psychiatric patients; however, it has not been extensively tested in mood disorders. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Reserve Assessment Scale in Health (CRASH) in mood disorder patients. METHODS: Altogether 166 subjects were recruited, 44 with major depressive disorder (MDD), 64 with bipolar disorder (BD), and 58 healthy controls. CR was assessed using the CRASH and the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire (CRQ). RESULTS: Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.779 for the CRASH. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed an area under the ROC curve (AUC) value of 0.73 (95 % CI: 0.647-0.809). The optimal cut-off score of 51 generated the best combination of sensitivity (0.78) and specificity (0.43) for discriminating between patients with mood disorders and healthy controls. The CRASH score was highly correlated with the CRQ score in both mood disorder patients (rs = 0.586, P < 0.001) and healthy controls (rs = 0.627, P < 0.001), indicating acceptable convergent validity for the CRASH. Within the mood disorder sample, the CRASH score was associated with functional outcomes (FAST: rs = -0.243, P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: The CRASH is a useful tool to measure CR in mood disorder with acceptable psychometric properties and could be used in both research and clinical practice.

The European Commission's Green Deal is an opportunity to rethink harmful practices of research and innovation policy.

The European Union's Green Deal and associated policies, aspiring to long-term environmental sustainability, now require economic activities to 'do no significant harm' to EU environmental objectives. The way the European Commission is enacting the do no significant harm principle relies on quantitative tools that try to identify harm and adjudicate its significance. A reliance on established technical approaches to assessing such questions ignores the high levels of imprecision, ambiguity, and uncertainty-levels often in flux-characterizing the social contexts in which harms emerge. Indeed, harm, and its significance, are relational, not absolute. A better approach would thus be to acknowledge the relational nature of harm and develop broad capabilities to engage and 'stay with' the harm. We use the case of European research and innovation activities to expose the relational nature of harm, and explore an alternative and potentially more productive approach that departs from attempts to unilaterally or uniformly claim to know or adjudicate what is or is not significantly harmful. In closing, we outline three ways research and innovation policy-makers might experiment with reconfiguring scientific and technological systems and practices to better address the significant harms borne by people, other-than-human beings, and ecosystems.

Inter-relationship between cognitive performance and depressive symptoms and their association with quality of life in older adults: A network analysis based on the 2017-2018 wave of Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS).

BACKGROUND: Depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment are common psychiatric conditions and often co-occur in older adults. Network analysis has been widely used in exploring the inter-connections between psychiatric symptoms. The aim of this study was to explore the network model of depressive symptoms and cognitive performance, and their association with quality of life in people aged 65 years or above based on the 2017-2018 wave of Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). METHOD: Global cognitive performance, depressive symptoms, and global quality of life (QoL) were measured using the validated Chinese version of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-brief version (WHOQOL-BREF), respectively. Central symptoms and bridge symptoms were identified via strength and bridge strength, respectively. The flow network was used to identify symptoms directly related to QoL. Network stability was examined using the case dropping bootstrap method. RESULTS: A total of 9023 participants were included in the network analysis. CESD3 "Feeling blue/depressed", CESD4 "Everything was an effort", and At_C "Attention and Calculation" were the central (influential) symptoms that had the highest strength value. Three bridge symptoms (i.e., Nam "Naming", CESD2 "Difficulty with concentrating", and Lan "Language") were also identified. CESD10 "Sleep disturbances" had the strongest direct connection to QoL. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study highlights the inter-relationships between cognitive performance and depressive symptoms in older adults in the general population. Interventions targeting bridge symptoms have the potential to alleviate depressive and cognitive symptoms in this population. Furthermore, improving sleep quality in older adults may reduce the negative impact of depression and cognition decline on QoL.

Cancer prevention and control in India can get a boost through primary health care-based approach: A review.

India has a rising burden of cancer with an estimated 70% of the cancers caused by modifiable and preventable risk factors. This review was conducted to document the status, analyse the situation and propose the way forward for cancer prevention in India. A desk review of the online databases and reports from the government websites was conducted. The ongoing initiatives including cancer registries, medical and health education and training, and community-based programmes were analysed. This review was done from July 2019 to February 2021. Cancers of the breast, cervix, and lip and oral cavity are the three most common malignancies, with distinct regional variations in India and account for 34% of the 1.15 million cancer cases diagnosed annually. The major initiatives were focused initially on cancer treatment and prevention was added nearly a decade ago. Even with those, the scope and coverage of cancer prevention and treatment services has remained in hospitals and urban settings. India needs to build upon the ongoing approach which seems to be focused on "tracking the cancer, teaching the future and helping the masses" by implementing non-vertical primary healthcare cancer prevention and control approach. Cancer prevention should be made an integral part of the health interventions, rapidly extended to primary healthcare services and facilities, linked with specialised treatment facilities, as India aims for universal health coverage. The opportunity provided by the Ayushman Bharat Programme launched in 2018 should be leveraged for rapid expansion and effective coverage of cancer prevention and treatment interventions in India.

COVID-19 prevention and control strategies: learning from the Macau model.

Background: Macau is a densely populated international tourist city. Compared to most tensely populated countries/territories, the prevalence and mortality of COVID-19 in Macau are lower. The experiences in Macau could be helpful for other areas to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. This article introduced the endeavours and achievements of Macau in combatting the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Both qualitative and quantitative analysis methods were used to explore the work, measures, and achievements of Macau in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The results revealed that Macau has provided undifferentiated mask purchase reservation services, COVID-19 vaccination services to all residents and non-residents in Macau along with delivering multilingual services, in Chinese, English and Portuguese, to different groups of the population. To facilitate the travels of people, business and trades between Macau and mainland China, the Macau government launched the Macau Health Code System, which uses the health status declaration, residence history declaration, contact history declaration of the declarant to match various relevant backend databases within the health authority and provide a risk-related colour code operations. The Macau Health Code System connects to the Chinese mainland's own propriety health code system seamlessly, whilst effectively protecting the privacy of the residents. Macau has also developed the COVID-19 Vaccination Appointment system, the Nucleic Acid Test Appointment system, the Port and Entry/Exit Quarantine system, the medical and other supporting systems. Conclusion: The efforts in Macau have achieved remarkable results in COVID-19 prevention and control, effectively safeguarding the lives and health of the people and manifesting the core principle of "serving the public". The measures used are sustainable and can serve as an important reference for other countries/regions.

Meta-analysis of diagnostic properties of the Whooley questions to identify depression in perinatal women.

BACKGROUND: This study's objective was to assess the diagnostic properties of the Whooley questions in identifying depression among perinatal women according to previously published studies. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies investigating the diagnostic accuracy of the Whooley questions in perinatal women. METHODS: Nine databases were searched in October 2021. All primary studies evaluated the diagnostic properties of the Whooley questions compared with a diagnostic gold standard in women during the perinatal period or, if not identified as being in the perinatal stage within the study, women between 20 weeks' gestation to 4 weeks post-delivery. A bivariate mixed-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate pooled diagnostic properties and measure heterogeneity. Meta-regression was conducted to evaluate factors contributing to heterogeneity. RESULTS: Six studies were included in the review; five were used in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity (95 % confidence interval) was 0.95 (0.81-0.99), pooled specificity was 0.60 (0.44-0.74), pooled positive likelihood ratio was 2.4 (1.6-3.4), pooled negative likelihood ratio was 0.09 (0.02-0.32), and pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 27 (7-106); heterogeneity was substantial (I2 = 0.90, 0.81-1.00). Participant age and setting (community vs. hospital) significantly contributed to heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: The Whooley questions have high sensitivity but moderate specificity for perinatal women. The Whooley questions are a short and acceptable tool for identifying depression in perinatal women. However, a potential risk exists of incorrectly identifying a high proportion of women as positive. Using the Whooley questions followed by a secondary case-finding tool could reduce the misdiagnosis risk.

Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness of an Empowerment-Based Self-care Education Program on Health Outcomes Among Patients With Heart Failure: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Strategies that enhance self-care of patients with heart failure reduce mortality and health care use. Objective: To examine whether an empowerment-based self-care education program was more effective and cost-effective to improve self-care, health status, and hospital service use than a didactic education program in patients with heart failure. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, a consecutive sample of 988 patients with heart failure from the cardiac clinics of 2 regional hospitals underwent eligibility screening from February 1, 2017, to May 31, 2019, using the criteria of age of 55 years or older, heart failure diagnosed 6 months before screening, and New York Heart Association class II to IV. A total of 236 participants were randomized to the empowerment (n = 118) or education (n = 118) group. Interventions: The 12-week, group-based, empowerment-based education program included self-care assessment, goal-orientated actions in symptom recognition and response, fluid and dietary modification, and lifestyle management. Didactic education covered the same topics without empowerment strategies. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was self-care measured by the Self-care Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) maintenance, management, and symptom perception subscales at posttest and 3-month end points. Secondary outcomes included measures of knowledge, confidence, health-related quality of life, and health service use. Direct, indirect, and social costs of the 2 programs were collected for cost-effectiveness analysis. Results: A total of 236 Chinese patients (mean [SD] age, 70 [8.0] years; 149 [63.1%] men) were included in the study. The empowerment group reported significantly greater improvement in SCHFI management scores (mean difference, 13.76; 95% CI, 5.89-21.62; Cohen d = 0.46 at posttest and Cohen d = 0.35 at 3 months) and symptom perception scores (mean difference, 20.36; 95% CI, 13.98-26.75; Cohen d = 0.84 at posttest and Cohen d = 0.61 at 3 months). The empowerment group had lower risks of emergency department attendance (incidence rate ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.31-0.95; P = .03) and hospital admission (incidence rate ratio, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.21-0.68; P = .001) and better improved self-care knowledge (change in score [empowerment minus education], 1.29; 95% CI, 0.48-2.09) and confidence (change in score [empowerment minus education], 7.98; 95% CI, 1.91-14.05). Empowerment was cost-saving and cost-effective at T2 compared with the education group for quality-adjusted life-years, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of -114 485. Conclusion and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, an empowerment approach led to clinically relevant improvement in symptom perception and self-care management among patients with heart failure. Its cost-effectiveness in improving these prognostic factors also benefits the patient-reported outcome. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR-IOR-16008254.

Identification of central symptoms in Internet addictions and depression among adolescents in Macau: A network analysis.

BACKGROUND: Internet addiction (IA) and depression are common among adolescents and often are co-occurring. This study examined the network structures of IA and depressive symptoms (depression hereafter) in adolescents. METHODS: A total of 1,009 adolescents were recruited. IA and depression were measured using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the 9 items-Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), respectively. A network analysis was conducted to identify central symptoms and bridge symptoms using centrality indices. Network stability was evaluated using the case-dropping procedure. The Network Comparison Test (NCT) was conducted to examine whether network characteristics differed by gender. RESULTS: Network analysis revealed that nodes IAT-15 ("Preoccupation with the Internet"), IAT-2 ("Neglect chores to spend more time online"), PHQ-6 ("Guilty"), and IAT-16 ("Request an extension for longer time spent online") were the most central symptoms within the model of coexisting IA and depression. The most important bridge symptom was node IAT-11 ("Anticipation for future online activities"), followed by IAT-12 ("Fear that life is boring and empty without the Internet") and IAT-19 ("Spend more time online over going out with others"). Gender did not significantly influence the network structure. The IA and depression network model showed a high degree of stability. CONCLUSION: The central symptoms along with key bridge symptoms identified could be potentially targeted when treating and preventing IA and depression among adolescents.

Emerging infrastructures: the politics of radium and the validation of radiotherapy in India's first tertiary cancer hospital.

This article traces the history of India's first tertiary cancer hospital, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH). TMH was originally conceived in 1932 as a philanthropic project by the Tatas, an elite Parsi business family in Bombay. The founding of TMH represented a form of philanthro-capitalism which both enabled the Tatas to foster a communal acceptance for big businesses in Bombay and provide the Tatas with the opportunity to place stakes in the emerging nuclear research economy seen as essential to the scientific nationalist sentiment of the post-colonial state. In doing this, the everyday activities of TMH placed a heavy emphasis on nuclear research. In a time when radium for the treatment of cancer was still seen as 'quackery' in much of the world, the philanthro-capitalist investment and the interest in nuclear research by the post-colonial state provided an environment where radium medicine was able to be validated. The validation of radiotherapy at TMH influenced how other cancer hospitals in India developed and also provided significant resources for cancer research in early-mid twentieth century India. Ultimately, this article identifies ways in which cancer comes to be seen as relevant in the global south and raises questions on the relationship between local and global actors in setting health priorities.

Simulation Use in Outreach Setting: A Novel Approach to Building Sustainability.

SUMMARY STATEMENT: Simulation is a well-studied teaching tool for multidisciplinary teamwork, crisis resource management, and communication skills. These attributes are essential for successful international medical missions, which include healthcare providers with different familiarities with the outreach environment and each team member's role. However, immersive simulation remains underused in similar settings. Our team designed a simulation-based curriculum that focuses on multidisciplinary teamwork and crisis resource management skills. In this commentary, we describe its implementation during high-risk cleft care outreach missions conducted by the Global Smile Foundation. We discuss the importance of a simple, feasible, and flexible platform to successfully overcome the limitations of time and resources inherent to outreach mission work while addressing the clinical and geographic needs specific to each site. We highlight challenges, including unpredictability of the outreach environment, a language barrier, and the short duration of missions. Finally, we offer a roadmap for groups involved in similar global health efforts.

The relationship between multisite peripheral joint pain and physical activity levels in older adults: A cross-sectional survey.

INTRODUCTION: Research on levels of physical activity (PA) in those with peripheral joint pain have only focused on single sites, in the knee or hips. This study investigated the levels of PA in adults with single-site and multisite peripheral joint pain compared to adults with no joint pain. METHODS: Analysis of a cross-sectional population survey mailed to adults aged ≥45 years (n = 28,443) was conducted. Respondents reported any peripheral joint pain in the last 12 months in either the hands, hips, knees or feet; PA levels were self-reported using the short telephone activity rating scale. The association between PA levels, peripheral joint pain and outcomes of health status (physical and mental component scores, using SF-12) pain intensity (10-point scale) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (EQ-5D) were investigated using analysis of variance and ordinal regressions. RESULTS: Compared to those with no joint pain, all pain groups reported lower levels of PA: joint pain in one site (odds ratio = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.83-0.99); two sites (0.74, 0.67-0.81), three sites (0.65, 0.59-0.72) and four sites (0.47, 0.42-0.53). Across all joint pain groups, levels of PA were associated with pain intensity, physical health status, mental health status and HRQoL. DISCUSSION: Adults with more sites of peripheral joint pain were more likely to report lower levels of PA. Those with more sites of pain and lower levels of PA reported poorer outcomes. Health care providers should be aware that those with multisite joint pain are most likely to have low levels of PA.

Toward a Theory of Institutions: Institutional Betrayal and Dispersions of Accountability at Johns Hopkins University.

To more fully understand how trauma can be inflicted by institutional betrayal, in this article I suggest that we first must ask who or what is the institution. To understand this, I analyze two recent events at Johns Hopkins University (JHU), the establishment of a university private police force and funding cuts to the Women, Gender, and Sexuality Graduate Teaching Fellowships (WGS). Paradoxically, JHU claimed it was necessary to establish a private police force because of a lack of accountability of the Baltimore Police Department; however, simultaneously JHU was unaccountable to direct JHU affiliates by ignoring their explicit disapproval of a private police force. JHU imagined themselves as accountable to an ambiguous 'us' beyond direct JHU affiliates and dispersed its accountability, evidenced by advocating for state legislature and making mayoral campaign donations. This lack of accountability was rearticulated in discussions about WGS cuts, when JHU embraced a rhetoric of the market to substantiate their claims and evade the questions of direct JHU affiliates. These cases show how articulations of who the institution imagines itself as accountable to are dynamically mutating, yet build upon precedents that set the conditions of possibility for how trauma is produced and mediated. I conclude by suggesting that it is important to move beyond a monolithic conception of the institution, and to be attuned to how dispersions of institutional accountability create new terrains where institutional contestation take place as well as the institution's strategic rupturing of the concept of the institutional citizen.

Harnessing the digital potential of the next generation of health professionals.

Digital technologies are rapidly being integrated into a wide range of health fields. This new domain, often termed 'digital health', has the potential to significantly improve healthcare outcomes and global health equity more broadly. However, its effective implementation and responsible use are contingent on building a health workforce with a sufficient level of knowledge and skills to effectively navigate the digital transformations in health. More specifically, the next generation of health professionals-namely youth-must be adequately prepared to maximise the potential of these digital transformations. In this commentary, we highlight three priority areas which should be prioritised in digital education to realise the benefits of digital health: capacity building, opportunities for youth, and an ethics-driven approach. Firstly, capacity building requires educational frameworks and curricula to not only be updated, but to also place an emphasis on interdisciplinary learning. Secondly, opportunities are important for youth to meaningfully participate in decision-making processes and gain invaluable practical experiences. Thirdly, training in digital ethics and the responsible use of data as a standard component of education will help to safeguard against potential future inequities resulting from the implementation and use of digital health technologies.

A Rapid Review of Sexual Pleasure in First Sexual Experience(s).

While researchers have thoroughly studied the who, what, and when of first sexual experiences, we know much less about how people construct, experience, and proceed (or not) with sexual pleasure in these experiences and beyond. To address this knowledge gap, the Global Advisory Board for Sexual Health and Wellbeing (GAB) coordinated a rapid review of published peer-reviewed research to determine what is currently known about sexual pleasure in first sexual experiences. We found 23 papers exploring this subject and its intersections with sexual health and sexual rights. The results reveal significant gaps in erotic education, gender equity, vulnerability and connection, and communication efficacy; and highlight important domains to consider in future research. Our findings draw out the key features of pleasurable first sexual experience(s), namely that individuals with the agency to formulate their definition and context of what pleasure means to them are more likely to experience pleasure at first sex. This finding points to promising ways to improve first sexual experiences through erotic skills building and through addressing knowledge gaps about having sex for the first time among disadvantaged groups.

Knowing when to talk? Plant genome editing as a site for pre-engagement institutional reflexivity.

Citizen and stakeholder engagement is frequently portrayed as vital for socially accountable science policy but there is a growing understanding of how institutional dynamics shape engagement exercises in ways that prevent them from realising their full potential. Limited attention has been devoted to developing the means to expose institutional features, allow policy-makers to reflect on how they will shape engagement and respond appropriately. Here, therefore, we develop and test a methodological framework to facilitate pre-engagement institutional reflexivity with one of the United Kingdom's eminent science organisations as it grappled with a new, high-profile and politicised technology, genome editing. We show how this approach allowed policy-makers to reflect on their institutional position and enrich decision-making at a time when they faced pressure to legitimate decisions with engagement. Further descriptions of such pre-engagement institutional reflexivity are needed to better bridge theory and practice in the social studies of science.