Polyphenol rich fruit attenuates genomic instability, modulates inflammation and cell cycle progression of offspring from fatty acid intake maternal.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of juçara (Euterpe edulis Mart.) supplementation on the maternal trans fatty acids intake in the livers of 21-day-old offspring. In order for this to happen, histopathological analysis, cytogenetic status, inflammation (COX-2 and TNF-alpha) and cell cycle progression were investigated in this setting. On the first day of pregnancy, female rats were distributed into four groups, as follows: control diet (C), control diet with 0.5 % juçara supplementation (CJ), diet enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fat, rich in TFAs (T), or T diet supplemented with 0.5 % juçara (TJ) during pregnancy and lactation. Juçara pulp induced liver regeneration in newborns exposed to maternal trans fatty acids. A significant decrease in the number of micronucleated hepatocytes was observed in animals exposed to trans fatty acids and treated with juçara. COX-2 and TNF immunoexpression was reduced in animals treated with juçara pulp. Furthermore, a decrease of Ki-67 immunoexpression was detected after treating trans fatty acids intake with juçara. Taken together, our results demonstrate that juçara pulp is able to prevent tissue degeneration and mutagenicity because it decreases inflammation and cell cycle control induced by maternal trans fatty acids in liver cells of rat offspring.

Evaluation of the Chemopreventive Activity of Grape Skin Extract Using Medium-term Oral Carcinogenesis Assay Induced by 4-Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemoprotective potential of grape skin extract following rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups (n=5, per group): Control Group: free access to commercial diet and drinking water for 12 weeks; 4NQO Group: received 4NQO diluted in drinking water daily, for 12 weeks; Grape Skin Extract Group: free access to water and received grape skin extract incorporated with diet for 12 weeks; 4NQO + Grape Skin Extract Group: received 4NQO in drinking water daily and grape extract incorporated with diet for 12 weeks. RESULTS: Animals treated with grape skin extract revealed a significant reduction in epithelial dysplasia. Also, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and ki-67 immunoexpression was reduced in animals treated with grape skin extract. Western blot analysis showed a significant decrease of p-NFκB p50 and MyD88 protein expression in the groups treated with grape skin extract. Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, and catalase gene expression did not present any statistically significant differences (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Grape skin extract displayed chemopreventive activity in oral carcinogenesis assays as depicted by its antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties.

Protective effects of purple carrot extract (Daucus carota) against rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemopreventive potential of purple carrot extract following rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO). For this purpose, histopathological analysis, proliferative status, antioxidant activity and inflammatory status were investigated in this setting. A total of 20 male rats were distributed into four groups as follows (n = 5 per group): Group 1-free access to water and commercial diet for 12 weeks; Group 2-received 4NQO at 50 ppm dose in drinking water daily and commercial diet for 12 weeks; Group 3-free access to water and received diet supplemented with purple carrot extract (0.1 g/kg) for 12 weeks; and Group 4-received 4NQO at 50 ppm dose in drinking water daily and diet supplemented with purple carrot extract (0.1 g/kg) for 12 weeks. Histopathological analysis revealed that animals treated with purple carrot extract reduced the oral lesions such as dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Animals with oral pre-neoplastic lesions and treated with purple carrot extract decreased ki-67 and 8-OHdG immunoexpression. Moreover, pNFκBp50 and MyD88 protein expressions were decreased after purple carrot treatment associated or not with 4NQO exposure. SOD-Mn mRNA levels increased with treatment with purple carrot extract as well. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that purple carrot extract was able to protect oral lesions induced by 4NQO in Wistar rats as a result of antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory potential and antiproliferative and antimutagenic actions.

Indications for the HPV vaccine in adolescents: a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: The vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) was created to abrogate the risk that the virus presents for the development of cervical cancers. The prevalence of HPV infection among healthy individuals is significant (20%). We performed a review of the literature published in the period from 2008 to 2012 regarding the use of the vaccine against HPV specifically in adolescents. METHODS: The articles were selected from a search of the PubMed database with the key words "vaccine", "HPV" and "adolescent". This search identified 576 articles; based on readings of the titles and abstracts, the list of included article was reduced to 42. RESULTS: We observed that the majority of authors are in favor of the vaccine for adolescents particularly females. CONCLUSION: Recommending the use of the HPV vaccine and other vaccines represents an attempt to broaden the reach of these vaccines among both sexes of the adolescent population. Vaccination is a strategy for the prevention of pre-cancerous lesions in the genital and oropharyngeal regions.

Absence of HPV Infection Is Associated with Smoker Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival of patients with SCC of the oropharynx, according to the presence of HPV and tobacco consumption. A total of 37 patients were followed up for at least 5 years after being diagnosed with SCC of the oropharynx. The biopsy tissue was submitted to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) methods for broad determination of HPV presence, to identify the presence of high-risk viruses (16 and 18). 12 of the 37 (32.4%) samples were HPV positive, whereas the two specific types of virus were identified in two samples for HPV-16 and in no samples for HPV-18. We observed no significant effect of the virus in survival analysis, irrespective of tobacco consumption. The level of tobacco consumption was significantly higher in the group of HPV-negative patients (P = 0.0283), in which all the patients in this group were smokers. Therefore, HPV did not change the survival of patients with SCC of the oropharynx in this study, indicating that factors other than tobacco need to be studied in conjunction with it, and the level of tobacco consumption is significantly higher in the group of HPV-negative patients.

Efeito das oncoproteínas virais E6 e E7 do HPV-16 na resposta de células T de pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço / Effect of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 of HPV-16 in the response of T cells from patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

O papilomavírus humano (HPV) vem sendo associado ao carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) de orofaringe, como um possível fator etiológico. As oncoproteínas virais E6 e E7 são capazes de inibir a produção de citocinas do padrão Th1 e iniciar a produção de citocinas do padrão Th2, prejudicando a resposta celular frente à infecção. O propósito deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito das oncoproteínas virais E6 e E7 do HPV-16 sobre a resposta de células T (CD4 e CD8) de pacientes com e sem CEC de cabeça e pescoço. Foram recrutados para o estudo 20 indivíduos, sendo 10 pacientes com diagnóstico de CEC de cabeça e pescoço e 10 indivíduos sem câncer. Para avaliar a proliferação celular e liberação de citocinas (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 e IL-10) das células T CD4 e CD8 frente ao estímulo com os peptídeos sintéticos dos genes E6 e E7 do HPV-16, a técnica ELISA foi utilizada. O mapeamento do DNA do HPV-16 foi realizado em amostras de plasma e saliva pela técnica de PCR em tempo real. Os resultados mostraram que o peptídeo E7 do HPV-16 inibiu a produção das citocinas pelas células T CD4 e CD8 derivadas dos indivíduos sem câncer (6/10) e pacientes com CEC de cabeça e pescoço (5/10) (p<0,05). A proteína Concanavaliana A induziu a proliferação das células T CD4 e CD8 dos indivíduos sem câncer e pacientes com CEC de cabeça e pescoço (p<0,05). As respostas celulares quanto à atividade proliferativa e a produção de citocinas dos pacientes com CEC de cabeça e pescoço foram semelhantes às respostas dos indivíduos sem câncer...

The human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oropharynx, as a possible etiologic factor. The viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7 are able to inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines and initiate the production of Th2 cytokines, damaging the cellular response to infection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 of HPV-16 on the response of T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) in patients with or without SCC of the head and neck. It was recruited for the study, 20 individuals, 10 patients with SCC of the head and neck and 10 individuals without cancer. To assess cell proliferation and cytokine release (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10) of CD4 and CD8 stimulation against synthetic peptides of the HPV-16 E6 and E7 genes, ELISA technique was used. The mapping of the HPV-16 DNA was performed in plasma and saliva samples by real time PCR. The results showed that the HPV-16 E7 peptide inhibited the production of cytokines by CD4 and CD8 T cells derived from subjects without cancer (6/10) and patients with SCC of the head and neck (5/10) (p <0, 05). The concavaline A protein induced proliferation of CD4 and CD8 T cells from individuals without cancer and patients with SCC of the head and neck (p <0.05). Cellular responses as to proliferative activity and cytokine production in patients with SCC of the head and neck were similar to the responses of individuals without cancer...