Multinational proficiency tests for EGFR exon 20 insertions reveal that the assay design matters.

Insertion mutations in exon 20 of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR exon20ins) are rare, heterogeneous alterations observed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). With a few exceptions, they are associated with primary resistance to established EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). As patients carrying EGFR exon20ins may be eligible for treatment with novel therapeutics-the bispecific antibody amivantamab, the TKI mobocertinib, or potential future innovations-they need to be identified reliably in clinical practice for which quality-based routine genetic testing is crucial. Spearheaded by the German Quality Assurance Initiative Pathology two international proficiency tests were run, assessing the performance of 104 participating institutes detecting EGFR exon20ins in tissue and/or plasma samples. EGFR exon20ins were most reliably identified using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Interestingly, success rates of institutes using commercially available mutation-/allele-specific quantitative (q)PCR were below 30% for tissue samples and 0% for plasma samples. Most of these mutation-/allele-specific (q)PCR assays are not designed to detect the whole spectrum of EGFR exon20ins mutations leading to false negative results. These data suggest that NGS is a suitable method to detect EGFR exon20ins in various types of patient samples and is superior to the detection spectrum of commercially available assays.

Quality-Assured Analysis of PIK3CA Mutations in Hormone Receptor-Positive/Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Negative Breast Cancer Tissue: A Story About the Need for Proficiency Testing for High-Quality Molecular Biomarker Reporting in Precision Medicine.

In precision oncology, reliable testing of predictive molecular biomarkers is a prerequisite for optimal patient treatment. Interlaboratory comparisons are a crucial tool to verify diagnostic performance and reproducibility of one's approach. Herein is described the design and results of the first recurrent, internationally performed PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3 kinase catalytic subunit α) breast cancer tissue external quality assessment (EQA), organized by German Quality in Pathology GmbH and started in 2021. After the internal pretesting phase performed by the (lead) panel institutes, in both 2021 and 2022, each EQA test set comprised n = 10 tissue samples of hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative invasive breast cancer that had to be analyzed and reported by the participants. In 2021, the results were evaluated separately for German-speaking countries (part 1) and international laboratories (part 2). In 2022, the EQA was performed across the European Union. The EQA success rates were 84.6% (n = 11/13), 88.6% (n = 39/44), and 87.9% (n = 29/33) for EQA 2021 part 1, part 2, and EQA 2022, respectively. The most commonly used methods were next-generation sequencing and mutation-/allele-specific qualitative PCR-based assays. In summary, this recurrent PIK3CA EQA proved to be a suitable approach to obtain an international overview of methods used for PIK3CA mutation analysis, to evaluate them qualitatively, and identify the strengths and weaknesses of individual methods.

Machine Learning-Supported Diagnosis of Small Blue Round Cell Sarcomas Using Targeted RNA Sequencing.

Small blue round cell sarcomas (SBRCSs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors with overlapping morphologic features but markedly varying prognosis. They are characterized by distinct chromosomal alterations, particularly rearrangements leading to gene fusions, whose detection currently represents the most reliable diagnostic marker. Ewing sarcomas are the most common SBRCSs, defined by gene fusions involving EWSR1 and transcription factors of the ETS family, and the most frequent non-EWSR1-rearranged SBRCSs harbor a CIC rearrangement. Unfortunately, currently the identification of CIC::DUX4 translocation events, the most common CIC rearrangement, is challenging. Here, we present a machine-learning approach to support SBRCS diagnosis that relies on gene expression profiles measured via targeted sequencing. The analyses on a curated cohort of 69 soft-tissue tumors showed markedly distinct expression patterns for SBRCS subgroups. A random forest classifier trained on Ewing sarcoma and CIC-rearranged cases predicted probabilities of being CIC-rearranged >0.9 for CIC-rearranged-like sarcomas and <0.6 for other SBRCSs. Testing on a retrospective cohort of 1335 routine diagnostic cases identified 15 candidate CIC-rearranged tumors with a probability >0.75, all of which were supported by expert histopathologic reassessment. Furthermore, the multigene random forest classifier appeared advantageous over using high ETV4 expression alone, previously proposed as a surrogate to identify CIC rearrangement. Taken together, the expression-based classifier can offer valuable support for SBRCS pathologic diagnosis.

Determinants Affecting the Clinical Implementation of a Molecularly Informed Molecular Tumor Board Recommendation: Experience from a Tertiary Cancer Center.

Molecular Tumor Boards (MTBs) converge state-of-the-art next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods with the expertise of an interdisciplinary team consisting of clinicians, pathologists, human geneticists, and molecular biologists to provide molecularly informed guidance in clinical decision making to the treating physician. In the present study, we particularly focused on elucidating the factors impacting on the clinical translation of MTB recommendations, utilizing data generated from gene panel mediated comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) of 554 patients at the MTB of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen, Germany, during the years 2016 to 2020. A subgroup analysis of cases with available follow-up data (n = 332) revealed 139 cases with a molecularly informed MTB recommendation, which was successfully implemented in the clinic in 44 (31.7%) of these cases. Here, the molecularly matched treatment was applied in 45.4% (n = 20/44) of cases for ≥6 months and in 25% (n = 11/44) of cases for 12 months or longer (median time to treatment failure, TTF: 5 months, min: 1 month, max: 38 months, ongoing at data cut-off). In general, recommendations were preferentially implemented in the clinic when of high (i.e., tier 1) clinical evidence level. In particular, this was the case for MTB recommendations suggesting the application of PARP, PIK3CA, and IDH1/2 inhibitors. The main reason for non-compliance to the MTB recommendation was either the application of non-matched treatment modalities (n = 30)/stable disease (n = 7), or deteriorating patient condition (n = 22)/death of patient (n = 9). In summary, this study provides an insight into the factors affecting the clinical implementation of molecularly informed MTB recommendations, and careful considerations of these factors may guide future processes of clinical decision making.

Evaluation of FGFR Alteration Status in Urothelial Tumors.

FGFR alterations in urothelial carcinoma are key driver alterations of tumorigenesis and are long recognized. In 2019 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first pan-FGFR inhibitor, as the first specific targeted therapy in urothelial carcinoma. To receive the drug, alteration testing is required, and only alteration carriers can profit of this new agent. Due to this clinical need of detection and analysis of FGFR, here we describe two distinct and specific analytical methodologies: the SNaPshot analysis of nine FGFR3 point mutations and the QIAGEN therascreen® FGFR RGQ RT-PCR Kit, the FDA-approved companion diagnostic kit.

Prognostic impact of variant histologies in urothelial bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate variant histologies (VHs) for disease-specific survival (DSS) in patients with invasive urothelial bladder cancer (BCa) undergoing radical cystectomy (RC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed a multi-institutional cohort of 1082 patients treated with upfront RC for cT1-4aN0M0 urothelial BCa at eight centres. Univariable and multivariable Cox' regression analyses were used to assess the effect of different VHs on DSS in overall cohort and three stage-based analyses. The stages were defined as 'organ-confined' (≤pT2N0), 'locally advanced' (pT3-4N0) and 'node-positive' (pTanyN1-3). RESULTS: Overall, 784 patients (72.5%) had pure urothelial carcinoma (UC), while the remaining 298 (27.5%) harboured a VH. Squamous differentiation was the most common VH, observed in 166 patients (15.3%), followed by micropapillary (40 patients [3.7%]), sarcomatoid (29 patients [2.7%]), glandular (18 patients [1.7%]), lymphoepithelioma-like (14 patients [1.3%]), small-cell (13 patients [1.2%]), clear-cell (eight patients [0.7%]), nested (seven patients [0.6%]) and plasmacytoid VH (three patients [0.3%]). The median follow-up was 2.3 years. Overall, 534 (49.4%) disease-related deaths occurred. In uni- and multivariable analyses, plasmacytoid and small-cell VHs were associated with worse DSS in the overall cohort (both P = 0.04). In univariable analyses, sarcomatoid VH was significantly associated with worse DSS, while lymphoepithelioma-like VH had favourable DSS compared to pure UC. Clear-cell (P = 0.015) and small-cell (P = 0.011) VH were associated with worse DSS in the organ-confined and node-positive cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: More than 25% of patients harboured a VH at time of RC. Compared to pure UC, clear-cell, plasmacytoid, small-cell and sarcomatoid VHs were associated with worse DSS, while lymphoepithelioma-like VH was characterized by a DSS benefit. Accurate pathological diagnosis of VHs may ensure tailored counselling to identify patients who require more intensive management.

Exceptional response to neoadjuvant targeted therapy with the selective RET inhibitor selpercatinib in RET-fusion-associated sarcoma.

With the increasing use of next-generation sequencing, highly effective targeted therapies have been emerging as treatment options for several cancer types. Recurrent gene-fusions have been recognized in sarcomas; however, options for targeted therapy remain scarce. Here, we describe a case of a sarcoma, associated with a RET::TRIM33-fusion gene with an exceptional response to a neoadjuvant therapy with the selective RET inhibitor selpercatinib. Resected tumor revealed subtotal histopathologic response. This is the first report of successful targeted therapy with selpercatinib in RET-fusion-associated sarcomas. As new targeted therapies are under development, similar treatment options may become available for sarcoma patients.

Proficiency testing of PIK3CA mutations in HR+/HER2-breast cancer on liquid biopsy and tissue.

Precision oncology based on specific molecular alterations requires precise and reliable detection of therapeutic targets in order to initiate the optimal treatment. In many European countries-including Germany-assays employed for this purpose are highly diverse and not prescribed by authorities, making inter-laboratory comparison difficult. To ensure reproducible molecular diagnostic results across many laboratories and different assays, ring trials are essential and a well-established tool. Here, we describe the design and results of the ring trial for the detection of therapeutically relevant PIK3CA hotspot mutations in HR+/HER2-breast cancer tissue and liquid biopsy (LB). For PIK3CA mutation detection in tissue samples, 43 of the 54 participants (80%) provided results compliant with the reference values. Participants using NGS-based assays showed higher success rate (82%) than those employing Sanger sequencing (57%). LB testing was performed with two reference materials differing in the length of the mutated DNA fragments. Most participants used NGS-based or commercial real-time PCR assays (70%). The 167 bp fragments led to a successful PIK3CA mutation detection by only 31% of participants whereas longer fragments of 490 bp were detectable even by non-optimal assays (83%). In conclusion, the first ring trial for PIK3CA mutation detection in Germany showed that PIK3CA mutation analysis is broadly established for tissue samples and that NGS-based tests seem to be more suitable than Sanger sequencing. PIK3CA mutation detection in LB should be carried out with assays specifically designed for this purpose in order to avoid false-negative results.

Case report: Immunovirotherapy as a novel add-on treatment in a patient with thoracic NUT carcinoma.

NUT carcinoma (NC) is a rare and extremely aggressive form of cancer, usually presenting with intrathoracic or neck manifestations in adolescents and young adults. With no established standard therapy regimen and a median overall survival of only 6.5 months, there is a huge need for innovative treatment options. As NC is genetically driven by a single aberrant fusion oncoprotein, it is generally characterized by a low tumor mutational burden, thus making it immunologically cold and insusceptible to conventional immunotherapy. Recently, we have demonstrated that oncolytic viruses (OVs) are able to specifically infect and lyse NC cells, thereby turning an immunologically cold tumor microenvironment into a hot one. Here, we report an intensive multimodal treatment approach employing for the first time an OV (talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC); IMLYGIC®) together with the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab as an add-on to a basic NC therapy (cytostatic chemotherapy, radiation therapy, epigenetic therapy) in a patient suffering from a large thoracic NC tumor which exhibits an aberrant, unique BRD3:NUTM1 fusion. This case demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of this innovative add-on immunovirotherapy regimen with a profound, repetitive and durable replication of T-VEC that is instrumental in achieving tumor stabilization and improvement in the patient´s quality of life. Further, a previously unknown BRD3:NUTM1 fusion gene was discovered that lacks the extraterminal domain of BRD3.

Cell-Free DNA Sequencing Reveals Gene Variants in DNA Damage Repair Genes Associated with Prognosis of Prostate Cancer Patients.

In the present study, we further analyzed the data obtained in our previous study, where we investigated the cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of 34 progressive prostate cancer patients via targeted sequencing. Here, we studied the occurrence and prognostic impact of sequence variants according to their clinical pathological significance (CPS) or their functional impact (FI) in 23 DNA damage repair (DDR) genes with a focus on the ATM serine/threonine kinase gene (ATM). All patients had at least one DDR gene with a CPS or FI variant. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the group with a higher number of CPS variants in DDR genes had a shorter time to treatment change (TTC) compared to the group with a lower number of CPS variants (p = 0.038). Analysis of each DDR gene revealed that CPS variants in the ATM gene and FI variants in the nibrin (NBN) gene showed a shorter TTC (p = 0.034 and p = 0.042). In addition, patients with CPS variants in the ATM gene had shorter overall survival (OS; p = 0.022) and disease-specific survival (DSS; p = 0.010) than patients without these variants. Interestingly, patients with CPS variants in seven DDR genes possessed a better OS (p = 0.008) and DSS (p = 0.009), and patients with FI variants in four DDR genes showed a better OS (p = 0.007) and DSS (p = 0.008). Together, these findings demonstrated that the analysis of cfDNA for gene variants in DDR genes provides prognostic information that may be helpful for future temporal and targeted treatment decisions for advanced PCa patients.

Molecular Subtyping of Invasive Breast Cancer Using a PAM50-Based Multigene Expression Test-Comparison with Molecular-Like Subtyping by Tumor Grade/Immunohistochemistry and Influence on Oncologist's Decision on Systemic Therapy in a Real-World Setting.

In intermediate risk hormone receptor (HR) positive, HER2 negative breast cancer (BC), the decision regarding adjuvant chemotherapy might be facilitated by multigene expression tests. In all, 142 intermediate risk BCs were investigated using the PAM50-based multigene expression test Prosigna® in a prospective multicentric study. In 119/142 cases, Prosigna® molecular subtyping was compared with local and two central (C1 and C6) molecular-like subtypes relying on both immunohistochemistry (IHC; HRs, HER2, Ki-67) and IHC + tumor grade (IHC+G) subtyping. According to local IHC, 35.4% were Luminal A-like and 64.6% Luminal B-like subtypes (local IHC+G subtype: 31.9% Luminal A-like; 68.1% Luminal B-like). In contrast to local and C1 subtyping, C6 classified >2/3 of cases as Luminal A-like. Pairwise agreement between Prosigna® subtyping and molecular-like subtypes was fair to moderate depending on molecular-like subtyping method and center. The best agreement was observed between Prosigna® (53.8% Luminal A; 44.5% Luminal B) and C1 surrogate subtyping (Cohen's kappa = 0.455). Adjuvant chemotherapy was suggested to 44.2% and 88.6% of Prosigna® Luminal A and Luminal B cases, respectively. Out of all Luminal A-like cases (locally IHC/IHC+G subtyping), adjuvant chemotherapy was recommended if Prosigna® testing classified as Prosigna® Luminal A at high / intermediate risk or upgraded to Prosigna® Luminal B.

The Role of Vitamin D3 as an Independent Predicting Marker for One-Year Mortality in Patients with Acute Heart Failure.

Background: Deficiency in vitamin D3 and its metabolites has been linked to dismal outcomes in patients with chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and heart failure (HF). It remains unclear if a vitamin D3 status is a prognostic feature in patients with acute decompensated HF. Methods: We assessed serum levels of 25-OH-vitamin D3 and 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 in 139 patients with acute HF who had been admitted to the intermediate care unit of a maximum care hospital. The follow-up period was one year. After exclusion of patients with sampling errors and those who were lost to follow-up, 118 patients remained in the final study cohort. Outcome estimates by 25-OH-vitamin D3 and 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 levels were compared to the Seattle Heart Failure (SHF) Model. Results: More than two-thirds (79.7%) of the patients showed inadequate 25-OH-vitamin D3 levels (i.e., <30 ng/mL) upon admission. Low levels of 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 (i.e., <19.9 pg/mL) were observed in 16.1% of patients. Of the 118 HF patients, 22 (19%) died during the following 12 months. There were no differences in vitamin D3 levels between patients who died and those who survived, neither in 25-OH-vitamin D3 (23.37 ± 19.14 ng/mL vs. 19.11 ± 12.25 ng/mL; p = 0.19) nor in 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 levels (31.10 ± 19.75 ng/mL vs. 38.25 ± 15.73 ng/mL; p = 0.02); therefore, vitamin D3 levels alone did not predict one-year survival (AUC [25-OH-vitamin D3] 0.50; 95% CI 0.34−0.65; AUC [1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3] 0.62; 95% CI 0.48−0.76). Moreover, whilst the SHF model exhibited acceptable discriminatory ability for predicting one-year mortality (AUC 0.79; 95% CI 0.66−0.91), adding vitamin D levels on admission to the SHF score did not improve its discriminatory value. Conclusion: Our data do not support the use of vitamin D3 screening in patients admitted with acute decompensated HF to aid prognostication.

Combined miR-486 and GP88 (Progranulin) Serum Levels Are Suggested as Supportive Biomarkers for Therapy Decision in Elderly Prostate Cancer Patients.

Our study aimed to assess the applicability of miR-486 in combination with soluble GP88 protein as a diagnostic and/or predictive biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa) patients. miR-486 and GP88 levels in serum samples from 136 patients undergoing MRI-guided biopsy of the prostate were assessed by qRT−PCR and ELISA, respectively. Of these, 86 patients received a histologically confirmed diagnosis of PCa. Neither marker showed an association with the diagnosis of cancer. PCa patients were separated based on (i) treatment into patients with active surveillance or patients with any type of curative treatment and (ii) age into elderly (>68 years) patients and younger patients (≤68 years). In elderly patients (N = 41) with the intention of curative treatment at optimized cut-off values, significantly higher GP88 levels (p = 0.018) and lower miR-486 levels (p = 0.014) were observed. The total PSA level and ISUP biopsy grade were used in a baseline model for predicting definitive therapy. The baseline model exhibited an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.783 (p = 0.005). The addition of the serum biomarkers miR-486 and GP88 to the baseline model yielded an improved model with an AUC of 0.808 (p = 0.002). Altogether, combined miR-486 and GP88 serum levels are associated with and are therefore suggested as supportive biomarkers for therapy decisions, particularly in elderly PCa patients.

Influence of rivaroxaban compared to vitamin K antagonist treatment upon development of cardiovascular calcification in patients with atrial fibrillation and/or pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) such as warfarin or phenprocoumon have been the mainstay of therapy for long-term oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) in patients with atrial fibrillation or with pulmonary embolism. Due to interferences with matrix Gla-protein, an important vitamin K-dependent local calcification inhibitor in cardiovascular structures, VKA antagonists stimulate cardiovascular calcification (CVC). In contrast, rivaroxaban, a nonvitamin K-dependent oral anticoagulant (NOAC), should be neutral in terms of CVC. We seek to investigate these potential differences in CVC development between VKA versus NOACs in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). METHODS: The influence of rivaroxaban compared to vitamin K antagonist treatment upon development of cardiovascular calcification in patients with atrial fibrillation and/or pulmonary embolism trial (NCT02066662) is a multicenter, prospective RCT with a two-arm, open-label study design. The primary endpoint is the progression of coronary and aortic valve calcification (quantified as calcification volume score) as assessed by cardiac computed tomography (CT) at 24 months in patients either treated by rivaroxaban or VKA. A total of 192 patients were randomized in a 1:1 fashion. The main inclusion criteria were the presence of atrial fibrillation and/or pulmonary embolism with the indication for OAT and pre-existent coronary calcification. The development of CVC will be assessed by follow-up CT at 12 and 24 months. RESULTS: In total 192 patients (median age 70, 72% male) were enrolled over a period of 5 years and followed up for 2 years.

Prognostic markers in invasive bladder cancer: FGFR3 mutation status versus P53 and KI-67 expression: a multi-center, multi-laboratory analysis in 1058 radical cystectomy patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between the FGFR3 mutation status and immuno-histochemistry (IHC) markers (p53 and Ki-67) in invasive bladder cancer (BC), and to analyze their prognostic value in a multicenter, multi-laboratory radical cystectomy (RC) cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 1058 cN0M0, chemotherapy-naive BC patients who underwent RC with pelvic lymph-node dissection at 8 hospitals. The specimens were reviewed by uro-pathologists. Mutations in the FGFR3 gene were examined using PCR-SNaPshot; p53 and Ki-67 expression were determined by standard IHC. FGFR3 mutation status as well as p53 (cut-off>10%) and Ki-67 (cut-off>20%) expression were correlated to clinicopathological parameters and disease specific survival (DSS). RESULTS: pT-stage was

Intravenous iron supplementation in heart failure patients induces temporary endothelial dysfunction with release of endothelial microvesicles.

Background: Intravenous iron supplementation is an established therapy for patients with heart failure (HF) and concomitant iron deficiency reducing the risk of HF hospitalization. However, concerns persist regarding potential adverse vascular effects, since iron may induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of endothelial cells. To assess endothelial health following ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) administration, we analyzed the profile of circulating endothelial microvesicles (EMVs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in a cohort of 23 HF patients using flow cytometry. Results: Compared to healthy subjects, baseline levels of CD31+/CD41- EMVs were higher and EMVs featured a more apoptotic phenotype in HF patients. Following FCM administration, EMV levels showed a rapid but transient increase and displayed an altered phenotype profile with dominant augmentation of EMVs expressing inducible markers CD62E and CD54, indicating endothelial inflammatory activation and injury. Levels of circulating vasoregenerative CD45lowCD34+KDR+ EPCs were lower in HF patients and FCM application resulted in an early decrease of EPCs followed by substantial mobilization into the circulation after one week. Levels of EMVs and EPCs returned to baseline values within two and four weeks, respectively. HF patients with additional chronic kidney disease showed an elevated EMV/EPC ratio and diminished EPC mobilization, suggesting impaired vascular repair capacity. Providing a mechanistic link, in vitro experiments with cultured endothelial cells revealed that FCM dose-dependently promotes endothelial apoptosis, increases expression of adhesion molecules and CXCL12, and triggers generation of EMVs. Conclusion: Intravenous iron supplementation with FCM in HF patients induces a biphasic response with initial increased release of CD62E+ and CD54+ enriched EMVs and subsequent mobilization of EPCs, indicating endothelial dysfunction upon FCM and suggesting consecutive engagement of a defense program aimed to reconstitute vascular health.

Cell-Free DNA Variant Sequencing Using Plasma and AR-V7 Testing of Circulating Tumor Cells in Prostate Cancer Patients.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignant cancer and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among men worldwide. There is still an urgent need for biomarkers applicable for diagnosis, prognosis, therapy prediction, or therapy monitoring in PCa. Liquid biopsies, including cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs), are a valuable source for studying such biomarkers and are minimally invasive. In our study, we investigated the cfDNA of 34 progressive PCa patients, via targeted sequencing, for sequence variants and for the occurrence of CTCs, with a focus on androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7)-positive CTCs. The cfDNA content was associated with overall survival (OS; p = 0.014), disease-specific survival (DSS; p = 0.004), and time to treatment change (TTC; p = 0.001). Moreover, when considering all sequence variants grouped by their functional impact and allele frequency, a significant association with TTC (p = 0.017) was observed. When investigating only pathogenic or likely pathogenic gene variants, variants of the BRCA1 gene (p = 0.029) and the AR ligand-binding domain (p = 0.050) were associated with a shorter TTC. Likewise, the presence of CTCs was associated with a shorter TTC (p = 0.031). The presence of AR-V7-positive CTCs was associated with TTC (p < 0.001) in Kaplan-Meier analysis. Interestingly, all patients with AR-V7-positive CTCs also carried TP53 point mutations. Altogether, analysis of cfDNA and CTCs can provide complementary information that may support temporal and targeted treatment decisions and may elucidate the optimal choice within the variety of therapy options for advanced PCa patients.

MET Amplification in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)-A Consecutive Evaluation Using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) in a Real-World Setting.

In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), approximately 1-3% of cases harbor an increased gene copy number (GCN) of the MET gene. This alteration can be due to de novo amplification of the MET gene or can represent a secondary resistance mechanism in response to targeted therapies. To date, the gold standard method to evaluate the GCN of MET is fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). However, next-generation sequencing (NGS) is becoming more relevant to optimize therapy by revealing the mutational profile of each NSCLC. Using evaluable n = 205 NSCLC cases of a consecutive cohort, this study addressed the question of whether an amplicon based NGS assay can completely replace the FISH method regarding the classification of MET GCN status. Out of the 205 evaluable cases, only n = 9 cases (43.7%) of n = 16 high-level MET amplified cases assessed by FISH were classified as amplified by NGS. Cases harboring a MET GCN > 10 showed the best concordance when comparing FISH versus NGS (80%). This study confirms that an amplicon-based NGS assessment of the MET GCN detects high-level MET amplified cases harboring a MET GCN > 10 but fails to detect the various facets of MET gene amplification in the context of a therapy-induced resistance mechanism.

Hepatic and Vascular Vitamin K Status in Patients with High Cardiovascular Risk.

Vitamin K dependent proteins (VKDP), such as hepatic coagulation factors and vascular matrix Gla protein (MGP), play key roles in maintaining physiological functions. Vitamin K deficiency results in inactive VKDP and is strongly linked to vascular calcification (VC), one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this study we investigated how two vitamin K surrogate markers, dephosphorylated-undercarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP) and protein induced by vitamin K absence II (PIVKA-II), reflect vitamin K status in patients on hemodialysis or with calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA) and patients with atrial fibrillation or aortic valve stenosis. Through inter- and intra-cohort comparisons, we assessed the influence of vitamin K antagonist (VKA) use, vitamin K supplementation and disease etiology on vitamin K status, as well as the correlation between both markers. Overall, VKA therapy was associated with 8.5-fold higher PIVKA-II (0.25 to 2.03 AU/mL) and 3-fold higher dp-ucMGP (843 to 2642 pM) levels. In the absence of VKA use, non-renal patients with established VC have dp-ucMGP levels similar to controls (460 vs. 380 pM), while in HD and CUA patients, levels were strongly elevated (977 pM). Vitamin K supplementation significantly reduced dp-ucMGP levels within 12 months (440 to 221 pM). Overall, PIVKA-II and dp-ucMGP showed only weak correlation (r2 ≤ 0.26) and distinct distribution pattern in renal and non-renal patients. In conclusion, VKA use exacerbated vitamin K deficiency across all etiologies, while vitamin K supplementation resulted in a vascular VKDP status better than that of the general population. Weak correlation of vitamin K biomarkers calls for thoughtful selection lead by the research question. Vitamin K status in non-renal deficient patients was not anomalous and may question the role of vitamin K deficiency in the pathogenesis of VC in these patients.