RESUMEN
After natalizumab (NAT) cessation, some multiple sclerosis (MS) patients experience a severe disease rebound. The rebound pathophysiology is still unclear; however, it has been linked to interleukin-17-producing T-helper (Th17) cells. We demonstrate that during NAT treatment, MCAM+CCR6+Th17 cells gradually acquire a pathogenic profile, including proinflammatory cytokine production, pathogenic transcriptional signatures, brain endothelial barrier impairment, and oligodendrocyte damage via induction of apoptotic pathways. This is accompanied by an increase in Th17 cell frequencies in the cerebrospinal fluid of NAT-treated patients. Notably, Th17 cells derived from NAT-treated patients, who later developed a disease rebound upon treatment cessation, displayed a distinct transcriptional pathogenicity profile associated with altered migratory properties. Accordingly, increased brain infiltration of patient Th17 cells was illustrated in a humanized mouse model and brain histology from a rebound patient. Therefore, peripheral blood-accumulated MCAM+CCR6+Th17 cells might be involved in rebound pathophysiology, and monitoring of changes in Th17 cell pathogenicity in patients before/during NAT treatment cessation might enable rebound risk assessment in the future.
Asunto(s)
Esclerosis Múltiple , Células Th17 , Animales , Ratones , Natalizumab/farmacología , Natalizumab/uso terapéutico , Virulencia , Esclerosis Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Esclerosis Múltiple/líquido cefalorraquídeo , EncéfaloRESUMEN
Autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) comprise a broad spectrum of clinical entities. The stratification of patients based on the recognized autoantigen is of great importance for therapy optimization and for concepts of pathogenicity, but for most of these patients, the actual target of their autoimmune response is unknown. Here we investigated oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMGP) as autoimmune target, because OMGP is expressed specifically in the CNS and there on oligodendrocytes and neurons. Using a stringent cell-based assay, we detected autoantibodies to OMGP in serum of 8/352 patients with multiple sclerosis, 1/28 children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and unexpectedly, also in one patient with psychosis, but in none of 114 healthy controls. Since OMGP is GPI-anchored, we validated its recognition also in GPI-anchored form. The autoantibodies to OMGP were largely IgG1 with a contribution of IgG4, indicating cognate T cell help. We found high levels of soluble OMGP in human spinal fluid, presumably due to shedding of the GPI-linked OMGP. Analyzing the pathogenic relevance of autoimmunity to OMGP in an animal model, we found that OMGP-specific T cells induce a novel type of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis dominated by meningitis above the cortical convexities. This unusual localization may be directed by intrathecal uptake and presentation of OMGP by meningeal phagocytes. Together, OMGP-directed autoimmunity provides a new element of heterogeneity, helping to improve the stratification of patients for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Asunto(s)
Autoanticuerpos/inmunología , Autoinmunidad/inmunología , Encefalomielitis Aguda Diseminada/inmunología , Esclerosis Múltiple/inmunología , Glicoproteína Oligodendrócito-Mielina/inmunología , Adulto , Animales , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos Psicóticos/inmunología , Ratas , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Remyelination failure in multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with a migration/differentiation block of oligodendroglia. The reason for this block is highly debated. It could result from disease-related extrinsic or intrinsic regulators in oligodendroglial biology. To avoid confounding immune-mediated extrinsic effect, we used an immune-deficient mouse model to compare induced pluripotent stem cell-derived oligodendroglia from MS and healthy donors following engraftment in the developing CNS. We show that the MS-progeny behaves and differentiates into oligodendrocytes to the same extent as controls. They generate equal amounts of myelin, with bona fide nodes of Ranvier, and promote equal restoration of their host slow conduction. MS-progeny expressed oligodendrocyte- and astrocyte-specific connexins and established functional connections with donor and host glia. Thus, MS oligodendroglia, regardless of major immune manipulators, are intrinsically capable of myelination and making functional axo-glia/glia-glia connections, reinforcing the view that the MS oligodendrocyte differentiation block is not from major intrinsic oligodendroglial deficits.
RESUMEN
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent demyelinating disease in young adults and despite significant advances in immunotherapy, disease progression still cannot be prevented. Promotion of remyelination, an endogenous repair mechanism resulting in the formation of new myelin sheaths around demyelinated axons, represents a promising new treatment approach. However, remyelination frequently fails in MS lesions, which can in part be attributed to impaired differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells into mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes. The reasons for impaired oligodendroglial differentiation and defective remyelination in MS are currently unknown. To determine whether intrinsic oligodendroglial factors contribute to impaired remyelination in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), we compared induced pluripotent stem cell-derived oligodendrocytes (hiOL) from RRMS patients and controls, among them two monozygous twin pairs discordant for MS. We found that hiOL from RRMS patients and controls were virtually indistinguishable with respect to remyelination-associated functions and proteomic composition. However, while analyzing the effect of extrinsic factors we discovered that supernatants of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) significantly inhibit oligodendroglial differentiation. In particular, we identified CD4+ T cells as mediators of impaired oligodendroglial differentiation; at least partly due to interferon-gamma secretion. Additionally, we observed that blocked oligodendroglial differentiation induced by PBMC supernatants could not be restored by application of oligodendroglial differentiation promoting drugs, whereas treatment of PBMCs with the immunomodulatory drug teriflunomide prior to supernatant collection partly rescued oligodendroglial differentiation. In summary, these data indicate that the oligodendroglial differentiation block is not due to intrinsic oligodendroglial factors but rather caused by the inflammatory environment in RRMS lesions which underlines the need for drug screening approaches taking the inflammatory environment into account. Combined, these findings may contribute to the development of new remyelination promoting strategies.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente/inmunología , Oligodendroglía/patología , Remielinización/inmunología , Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Humanos , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas , Interferón gamma/inmunología , Células Precursoras de Oligodendrocitos/patologíaRESUMEN
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent demyelinating disease and a leading cause for disability in young adults. Despite significant advances in immunotherapies in recent years, disease progression still cannot be prevented. Remyelination, meaning the formation of new myelin sheaths after a demyelinating event, can fail in MS lesions. Impaired differentiation of progenitor cells into myelinating oligodendrocytes may contribute to remyelination failure and, therefore, the development of pharmacological approaches which promote oligodendroglial differentiation and by that remyelination, represents a promising new treatment approach. However, this generally accepted concept has been challenged recently. To further understand mechanisms contributing to remyelination failure in MS, we combined detailed histological analyses assessing oligodendroglial cell numbers, presence of remyelination as well as the inflammatory environment in different MS lesion types in white matter with in vitro experiments using induced-pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived oligodendrocytes (hiOL) and supernatants from polarized human microglia. Our findings suggest that there are multiple reasons for remyelination failure in MS which are dependent on lesion stage. These include lack of myelin sheath formation despite the presence of mature oligodendrocytes in a subset of active lesions as well as oligodendroglial loss and a hostile tissue environment in mixed active/inactive lesions. Therefore, we conclude that better in vivo and in vitro models which mimic the pathological hallmarks of the different MS lesion types are required for the successful development of remyelination promoting drugs.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Vaina de Mielina/patología , Oligodendroglía/metabolismo , Remielinización/fisiología , Adulto , Anciano , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/patología , Humanos , Microglía/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Esclerosis Múltiple/metabolismo , Esclerosis Múltiple/patología , Vaina de Mielina/metabolismo , Células Madre/metabolismoRESUMEN
In multiple sclerosis, demyelination occurs as a consequence of chronic autoimmunity in the central nervous system causing progressive neurological impairment in patients. After a demyelinating event, new myelin sheaths are formed by adult oligodendroglial progenitor cells; a process called remyelination. However, remyelination often fails in multiple sclerosis due to insufficient recruitment and differentiation of oligodendroglial precursor cells. A pivotal role for the two-pore-domain potassium (K2P ) channel, TASK1, has already been proven for an animal model of multiple sclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the TASK1-mediated effects are still elusive. Here, we tested the role of TASK1 channels in oligodendroglial differentiation and remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination in male mice. We found TASK1 channels to be functionally expressed on primary murine and human, pluripotent stem cell-derived oligodendrocytes. Lack of TASK1 channels resulted in an increase of mature oligodendrocytes in vitro as well as a higher number of mature oligodendrocytes and accelerated developmental myelination in vivo. Mechanistically, Task1-deficient cells revealed a higher amount of phosphorylated WNK1, a kinase known to be involved in the downstream signaling of the myelination regulator LINGO-1. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of genetic TASK1 ablation or pharmacological TASK1 inhibition on disease-related remyelination. Neither channel inhibition nor lack of TASK1 channels promoted remyelination after pathological demyelination. In summary, we conclude that functional TASK1 channels participate in the modulation of differentiating oligodendroglial cells in a previously unknown manner. However, while being involved in developmental myelination our data suggest that TASK1 channels have no major effect on remyelination.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular/genética , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/patología , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Oligodendroglía/metabolismo , Canales de Potasio de Dominio Poro en Tándem/metabolismo , Anestésicos Locales/farmacología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Bupivacaína/farmacología , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Movimiento Celular/genética , Células Cultivadas , Cuprizona/toxicidad , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/genética , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Inhibidores de la Monoaminooxidasa/toxicidad , Proteínas de la Mielina/genética , Proteínas de la Mielina/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Mielina/ultraestructura , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Células Precursoras de Oligodendrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Células Precursoras de Oligodendrocitos/fisiología , Células Precursoras de Oligodendrocitos/ultraestructura , Oligodendroglía/efectos de los fármacos , Oligodendroglía/fisiología , Oligodendroglía/ultraestructura , Canales de Potasio de Dominio Poro en Tándem/genética , Receptor alfa de Factor de Crecimiento Derivado de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The originally published version of this Article omitted Tanja Kuhlmann and Michael Wegner as jointly supervising authors. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
RESUMEN
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin for rapid transmission and saltatory conduction of action potentials in the vertebrate central nervous system. Activation of the myelination program requires several transcription factors including Sox10, Olig2, and Nkx2.2. Functional interactions among them are poorly understood and important components of the regulatory network are still unknown. Here, we identify Nfat proteins as Sox10 targets and regulators of oligodendroglial differentiation in rodents and humans. Overall levels and nuclear fraction increase during differentiation. Inhibition of Nfat activity impedes oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo. On a molecular level, Nfat proteins cooperate with Sox10 to relieve reciprocal repression of Olig2 and Nkx2.2 as precondition for oligodendroglial differentiation and myelination. As Nfat activity depends on calcium-dependent activation of calcineurin signaling, regulatory network and oligodendroglial differentiation become sensitive to calcium signals. NFAT proteins are also detected in human oligodendrocytes, downregulated in active multiple sclerosis lesions and thus likely relevant in demyelinating disease.
Asunto(s)
Calcineurina/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular , Vaina de Mielina/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción NFATC/metabolismo , Oligodendroglía/citología , Oligodendroglía/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Secuencia Conservada , Evolución Molecular , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Proteína Homeobox Nkx-2.2 , Proteínas de Homeodominio/metabolismo , Humanos , Ratones , Proteínas Nucleares , Factor de Transcripción 2 de los Oligodendrocitos/metabolismo , Ratas , Factores de Transcripción SOXE/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Proteínas de Pez CebraRESUMEN
Investigations into brain function and disease depend on the precise classification of neural cell types. Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage differ greatly in their morphology, but accurate identification has thus far only been possible for oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes in humans. We find that breast carcinoma amplified sequence 1 (BCAS1) expression identifies an oligodendroglial subpopulation in the mouse and human brain. These cells are newly formed, myelinating oligodendrocytes that segregate from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes and mark regions of active myelin formation in development and in the adult. We find that BCAS1+ oligodendrocytes are restricted to the fetal and early postnatal human white matter but remain in the cortical gray matter until old age. BCAS1+ oligodendrocytes are reformed after experimental demyelination and found in a proportion of chronic white matter lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) even in a subset of patients with advanced disease. Our work identifies a means to map ongoing myelin formation in health and disease and presents a potential cellular target for remyelination therapies in MS.
Asunto(s)
Esclerosis Múltiple/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Oligodendroglía/metabolismo , Animales , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes , Humanos , Ratones , Esclerosis Múltiple/patología , Vaina de Mielina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Rapid and efficient protocols to generate oligodendrocytes (OL) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are currently lacking, but may be a key technology to understand the biology of myelin diseases and to develop treatments for such disorders. Here, we demonstrate that the induction of three transcription factors (SOX10, OLIG2, NKX6.2) in iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells is sufficient to rapidly generate O4+ OL with an efficiency of up to 70% in 28 d and a global gene-expression profile comparable to primary human OL. We further demonstrate that iPSC-derived OL disperse and myelinate the CNS of Mbpshi/shiRag-/- mice during development and after demyelination, are suitable for in vitro myelination assays, disease modeling, and screening of pharmacological compounds potentially promoting oligodendroglial differentiation. Thus, the strategy presented here to generate OL from iPSC may facilitate the studying of human myelin diseases and the development of high-throughput screening platforms for drug discovery.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular/genética , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas/citología , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas/metabolismo , Oligodendroglía/citología , Oligodendroglía/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Animales , Biomarcadores , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Encéfalo/ultraestructura , Muerte Celular/genética , Linaje de la Célula/genética , Células Cultivadas , Análisis por Conglomerados , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/genética , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/metabolismo , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Expresión Génica Ectópica , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Ratones , Mutación , Proteína Básica de Mielina/genética , Proteína Básica de Mielina/metabolismo , Vaina de Mielina/genética , Vaina de Mielina/metabolismo , Células-Madre Neurales/citología , Células-Madre Neurales/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Médula Espinal/patología , Médula Espinal/ultraestructura , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Proteínas tau/genética , Proteínas tau/metabolismoRESUMEN
Pertussis toxin (PTx), the major virulence factor of the whooping cough-causing bacterial pathogen Bordetella pertussis, permeabilizes the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro and in vivo. Breaking barriers might promote translocation of meningitis-causing bacteria across the BBB, thereby facilitating infection. PTx activates several host cell signaling pathways exploited by the neonatal meningitis-causing Escherichia coli K1-RS218 for invasion and translocation across the BBB. Here, we investigated whether PTx and E. coli K1-RS218 exert similar effects on MAPK p38, NF-κB activation and transcription of downstream targets in human cerebral endothelial TY10 cells using qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA in combination with specific inhibitors. PTx and E. coli K1-RS218 activate MAPK p38, but only E. coli K1-RS218 activates the NF-κB pathway. mRNA and protein levels of p38 and NF-κB downstream targets including IL-6, IL-8, CxCL-1, CxCL-2 and ICAM-1 were increased. The p38 specific inhibitor SB203590 blocked PTx-enhanced activity, whereas E. coli K1-RS218's effects were inhibited by the NF-κB inhibitor Bay 11-7082. Further, we found that PTx enhances the adherence of human monocytic THP-1 cells to human cerebral endothelial TY10 cells, thereby contributing to enhanced translocation. These modulations of host cell signaling pathways by PTx and meningitis-causing E. coli support their contributions to pathogen and monocytic THP-1 cells translocation across the BBB.
Asunto(s)
Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Toxina del Pertussis/toxicidad , Adhesión Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Cerebro/citología , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/fisiología , Humanos , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/genética , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/metabolismo , Meningitis por Escherichia coli , Monocitos/metabolismo , Monocitos/fisiología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Pertussis toxin (PTx), an AB5 toxin and major virulence factor of the whooping cough-causing pathogen Bordetella pertussis, has been shown to affect the blood-brain barrier. Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier may facilitate penetration of bacterial pathogens into the brain, such as Escherichia coli K1 (RS218). In this study, we investigated the influence of PTx on blood-brain barrier permissiveness to E. coli infection using human brain-derived endothelial HBMEC and TY10 cells as in vitro models. Our results indicate that PTx acts at several key points of host cell intracellular signaling pathways, which are also affected by E. coli K1 RS218 infection. Application of PTx increased the expression of the pathogen binding receptor gp96. Further, we found an activation of STAT3 and of the small GTPase Rac1, which have been described as being essential for bacterial invasion involving host cell actin cytoskeleton rearrangements at the bacterial entry site. In addition, we showed that PTx induces a remarkable relocation of VE-cadherin and ß-catenin from intercellular junctions. The observed changes in host cell signaling molecules were accompanied by differences in intracellular calcium levels, which might act as a second messenger system for PTx. In summary, PTx not only facilitates invasion of E. coli K1 RS218 by activating essential signaling cascades; it also affects intercellular barriers to increase paracellular translocation.