[Prevention and correction of cognitive dysfunction after general anesthesia]. / Profilaktika i korrektsiia kognitivnykh narushenii posle obshchei anestezii.

AIM: To evaluate clinical efficacy of intraoperative use of cytoflavin in the prevention and correction of cognitive functions in surgical patients with no history of neurological and psychosomatic disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 60 female patients who underwent surgery on the thyroid gland. Patients were stratified into two equal groups matched for main indices. Patients of the main group received infusions of cytoflavin (20 ml in 200 ml of 5% glucose solution). Patients underwent thyroidectomy with general inhalation anesthesia using desflurane. Cognitive testing was performed one day before operation and 6, 24 and 48 h after. Waking time after stopping desflurane administration and time prior tracheal extubation were recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The use of cytoflavin promoted the early post anesthesia adaptation and more rapid recovery of initial cognitive status of the patients.

[COGNITIVE ABNORMALITIES IN POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD OF THYROID SURGERY].

An evaluation of cognitive functions was presented in 90 patients undergoing thyroid surgery. An attention deterioration, shot-term memory impairment and degradation were revealed after operation. It was shown that reduction of manifestations of cognitive dysfunction and stabilization of the haemodynamics indices were allowed due to application of cytoflavin during operation and in early postoperative period.

[REPROGRAMMING OF MITOCHONDRIAL ENERGY METABOLISM IN MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS].

The novel ideas of fundamental role of mitochondria in the maintenance of viability of malignant cells have been reviewed. The modern state of research is considered in detail, including: mitochondrial control of the cellular redox state, sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in inner mitochondrial membrane and antioxidant protection systems. Specificities of the structural-functional mitochondrial remodelling in malignant tumors, the mechanisms of the energy metabolism reprogramming, enhancement of the ROS production and adaptation to the hypoxic conditions and metabolic stress are analyzed. The available data including our research on transplanted tumors indicate that cytotoxic action of sodium dichloroacetate (the inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase) depends on biological properties of tumors and intensity of structural-functional mitochondrial rearrangement. Dichloroacetate turned out to be effective for sarcoma 37, but not for Lewis lung carcinoma.

Dynamics of changes of antioxidant system indexes during the growth of two Lewis lung carcinoma variants.

AIM: To study an intensity of prooxidant processes and activity of antioxidant enzymes in tumor tissue of two Lewis lung carcinoma variants (LLC and LLC/R9) differing by their proliferative, metastatic, and angiogenic potential (LLC/R9 as compared to LLC is characterized by lower metastatic activity, higher proliferative and angiogenic potential). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The in vitro study was carried out using cultured LLC and LLC/R9 cell lines, and in vivo on 50 female С57/BL6 mice. The indexes of prooxidant processes and activity of antioxidant enzymes have been studied using the methods of experimental oncology, optical spectroscopy, fluorescent spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, statistical analysis. RESULTS: There has been determined the coherence of results on 1.5 fold higher (p < 0.01) level of spontaneous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by LLC cells in vitro compared to LLC/R9 cells, and twice (p < 0.05) higher content of secondary products of lipid peroxidation at 14(th) and 17(th) day of tumor growth in LLC compared to that in LLC/R9. It has been shown that deficiency of nutrient substrates determines an increase (p < 0.01) of ROS production in LLC/R9 cells what is in congruence with the data on accumulation of nitrosyl complexes of heme iron in mitochondria of LLC/R9 during tumor growth. Activity of superoxide dismutase during tumor growth has altered in unmonotonous way: starting from 14(th) day of growth it sharply increased by 147% (17(th) day, LLC) and 217% (20(th) day, LLC/R9), and then decreased to the level registered at 14(th) day. Progressive decrease of activity of glutathione peroxidase (GP) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) during LLC growth has been accompanied with the decrease of the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) by 70% (p < 0.05). In the case of LLC/R9 the decrease of GP activity at initial stages of tumor growth correlated with significant increase of GSH level in the tumor--by 250% (p < 0.01). It has been shown that in LLC/R9 tumors (unlike to LLC), GSH utilization is mostly provided by GST, its significantly higher activity has been detected in LLC/R9 tumors compared to LLC. CONCLUSION: We have revealed a number of peculiarities of antioxidant system functioning in LLC and LLC/R9 tumors and have shown a relation between an activity of antioxidant system and some biological properties of studied tumor variants.

Functional and dynamic state of inner mitochondrial membrane of sarcoma 37 in mice under administration of sodium dichloroacetate.

The activity of enzymes of the respiratory chain and structural-dynamic properties of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) of sarcoma 37 (S37) in mice under sodium dichloroacetate (SDA) administration in a daily dose of 86 mg/kg of body weight starting from the 2nd day after tumor transplantation were investigated. The dynamic and structural state of the IMM components was determined using the fluorescent probes. With S37 growth the intensification of glycolytic metabolism occurred on the background of suppressed functional capacity of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes. The changes of conformational properties of protein molecules and the increase of IMM lipid phase microviscosity were shown. The administration of SDA promotes the decrease of lactate content and the increase of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in S37. This was accompanied by further suppression of the functional activity of the respiratory chain complexes and H+-ATPase coupled with conformational modification ofprotein molecules and changes of the structural orderliness of the IMM lipid phase, possibly due to intensification of reactive oxygen species generation.

The influence of sodium dichloroacetate on the oxidative processes in sarcoma 37.

AIM: to study the activity of antioxidant enzymes and to evaluate an intensity of prooxidant processes in sarcoma 37 (S37) cells during tumor development and under influence of sodium dichloroacetate (SDA). METHODS: Activity of total superoxide dismutase (SOD), SOD isoforms, catalase (Cat), glutathione peroxidase (GP), and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LP) secondary byproducts were determined in S37 homogenated tissues of untreated mice and animals treated with SDA at daily dose of 86 mg/kg. RESULTS: SDA treatment of S37-bearing mice resulted in the reduced activities of total SOD, SOD isoforms (especially Mn-SOD), Cat, GP and significantly decreased GSH content on the background of LP intensification in tumor tissue. CONCLUSION: The observed changes of oxidative homeostasis in S37-bearing animals treated with SDA could be considered as an element of antitumor action of SDA.

[Prevention of cognitive dysfunction in patients operated on thyroid gland].

The cognitive functions assessment in 68 patients operated on thyroid gland is presented. It is elicited that attention decrease, short-term memory upset, depressed work-capacity develop after intervention. It is shown that cytoflavin use within the intervention and early postoperative period permit to decrease cognitive dysfunction signs.

The evaluation of prooxidant and antioxidant state of two variants of lewis lung carcinoma: a comparative study.

AIM: To study the functional activity of enzymatic component of antioxidant system and to evaluate an intensity of prooxidative processes in Lewis lung carcinoma variants (LLC and LLC/R9). METHODS: Activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR), catаlase (Cat), content of lipid peroxidation (LP) byproducts were analyzed in tumor extracts at the 24(th) day after tumor transplantation, extracts of muscle tissues of tumor-bearing mice and intact mice using the method of optic spectrometry. RESULTS: It was revealed higher level of GST and GR activities, and lower level of GP activity, and a tendency for decrease of Cat activity level in LLC/R9 tumors compared to LLC tumors. The content of primary LP products was higher in LLC/R9 tumors while two tumor variants didn't differ significantly by the content of tiobarbiturate-active products. CONCLUSION: The pool of reduced glutathione in LLC/R9 tumors is more effectively replenished with GP involvement and is used by GST for detoxification of exogenous xenobiotics compared with LLC. Lower GP activity and the tendency to decreased Cat activity is characteristic property for LLC/R9 tumors compared to LLC.

[Function of the antioxidant system in rats exposed to cadmium].

Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant system functioning in the blood, liver and small intestine mucosal cells of rats under cadmium chloride intake and administration of the liposomal form of the biologically active supplement (BAS FLP-MD) have been studied. It is shown that cadmium chloride administration (1 mg/kg, 14 days) leads to the activation of the oxidative processes in the cells and decrease of the antioxidant enzyme activities including mitochondrial enzymes. The revealed inhibition of the hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity considerably determined by the effect on mitochondrial Cu, Zn-SOD. The effect of one-shot and long-term cadmium intake on the conjugation system and decrease of the tissue glutathione level were shown. BAS FLP-MD intake normalizes the oxidative processes possibly due to stabilization of the cellular components.

[Multimodal antinociceptive management of patients with ileus in surgery]. / Multimodalnaia antinotsitseptivnaia zashchita u bol'nykh s ostroi kishechnoi neprokhodimost'iu.

Acute ileus has been for years a topical problem in abdominal surgery. Successful surgical treatment with the pathology depends not only on a surgical scheme but also on the efficiency of anesthetic management. The purpose of the present case study was to investigate issues related with appropriate anesthesia for elderly and senile patients in ileus surgery. General analgesia with sodium oxibutiratis, ketamine and phentanil, when combined with epidural anesthesia with ropivaciane, provides for an adequate anesthetic management of elderly and senile patients in ileus surgery.

[Small doses of X-ray irradiation activate the NO-synthase component of the nitric oxide cycle]. / Malye dozy rentgenovskogo izlucheniia aktiviruiut NO-sintaznuiu komponentu tsikla oksida azota.

It has been shown that chronic X-ray irradiation, (CRI), activates the formation of NO in rats. This is apparent in the increase in the level of NO2- in the blood plasma from 12.59 +/- 1.7 to 39.79 +/- 2.9 nmol/ml after 10 days of irradiation. On the 20 and 30 day of CRI, the level of NO2(-)- was 21.05 +/- 1.2 and 30.73 +/- 1.9 nmol/ml respectively. The changes in the NO-synthase component of the NO cycle were accompanied by a decrease in the osmotic resistance of the erythrocytes and the nitritreductase activity of hemoglobin.

[Multidimensional statistical methods and the diagnostic significance of erythrocyte fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases]. / Metody mnogomernoi statistiki i diagnosticheskoe znachenie zhirnykh kislot éritrotsitov pri serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevaniiakh.

Relationship between changes in the levels of some blood erythrocyte fatty acids (FA), parameters of their metabolic transformations, and severity of disorders associated with cardiac disease is analyzed. The data were processed using analysis of dispersions and correlations. High diagnostic significance of blood erythrocyte FA in the development of heart diseases has been confirmed. The most informative tests were defined, including measurements of individual FS and their quantitative ratios reflecting disorders in FA w3 and w6 metabolic transformations.

[Effect of acute hypothermia on parameters of tetanic contraction of the rat skeletal muscle]. / Vliianie predvaritel'noi ostroi gipotermii na kharakteristiku tetanicheskogo sokrashcheniia skeletnoi myshtsy krys.

In rats under acute hypothermia, tetanic tension of the medial m. gastrocnemius had a higher amplitude.

[The effect of the long-term intake of merkazolil by the thyroid on the thermoregulatory activity of motor units in cold-adapted rats]. / Vliianie dlitel'nogo priema merkazolila shchitovidnoi zhelezoi na termoreguliatsionnuiu aktivnost' dvigatel'nykh edinits adaptirovannykh k kholodu krys.

Thyroid dysfunction was shown to affect the regimen of the motor units firing during thermoregulatory activity in rats adapted and unadapted to cold. This action brings about a shivering thermogenesis.

[The effect of preliminary acute hypothermia on the characteristics of the single contraction of rat skeletal muscle]. / Vliianie predvaritel'noi ostroi gipotermii na kharakteristiku odinochnogo sokrashcheniia skeletnoi myshtsy krys.

The time parameters and amplitude of the m.gastrocnemius contraction in rats were studied under conditions of acute hypothermia. The contraction time was found to increase whereas the contraction force decreased in acute hypothermia.

[The dependence of the thermoregulating activity of motor units and of the rate of muscle contraction on body mass in mammals]. / Zavisimost' termoreguliatsionnoi aktivnosti dvigatel'nykh edinits i skorosti myshechnogo sokrashcheniia ot massy tela u mlekopitaiushchikh.

Regression analysis corroborated the trend towards an increase in the units firing rate and the muscle contraction velocity occurring in diminishing of the mammals' body mass. These relationships seem to be universal and can be the basis for explanation of the reverse dependence of basal metabolism on the body size.

[The effect of experimental hyperthyroidism on the thermoregulating activity of the motor units in rat skeletal muscles]. / Vliianie éksperimental'nogo gipertireoza na termoreguliatsionnuiu aktivnost' dvigatel'nykh edinits skeletnykh myshts krys.

The T3 thyroid hormone was shown to change the motor unit activity in the thermoregulatory tonus from 13 to 22/sec in intact rats to 9 to 11/sec in the hyperthyroid ones. This data corresponds to that obtained in rats adapted to cold and suggests participation of thyroid hormones in cold adaptation.

[Body size and the thermoregulating activity of the motor units in mammals]. / Razmer tela i termoreguliatsionnaia aktivnost' dvigatel'nykh edinits u mlekopitaiushchikh.

A reverse relationship between the rate of discharges and the body mass during thermoregulatory activity of motor units induced by general cooling, was shown in mammals with different body masses. The data obtained suggests a neurophysiological explanation of Heldmaier's bioenergetic rule.