Proposing an integrative, dynamic and transdiagnostic model for addictions: dysregulation phenomena of the three main modes of the predostatic mind.

Several theories have been proposed to explain the complex diagnostic aspects related to addiction disorders and their development. Recent frameworks tend to focus on dimensional perspectives of symptoms rather than categorical systems, since substance use disorders are frequently comorbid with other psychiatric and especially personality disorders. However, useful transdiagnostic models that could integrate clinical evaluation derived from neuroscientific theories are lacking. In the present manuscript, the authors propose a model based on a new paradigm, in an attempt to better explain this complex, multifaceted phenomenon. The new paradigm presupposes that emotions and behavior are a response to risk prediction. Individuals make choices and engage in actions to manage potential risks/rewards in order to seek or maintain homeostasis in their internal and external environments - a mechanism that the authors call predostatic (predictive mechanism with homeostatic purpose). The model considers three main modes of the predostatic mind: (1) Alarm Mode, activated by high and/or imminent risk prediction; (2) Seek Mode, activated by long-term risk or reward prediction; and (3) Balance Mode, a self-regulating state of mind related to low risk prediction, a soothing system and a calm state. Addiction is seen as a chronic dysregulation of organism systems leading to internalizing or externalizing phenomena mainly related to the Seek and Alarm Modes, which are persistently activated by reward and risk prediction, respectively, thus hindering Balance. Addiction neuroscience research has shown that chronic drug use or engagement in addictive behaviors can lead to neuroadaptations in the brain reward circuitry, disrupting normal balance and the regulation of reward processes. This dysregulation can contribute to persistent drug-seeking/addictive behaviors despite negative consequences. This newly proposed dynamic and integrative model, named dysregulation based on externalizing and internalizing phenomena of the three main modes of the predostatic mind (DREXI3), proposes six dysregulation dimensions with basic emotional and behavioral symptoms, such as neurophysiological alterations, impulsivity, compulsion, cognitive impairment/psychosis, mood, and anxiety/anger. In this paper, the authors explain the rationale behind DREXI3 and present some hypothetical clinical examples to better illustrate the use of the model in clinical practice. The development of this innovative model could possibly guide tailored treatment interventions in the addiction field.

Differential impact on suicide mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Objectives: To compare suicide rates observed in Brazil after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic with the estimated rate based on suicide deaths between 2010 and 2020, and identify sociodemographic variables associated with this outcome. Methods: Ecological time-series study. Data were obtained from Brazilian Unified Health System Department of Information Technology (DATASUS), with the structural break of the data set in March 2020. The number of actual suicides observed and the number of expected suicides if there were no COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed through bayesian structural time series modeling. Results: The overall incidence of suicides in Brazil remained stable after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to what would be expected. However, there was a significant increase in suicide deaths among women (6.9%) and older adult (9.1%). Analysis by macro-regions of the country showed significant increases in suicide deaths in the Center-West (7.4%), Northeast (5.7%), and Southeast (10%). Stratified analyses revealed differences according to age, sex, education, and skin color. Conclusions: Despite stability in the overall number of suicides, this phenomenon occurs heterogeneously among different population groups and regions of Brazil. Rates have increased in populations with a history of poor access to health, which may have been more severely impacted by the pandemic.

Differential impact on suicide mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To compare suicide rates observed in Brazil after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic with the estimated rate based on suicide deaths between 2010 and 2020, and identify sociodemographic variables associated with this outcome. METHODS: Ecological time-series study. Data were obtained from Brazilian Unified Health System Department of Information Technology (DATASUS), with the structural break of the data set in March 2020. The number of actual suicides observed and the number of expected suicides if there were no COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed through bayesian structural time series modeling. RESULTS: The overall incidence of suicides in Brazil remained stable after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to what would be expected. However, there was a significant increase in suicide deaths among women (6.9%) and older adult (9.1%). Analysis by macro-regions of the country showed significant increases in suicide deaths in the Center-West (7.4%), Northeast (5.7%), and Southeast (10%). Stratified analyses revealed differences according to age, sex, education, and skin color. CONCLUSIONS: Despite stability in the overall number of suicides, this phenomenon occurs heterogeneously among different population groups and regions of Brazil. Rates have increased in populations with a history of poor access to health, which may have been more severely impacted by the pandemic.

The next pandemic: impact of COVID-19 in mental healthcare assistance in a nationwide epidemiological study.

BACKGROUND: Studies have reported the worsening of psychiatric symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, few studies have evaluated the impact on the access to mental health services during COVID-19. Our aim was to analyze temporal trends and prediction of appointments held in Brazil's public health system, to compare the observed and expected number of mental healthcare appointments during the COVID-19 pandemics. METHODS: An ecological time-series study was performed, analyzing mental health appointments before and during the pandemic (from 2016 and 2020) from the Brazilian governmental database. The structural break in the data series was assessed using the Chow test, with the break considered in March 2020. Bayesian structural time-series models were used to estimate current average appointments and the predicted expectation if there was no pandemic. FINDINGS: Compared to the expected, between March and August 2020 about 28% less outpatient appointments in mental health were observed, totaling 471,448 individuals with suspended assistance. Group appointments and psychiatric hospitalizations were also severely impacted by the pandemic (decreased of 68% and 33%, respectively). On the other hand, mental health emergency consultations and home care increased during this period (36% and 52%, respectively). INTERPRETATION: Our findings demonstrate a dramatic change in mental health assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic, which corroborates a recent WHO survey. This phenomenon can aggravate the mental health crisis and generate a parallel pandemic that may last for a longer time than the COVID-19 pandemic. FUNDING: This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

Association between childhood trauma, parental bonding and antisocial personality disorder in adulthood: A machine learning approach.

Childhood trauma (CT) and parental bonding (PB) have been correlated with later antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Aiming to better understand this complex interaction we analyzed the data from a cross-sectional study that evaluated 346 male inpatient cocaine users, using both traditional statistical analysis and machine learning (ML) approaches. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) were applied. We found a markedly higher prevalence of mental illness in the ASPD group. The ML method and the traditional analysis showed that emotional and physical abuse were the factors with the strongest relationship with ASPD. Also, there were discrepancies between the findings of both methods regarding physical neglect and paternal care. Although this study does not allow definitive answers in this matter, we do propose that these two methods can aid in better comprehending how multiple variables interact with each other in the development of psychological disorders.

Clinical vulnerability for severity and mortality by COVID-19 among users of alcohol and other substances.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a public health emergency. Individuals with substance use disorder have a higher risk of infection and may suffer from more severe forms of the disease. Our goal is to investigate the prevalence of risk factors for COVID-19 severity in individuals with different substance use and explore whether specific types of substance are potentially associated with more clinical risk factors which could increase morbimortality in this population. The sample included 821 men hospitalized at an inpatient Addiction unit (305 alcohol users, 233 cocaine/crack users, and 283 multiusers). Data were collected using the Addiction Severity Index version 6. The most prevalent risk factors for COVID-19 severity observed in our sample were: smoking (82.5%), arterial hypertension (26.6%), respiratory problems (23.4%), and history of homelessness (25.1%). Arterial hypertension and cirrhosis occurred more frequently among alcohol users. Multiusers lived in the streets longer and had a higher prevalence of HIV than alcohol users. Overall, 28% of the sample had three or more risk factors. The frequency of risk factors was high and this scenario suggests that these individuals could be more susceptible to worse COVID-19 prognosis. Therefore, prevention strategies directed at specific characteristics of substance users merit attention during the pandemic.

Violência doméstica e consumo de drogas durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Domestic violence and drug use during the COVID-19 pandemic

A pandemia da COVID-19 tem gerado inúmeros desafios em diversas esferas sociais e políticas. A inexistência de fármacos para imunização ou tratamento tornou o isolamento social a principal estratégia para conter a disseminação da doença. Diante disso, inúmeras mudanças drásticas no cotidiano individual, familiar e social tem sido observadas, gerando estressores potenciais que podem facilitar a instalação de conflitos. Isso tem implicado no aumento dos casos de violência doméstica, sobretudo durante a quarentena. Diversos fatores podem explicar este fenômeno como o estresse, dificuldades econômicas, maior tempo de convívio e o aumento do consumo de substâncias. Além disso, o isolamento social limitou a possibilidade vítimas de violência acionarem as redes de apoio sociais ou assistenciais. Assim, conduzimos um estudo teórico reflexivo com o objetivo de discutir os principais impactos da pandemia nas mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica e sua interface com o consumo de substâncias, bem como propor recomendações de ações para os diferentes níveis de atuação.

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated several social and political challenges. Considering the lack of medications for immunization or treatment, social isolation is the main strategy to contain the spread of the disease. Thus, drastic changes in the individual, family and social daily life have been observed, generating potential stressors that can trigger conflicts. This scenario contributed to the increased of cases of domestic violence, especially during quarantine. Several factors can explain this phenomenon, such as stress, economic difficulties, longer coexistence time in the domestic environment and increased substance consumption. In addition, social isolation has limited the possibility for victims of violence to activate social or assistance support networks. In this sense, we conducted a reflective theoretical study, with the objective of discussing the main impacts of the pandemic on women victims of domestic violence and its relationship with substance use, as well as to propose recommendations for interventions at different levels of action.

Hepatitis C: clinical and biological features related to different forms of cocaine use.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is related with several liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas, leading to more than 0.5 million deaths every year and to a great global burden. It is known that injection drug users show a high prevalence of HCV infection, being considered a risk group for this disease. Cocaine users seem to be in greater risk than other drug users, and several hypotheses for this association are being studied. AIM: To review data on HCV infection in cocaine users, taking into consideration the relevance of the different routes of drug administration and other risk behaviors. METHODS: This was a narrative review performed in the main scientific databases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Data suggest that cocaine use could be associated with HCV infection due to the specificities of cocaine consumption pattern, even in those subjects who do not inject drugs, in addition to other risky behaviors, such as tattooing and unprotected sex. Injectable cocaine users seem to be more susceptible to contamination than users who do not inject drugs. However, evidence is pointing to the possibility of infection by sharing drug paraphernalia other than syringes. Moreover, specific immune system impairments caused by cocaine use are also being linked with HCV infection susceptibility, persistence and increased pathological effects.

Hepatitis C: clinical and biological features related to different forms of cocaine use / Hepatite C: características clínicas e biológicas relacionadas às diferentes formas de uso da cocaína

Abstract Introduction Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is related with several liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas, leading to more than 0.5 million deaths every year and to a great global burden. It is known that injection drug users show a high prevalence of HCV infection, being considered a risk group for this disease. Cocaine users seem to be in greater risk than other drug users, and several hypotheses for this association are being studied. Aim To review data on HCV infection in cocaine users, taking into consideration the relevance of the different routes of drug administration and other risk behaviors. Methods This was a narrative review performed in the main scientific databases. Results and conclusion Data suggest that cocaine use could be associated with HCV infection due to the specificities of cocaine consumption pattern, even in those subjects who do not inject drugs, in addition to other risky behaviors, such as tattooing and unprotected sex. Injectable cocaine users seem to be more susceptible to contamination than users who do not inject drugs. However, evidence is pointing to the possibility of infection by sharing drug paraphernalia other than syringes. Moreover, specific immune system impairments caused by cocaine use are also being linked with HCV infection susceptibility, persistence and increased pathological effects.

Resumo Introdução O vírus da hepatite C (HCV) está relacionado com graves patologias hepáticas, como a cirrose e o carcinoma hepatocelular, causando mais de meio milhão de mortes todos os anos, o que reflete um problema de saúde mundial. Sabe-se que usuários de drogas injetáveis possuem alta prevalência de infecção pelo HCV, sendo por isso considerados um dos maiores grupos de risco. Usuários de cocaína parecem ter maior risco de contrair o vírus do que usuários de outras drogas, e diversas hipóteses para essa associação estão sendo estudadas. Objetivo Revisar evidências de associação da infecção pelo HCV em usuários de cocaína, considerando a relevância das diferentes formas de administração da droga e comportamentos de risco. Métodos Esta foi uma revisão narrativa realizada nos principais bancos de dados científicos. Resultados e conclusão As evidências atuais sugerem que o uso de cocaína pode estar associado com a infecção por HCV devido às especificidades do padrão de consumo da droga, mesmo naqueles indivíduos que não fazem uso de drogas injetáveis, além de outros comportamentos de risco, como tatuagens e sexo desprotegido. Usuários de cocaína injetável parecem estar mais suscetíveis à contaminação do que usuários de cocaína não injetável. Entretanto, há a possibilidade de infecção devido ao compartilhamento de outros equipamentos de uso além das seringas (cachimbos, por exemplo). Além disso, prejuízos do sistema imune causados pela cocaína também parecem estar associados com a suscetibilidade de infecção pelo HCV, além da manutenção e piora dos sintomas da doença.

Measurement methods of BDNF levels in major depression: a qualitative systematic review of clinical trials.

There is evidence that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has implications for the pathophysiology of major depressive disorders (MDD). Measures of BDNF levels are highly dependent on the methodologies used and these vary among different studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to carry out a descriptive analysis of the methodologies used to measure BDNF in clinical trials (CT) in patients with the diagnosis of major depression. We conducted a qualitative systematic review of CT that included samples of subjects diagnosed with major depression and evaluated the BDNF levels as an outcome. The search was performed on Pubmed, Scielo, Psychinfo and Lilacs. The selected articles were analyzed according to the CONSORT Statement and their methods of BDNF collection and analysis were described. Twenty-eight studies were included in the final analysis. Of those, 6 trials (21.4%) involved non-pharmacological interventions and only half had the MDD diagnosis based on structured interview. Trials used different methods to evaluate BDNF levels: most of them verified serum BDNF levels, 17 (60.7%) trials mentioned that measured BDNF levels in duplicate and 9 (32.1%) collected blood in fasting. A variety of methods for BDNF collection and analysis was used in the different studies, making it difficult to compare results. However, despite of the methodology, BDNF seems to increase after treatment for major depression.

O conceito de resiliência: diferentes olhares / Resilience concept: different perspectives

O conceito de resiliência transita entre aspectos físicos, biológicos e psíquicos.Podemos identifica-lo desde o primórdio da teoria psicanalítica, evoluindopara além da psicanálise nas mais diversas áreas da ciência. Seu estudo émuito útil na busca do entendimento dos fenômenos humanos, a partir dainter-relação entre as experiências primitivas, o ambiente, a neurobiologia ea genética. Este trabalho se propõe discutir o conceito de resiliência atravésde uma revisão histórica, partindo das teorias clássicas da psicanálise e dapsicologia do desenvolvimento e de sua evolução nos diferentes campos daciência até os achados mais recentes da psicobiologia.

The concept of resilience moves through physical, biological and psychologicalfields. It can be identified since the beginnings of psychoanalytic theory,evolving beyond psychoanalysis in several scientific areas. Its investigation isvery useful in the study of human phenomena, considering the interrelationshipbetween early experiences, the environment, neurobiology andgenetics. This paper aims to discuss the concept of resilience through ahistorical review, starting from the classical theories of psychoanalysis and developmental psychology and evolving to its development in different fieldsof science to the most recent findings of psychobilogy.

Encaminhamentos da atenção primária para avaliação neurológica em Porto Alegre, Brasil / Referrals from primary care to neurological assessment in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil

No Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil (SUS), os níveis de atenção à saúde se inserem no modelo hierárquico através do sistema de referência e contrarreferência. Em um projeto para atender às demandas represadas do nível primário ao secundário, denominado "Mutirão da Saúde", realizado em Porto Alegre, os médicos neurologistas do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, após cada atendimento realizado, responderam a um instrumento para avaliar os encaminhamentos realizados pela rede de atenção primária à saúde (APS). A avaliação foi positiva, mostrando que os encaminhamentos foram realmente necessários em 85 por cento dos casos; entretanto, foi parcialmente contraditória, tendo em vista que 41,7 por cento dos encaminhamentos eram situações clínicas que deveriam ser manejadas no atendimento primário. A avaliação também revelou que 50 por cento dos casos necessitavam de exames complementares. Devido a uma possível regionalização aleatória dos encaminhamentos, o resultado não nos possibilitou uma estimativa apropriada da prevalência por territórios das unidades de APS, informação esta importante para a organização do fluxo de encaminhamentos e planejamento dos recursos alocados pelos gestores, tanto locais quanto municipais.

In the Unified Health System in Brazil (SUS), the levels of health care fall within the hierarchical model with the reference and counter-reference systems. In a project to meet the repressed demands of primary and secondary levels, called "Mutirão da Saúde", held in Porto Alegre, the neurologists of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, after each call made, answered a questionnaire to assess referrals performed by the network of primary health care (PHC). The evaluation was positive, showing that the referrals were really needed in 85 percent of cases; however, it was partially contradictory, given that 41.7 percent of referrals were medical conditions that should be managed in primary care. The evaluation also revealed that 50 percent of cases needed further investigation. Due to a possible randomized regionalization of referrals, the result did not allow us to estimate the appropriate prevalence according to areas of the PHC units, information that is important to organize the flow of referrals and planning of resources allocated by managers, both local and municipal.

A prevalência de estresse em uma amostra de estudantes do curso de medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul / Prevalence of stress in a sample of medical students of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Introdução: O ingresso na Faculdade de Medicina representa uma transição a um novo estilo de vida e maior grau de exigência curricular. O estresse pode influenciar o desempenho acadêmico e as habilidades para tomar decisões e estabelecer uma adequada relação médico-paciente. O presente estudo avaliou a prevalência de estresse e fatores associados em uma amostra de estudantes da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) através do Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp (ISLL). Métodos: Estudo transversal não controlado, amostra aleatória (168 alunos). Instrumentos: ISLL, questionário com dados demográficos, uso de álcool e outras substâncias e sintomas de ansiedade. Resultados: Encontrou-se uma prevalência de estresse de 51,3% (IC95% 40,2-62,2), com maior prevalência de sintomas físicos do que psíquicos. A partir do sexto semestre os alunos apresentaram maior prevalência de estresse (55,3%), sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os semestres. O uso regular de álcool (43,6%) e estimulantes foi semelhante entre os alunos com e sem estresse (P = 0,63). Entre os alunos com estresse, 40% afirmaram já ter experimentado sintomas de pânico, enquanto apenas 5,3% dos sem estresse referiram esses sintomas (P <0,001). Entre os alunos com estresse, 90% relataram presença de sintomas de ansiedade nos últimos 6 meses, enquanto apenas 39,5% dos sem estresse o referiram (P < 0,001). Conclusão: Nossos achados apontam para a necessidade de investigar as causas da alta prevalência de estresse encontrada, a fim de propor medidas preventivas e/ou oferecer apoio psicológico para os estudantes, proporcionando uma melhor formação médica.

Background: Entering Medical School represents a transition toward a new lifestyle and higher curricular standards. Stress can influence academic performance and decision-making skills and establish a proper physician-patient relationship. This study examined the prevalence of stress and associated factors in a sample of medical students of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) using Lipp’s Adult Stress Symptoms Inventory (ASSI). Methods: This is a cross-sectional, uncontrolled study using a random sample (168 students). Instruments: ASSI, questionnaire with demographic data, use of alcohol and other substances and anxiety symptoms. Results: There was a prevalence rate of stress of 51.3% (95%CI 40.2-62.2), with higher prevalence of physical symptoms than psychological symptoms. From the sixth semester students had higher prevalence of stress (55.3%), with no statistically significant difference between semesters. Regular use of alcohol (43.6%) and stimulants was similar between students with and without stress (P= 0.63). Among students with stress, 40% reported having already experienced panic symptoms, while only 5.3% of those without stress reported such symptoms (P <0.001). Among students with stress, 90% reported presence of anxiety symptoms in the last 6 months, while such symptoms were present in only 39.5% of those without stress (P <0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest the need to investigate the causes of high prevalence of stress to propose preventive measures and/or to provide psychological support for students, providing better medical training.