RESUMEN
Based on the typical city survey data and statistics of Guangdong Provinceï¼ a 2018-based 3 km×3 km gridded greenhouse gas emissions inventory was developed for Guangdong Province using the combination of top-down and bottom-up emission factor methods. The inventory covered the CO2ï¼ CH4ï¼ and N2O emissions from energyï¼ industrial processesï¼ agricultureï¼ land use change and forestï¼ waste managementï¼ and indirect sources. The results showed that estimates for CO2ï¼ CH4ï¼ and N2O in Guangdong Province for the year 2018 were 8.5×108ï¼ 1.9×106ï¼ and 1.1×105 tï¼ respectivelyï¼ and 8.5×108ï¼ 4.0×107ï¼ and 3.4×107 t by equivalent carbon dioxideï¼ totaling 9.2×108 t. CO2 was the main greenhouse gas in Guangdong Provinceï¼ accounting for 92.0% of the total emissions. Energy and indirect sources were the main emission sourcesï¼ accounting for 77.9% and 7.6%ï¼ respectivelyï¼ totaling 85.5%. Spatial distributions illustrated that most grids were greenhouse gas emissionsï¼ whereas some others were greenhouse gas sinksï¼ the greenhouse gas emissions were distributed mainly in the Pearl River Delta region and had certain characteristics of distribution along the road network and channels. The greenhouse gas grids of high emission were mainly the locations of high energy-consuming enterprises such as large power plantsï¼ steel millsï¼ and cement plants.
RESUMEN
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in connecting innate and adaptive immunity. Thus, DCs have been regarded as a major target for the development of immunomodulators. In this study, we examined the effect of dextromethorphan (DXM), a common cough suppressant with a high safety profile, on the activation and function of DCs. In the presence of DXM, the LPS-induced expression of the costimulatory molecules in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was significantly suppressed. In addition, DXM treatment reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in maturing BMDCs that were activated by LPS. Therefore, DXM abrogated the ability of LPS-stimulated DCs to induce Ag-specific T-cell activation, as determined by their decreased proliferation and IFN- γ secretion in mixed leukocyte cultures. Moreover, the inhibition of LPS-induced MAPK activation and NF- κ B translocation may contribute to the suppressive effect of DXM on BMDCs. Remarkably, DXM decreased the LPS-induced surface expression of CD80, CD83, and HLA-DR and the secretion of IL-6 and IL-12 in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). These findings provide a new insight into the impact of DXM treatment on DCs and suggest that DXM has the potential to be used in treating DC-related acute and chronic diseases.