Harnessing artificial intelligence in cardiac rehabilitation, a systematic review.

Aim: This systematic review aims to evaluate the current body of research surrounding the efficacy of artificial intelligence (AI) in cardiac rehabilitation. Presently, AI can be incorporated into personal devices such as smart watches and smartphones, in diagnostic and home monitoring devices, as well as in certain inpatient care settings. Materials & methods: The PRISMA guidelines were followed in this review. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were set using the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes (PICO) tool. Results: Eight studies meeting the inclusion criteria were found. Conclusion: Incorporation of AI into healthcare, cardiac rehabilitation delivery, and monitoring holds great potential for early detection of cardiac events, allowing for home-based monitoring, and improved clinician decision making.

Lay abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) involves the use of technologies capable of making decisions based on data provided. AI can be used in healthcare to provide actionable data for a clinician by analyzing patterns in patient data to predict outcomes and guide treatment. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiac rehabilitation is a therapy proven to reduce mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular disease. This study outlines three cases of AI based healthcare tools in cardiac rehabilitation. This includes the provision of personalized, home-based cardiac rehabilitation, the early detection of cardiac events through smart watch monitoring and by providing clinician decision making support in cardiac failure rehabilitation.

Evaluation of dapagliflozin in the treatment of heart failure.

The European Society of Cardiology recently addressed the use of SGLT2 inhibitor use in the treatment of heart failure (HF). Dapagliflozin is a SGLT2 inhibitor recently approved by the US FDA for treatment of patients with HF with a reduced ejection fraction with a New York Heart Association classification of II-IV. Dapagliflozin significantly decreases the risk of worsening HF or death from cardiovascular cause compared with placebo and this risk does not differ based on the presence or absence of Type 2 diabetes. This paper aims to summarize the chemistry, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of dapagliflozin; and evaluates the clinical efficacy of dapagliflozin in the treatment of HF.

New pharmacotherapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

INTRODUCTION: The European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Canadian Cardiovascular Society, and the American College of Cardiology Heart Failure (HF) guidelines all currently recommend the use of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) and Beta Blockers (BB) in the treatment of HF with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Newer medications targeting combining an ARB with a neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) sacubitril/valsartan have shown benefits in mortality and can be used in place of an ACE inhibitor or an ARB. Additionally, dapagliflozin, a medication targeting the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) can be used in addition to current therapies. AREAS COVERED: This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the evidence around the new pharmacotherapies for HFrEF, specifically, sacubitril/valsartan and dapagliflozin. A comprehensive review of the literature using keywords such as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, angiotensin receptor, neprilysin inhibitor, and sodium glucose transporter was conducted within the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and Google Scholar databases. The reference sections of articles were also examined to find additional articles. EXPERT OPINION: Sacubitril/valsartan and dapagliflozin both show marked benefits on mortality in HFrEF patients. More research needs to be conducted on the mechanisms of action on disease modification.