A Case Report of Dermatographia.

The authors present a case of symptomatic dermatographia. Dermatographia is an inducible urticaria where the light pressure of scratching leaves a raised wheal in the pattern of the scratching. The presentation can be striking and is often very stressful for the patient; however, the etiology is benign and the key takeaway is to provide reassurance to the patient. Topics: Dermatographia, urticaria, dermatology.

Technical Considerations and Outcomes for Panniculectomy in the Setting of Buried Penis Patients: A Systematic Review and Database Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Often secondary to obesity, adult-acquired buried penis (AABP) is an increasingly common condition. AABP is often detrimental to urinary and sexual function, psychological well-being, and quality of life. Surgical treatment involves resection of excess soft tissue, with adjunct procedures, including a panniculectomy. However, few studies have been conducted investigating the risks of panniculectomy in the context of AABP surgical repair. METHODS: A systematic review of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was performed, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Descriptive statistics regarding patient demographics, complications, and surgical technique were conducted. After this, an analysis of AABP patients within the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was conducted. RESULTS: Four studies including 57 patients reported panniculectomy as part of buried penis repair (PBPR). Surgical approaches included a modified trapezoid and traditional transverse incision. All authors utilized postoperative drains. Dehiscence and wound infection were the most frequent complications. Univariate NSQIP analysis revealed that PBPR patients had higher body mass index, more comorbidities, and greater wound complication rates. Multivariate analysis revealed that PBPR did not significantly increase 30-day complications compared to isolated BPR ( P > 0.05), while body mass index remained a significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical repair of AABP can greatly improve patient quality of life. The available literature and NSQIP-based analysis reveal that concurrent panniculectomy in AABP repair has a comparable complication profile. Future studies are necessary to better characterize the long-term outcomes of this PBPR.

Immediate Nipple Reconstruction in Skin-sparing Mastectomy with A Modified Wise-pattern Design.

This article discusses a novel approach to immediate nipple reconstruction during skin-sparing mastectomy with Wise-pattern design, a common procedure in direct-to-implant breast reconstruction. Traditionally, nipple reconstruction is performed as a second procedure, incurring additional costs and potential complications. This novel technique involves a simple modification to the Wise-pattern flap during the initial mastectomy, allowing for one-step reconstruction. The procedure includes preoperative markings of the Wise-pattern design, with a U-shaped flap added at the top angle to create the nipple position. This U-shaped flap, containing both skin and subcutaneous tissue, is then folded over itself and sutured, resulting in an inverted T-shaped incision with the reconstructed nipple at the apex. This article emphasizes the avoidance of a secondary operation for nipple reconstruction, avoiding additional costs and potential complications associated with flap loss, especially in postradiation patients. The technique was applied to five consecutive cases, with patient satisfaction reported as very high. Follow-up at 6 months showed no venous congestion or flap loss, and in patients without adjuvant radiation, the reconstructed nipple maintained almost all its initial postoperative height. Minor loss of nipple protrusion over time was comparable to traditional nipple reconstruction (eg, skate flap), and the construction of the new nipple required only an average of 10 extra minutes. Although larger-scale studies are needed for a comprehensive evaluation, the preliminary results suggest promising outcomes and encourage larger-scale safety and outcomes studies of this technique in Wise-pattern skin-sparing reconstructions.

Indocyanine green angiography guidance for vascular preservation in skin and nipple sparing mastectomy.

PURPOSE: The skin and/or nipple-sparing approach has become an oncologically sound and desirable choice for women choosing mastectomy. Indocyanine green (ICG) perfusion imaging has been shown to reduce ischemic complications in mastectomy skin flaps. Immediate reconstruction requires a well-vascularized skin flap capable of tolerating full expansion. Identification of the perforating subcutaneous vessels to the skin envelope may allow for better and more consistent blood vessel preservation and flap perfusion. METHODS: The authors conducted an institutional review board-approved prospective study with 41 patients to assess the feasibility of using ICG perfusion imaging to visualize, cutaneously map, and preserve the vessels that supply the skin flap and nipple-areolar complex. For each patient, the number of vessels initially mapped, the number of vessels preserved, the extent to which each vessel was preserved, and the proportion of the flap with adequate perfusion (as defined by the SPY-Q > 20% threshold) was recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Vessels were able to be identified and marked in a high majority of patients (90%). There was a moderate linear relationship between the number of vessels marked and the number preserved. Successful mapping of vessels was associated with lower rates of wound breakdown (p = 0.036). Mapping and preserving at least one vessel led to excellent flap perfusion (> 90%). No increase in complications was observed from utilizing ICG angiography preoperatively. CONCLUSION: This prospective study using preoperative ICG perfusion mapping demonstrated safety, feasibility, and good prognostic outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

A nationwide analysis of upper extremity injuries in martial arts.

Objective: Given the rise of martial arts within the fitness and recreational industry, it is important to study trends in injury and note that practicing martial arts comes with a risk of injury, particularly to the upper extremities. By studying consumer product-related injuries to the upper extremities and addressing the current gap in the literature, future martial arts equipment can come with increased safety features, better provide information to healthcare providers treating such injuries, and improve risk mitigation through the Consumer Product Safety Commission. Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Database was analyzed to collect data on martial arts equipment-related injuries on the upper extremities within the last 10 years. Results: Over the most recent span of 10 years (2013-2022), there were approximately 78,680 injuries reported to the ED. The majority of them took place in 2013 (12.8%). Men were 2.4 times more likely to get injured than women. Injuries peaked in the age group 10-19-year-olds (33%) and particularly age 12 (4.8%). The upper extremity most commonly affected was the shoulder (29.1%), and the most common diagnosis group was a fracture (29.2%). Most injuries presented to the emergency department were not hospitalized (98.7%). Conclusions: This study highlights the occurrence of upper extremity injuries due to martial arts within the last 10 years and provides new information on the prevalence of such injuries. The results highlight that these injuries are usually non-severe and most commonly affect adolescent males; however, future research should explore performance-based recovery post-injury and long-term pain.

Obesity Portends Increasing Rates of Superficial Surgical Site Infection Following Pediatric Reduction Mammoplasty: A National Surgical Database Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric reduction mammoplasty has become increasingly common due to the obesity epidemic. While obesity remains the leading cause of macromastia leading to surgery, it may also be a risk factor for postoperative complications. This study examines the safety of pediatric reduction mammoplasty and the risk of obesity for complications following this procedure. METHODS: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatrics was queried to obtain all reduction mammoplasty cases from 2012 to 2020. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses controlling for confounders were carried out to assess the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and rates of complication. RESULTS: One thousand five hundred eighty-nine patients with the primary Current Procedural Terminology code 19318 were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 16.6 (SD, 1.1) years, and the mean BMI was 30.5 (SD, 6.2) lb/in2. Notably, 49% of the patients were obese, and 31% were overweight, while only 0.4% were underweight. Forty-three patients (2.7%) sustained a superficial surgical site infection (SSI) postoperatively. Other complications were less prevalent, including deep SSI (4 patients, 0.3%), dehiscence (11, 0.7%), reoperation (21, 1%), and readmission (26, 1.6%).Independent variables analyzed included age, sex, BMI, diabetes mellitus, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, and operative time, of which only BMI and ASA class were found to be significantly associated with SSI on univariate analysis. On multivariate logistic regression while controlling for ASA class and the false discovery rate, there was a strong association between increasing rates of superficial SSI and increasing BMI (unit odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, [1.01, 1.09]; P = 0.02). The OR indicates that for each 1-unit increase in BMI, the odds of SSI increase by 5%. CONCLUSIONS: Complications following pediatric reduction mammoplasty are uncommon, demonstrating the safety of this procedure. High BMI was found to have a significantly higher risk for superficial SSI. Increased caution and infection prophylaxis should be taken when performing this operation on obese patients.

Prevalence of Craniofacial Injuries in the Elderly Population.

INTRODUCTION: Recognizing and understanding risk factors for craniofacial injury in the elderly is of paramount importance in prevention. This research aims to investigate the prevalence of craniofacial injuries in connection with extrinsic preventable factors, particularly identifying common household products that pose the greatest risk for such injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was done with the utilization of the 2013 to 2022 National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Data gathered included patient age, injury type, cause of injury, and year of incidence. "Elderly" was defined as an individual of 65 years of age or older. RESULTS: There was a total of 9,703,688 estimated national cases of elderly craniofacial injury from 2013 to 2022. In all, 5,888,112 (60.68%) of these occurred in females. In descending order, the 5 most common items responsible for craniofacial injury in the elderly are floors/flooring Materials (3,741,706, 30.92%), beds/bed frames (1,250,396, 10.33%), stairs/steps (907,92, 7.50%), chairs (546,697, 4.52%), and tables (453,989, 3.75%). These top 5 account for roughly 57% of all cases. The 5 most common presenting diagnoses were internal injury (2,957,095, 40.21%), lacerations (1,435,926, 19.53%), ABR (1,191,008, 16.20%), fracture (568,842, 7.74%), and hematoma (355,871, 4.84%). CONCLUSIONS: Out of the roughly 10 million cases of craniofacial injury in the last decade, ~three-fifths have happened to women. The majority of injuries occur in a home setting. The overwhelming majority of cases were related to the product code 1807-floors or flooring materials, and the largest diagnosis was internal injury by a wide margin. Evidently, there is a large population of elderly patients who suffer from craniofacial injuries related to objects and items that permeate within their living residences. The elimination of excess elderly craniofacial injury can be achieved by reducing fall risk factors in the immediate vicinity of the elderly.

Safety and utility of panniculectomy in renal transplant candidates and end stage renal disease patients.

BACKGROUND: As the obesity crisis in the United States continues, some renal transplantation centers have liberalized their BMI criteria necessary for transplant eligibility. More individuals with larger body-habitus related comorbidities with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) now qualify for renal transplantation (RT). Surgical modalities from other fields also interact with this patient population. METHODS: In order to assess surgical outcomes of panniculectomy in the context of renal transplantation and ESRD, the authors performed a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Due to a paucity of existing primary studies, we retrospectively collected data on patients with ESRD undergoing panniculectomy from the American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) to evaluate outcomes of body contouring in this patient population. RESULTS: From the systematic review, a total of 783 ESRD patients underwent panniculectomy among the studies identified. Of these, 91 patients underwent panniculectomy simultaneously to RT while 692 had their pannus resected prior to kidney transplant. The most common complication was hematoma followed by wound dehiscence. From the NSQIP database, 24 868 patients met the inclusion criteria for analysis. In the setting of renal transplant status, patients with diabetes, hypertension requiring medication, and requiring dialysis were more likely to suffer postoperative complications (OR 1.31, 1.15, and 2.2, respectively). However, upon sub-analysis of specific types of complications, the only retained association was between diabetes and wound complication. CONCLUSION: Preliminary data show that panniculectomy in ESRD patients appears to be safe, though with a nominal increased risk for complications. Pannus resection does not appear to impact post-transplantation outcomes, including long-term allograft survival. Larger, higher powered, randomized studies are needed to confirm the safety, utility, and medical benefit of panniculectomy in the context of renal transplantation.

Racial disparities in subjective cognitive decline and its implications among Alzheimer's caretakers.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Alzheimer's disease is a prominent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory loss. Variations in subjective cognitive decline among Alzheimer's patients, often reported by caregiver, may stem from cultural, socioeconomic, healthcare access, and genetic factors. This study investigates racial disparities in subjective cognitive decline reported by caregivers and their implications. METHODS: In this study, data from 12,627 Alzheimer's caretakers from the CDC's Alzheimer's Disease and Healthy Aging Data Portal were analyzed using JMP software. Caregivers reported patients' cognitive decline for various racial categories: Asian/Pacific Islander, Black, Hispanic, Native American/Native Alaskan, and White. Fit model tests and distribution analyses were employed to assess disparities in symptom severity. The study focused on four key questions regarding symptom prevalence and healthcare communication to assess the degree of symptoms the patients were experiencing. RESULTS: Significant disparities in symptom severity reported by Alzheimer's caretakers were observed among the racial groups analyzed. The symptom severity ranked from least to most severe is the following: White, Asian/Pacific Islander, Black, Native American/Native Alaskan, and Hispanic patients. There was variance when it came to communication with healthcare providers, as the Asian population had the lowest communication rates. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions considering cultural differences. It is important that tailoring healthcare approaches for different racial backgrounds is happening as a remedy to this gap in communication. CONCLUSION: Due to cultural, socioeconomic, genetic factors, and others, there were significant observed disparities. Tailoring interventions to these diverse populations is crucial to address these inequities.

Ominous Causes of Headache.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: While primary headaches like migraines or cluster headaches are prevalent and often debilitating, it's the secondary headaches-those resulting from underlying pathologies-that can be particularly ominous. This article delves into the sinister causes of headaches, underscoring the importance of a meticulous clinical approach, especially when presented with red flags. RECENT FINDINGS: Headaches, one of the most common complaints in clinical practice, span a spectrum from benign tension-type episodes to harbingers of life-threatening conditions. For the seasoned physician, differentiating between these extremes is paramount. Headache etiologies covered in this article will include subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), cervical artery dissection, cerebral venous thrombosis, meningitis, obstructive hydrocephalus, and brain tumor.

The Impact of Body Mass Index on Adverse Outcomes Associated with Panniculectomy: A Multimodal Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Overhanging pannus may be detrimental to ambulation, urination, sexual function, and social well-being. Massive weight loss patients often have high residual body mass index (BMI) and comorbidities presenting a unique challenge in panniculectomy patient selection. This study aims to better characterize the role of BMI in post-operative complications following panniculectomy. METHODS: A meta-analysis attempted to assess the impact of BMI on complications following panniculectomy. Cochrane Q and I 2 test statistics measured study heterogeneity, with subsequent random effects meta-regression investigating these results. After this, all panniculectomy patients in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) years 2007-2019, were analyzed. Univariate and multivariable tests assessed the relative role of BMI on 30-day postoperative complications. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies satisfied inclusion criteria, revealing very high heterogeneity (Cochrane Q = 2453.3; I 2 = 99.1%), precluding further meta-analysis results. Receiver operator curves demonstrated BMI was a significant predictor of both all causes (area under the curve (AUC): 0.64, 95%CI:0.62-0.66) and wound complications (AUC:0.66, 95%CI:0.63-0.69). BMI remained significant following multivariable regression analyses. Restricted cubic spines demonstrated marginal increases in complication incidence above 33.2 and 35 for all-cause and wound complications respectively. CONCLUSION: Reported literature regarding postoperative complications in panniculectomy patients is highly heterogeneous, and may limit evidence-based care. Complication incidence positively correlated with BMI, though ROC demonstrated its limitations as the sole predictive variable. Further, RSC demonstrated diminishing marginal predictive capacity of BMI for incremental increases in BMIs above 33.2-35 kg/m 2. These findings support a re-evaluation of the role of BMI cut-offs in panniculectomy patient selection.

Archery-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries: An Epidemiological Study Revealing Injury Sites, Risk Factors, and Implications for Prevention.

Objective: While generally considered a safe sport, archery injuries are often the result of overuse or penetration and largely affect the upper extremities. Studies have shown that during training periods the average risk of injury is 4.4%. By studying mechanisms of injury and their prevalence nationally, this study aims to educate coaches, athletes, and equipment manufacturers on ways the sport can be safer from a clinical perspective. Methods and Materials: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Database was queried to analyze archery-related musculoskeletal injuries that occurred between 2013 and 2022. Results: Approximately 43,083 injuries were recorded over a 10-year span, of which 8,038 were women and 35,367 were men. Men were thus 4.4 times more likely to experience injury during archery. Injury sites in men included the finger (66.2%), hand (17.1%), face (6.2%), shoulder (5.4%), and foot (5.1%). All reported injuries in women were finger-related. The most common diagnoses for men were lacerations (58.1%), fractures (12.7%), contusions and abrasions (7.5%), foreign body (5.9%), punctures (4.9%), and strains/sprains (4.9%). Women exclusively experienced lacerations, accounting for 100% of their injuries. Conclusion: The study identifies that lacerations were the most common archery-related injury that was treated in the ED. Additionally, the fingers were the most common site of injury. Findings from this study suggest that improved safety equipment, such as reinforced gloves, finger tabs, and forearm braces should be used by athletes to practice the sport more safely. Future research could involve studying injury rates in archers who use each combination of these safety precautions to investigate which gear is most protective.

Racial disparities in satisfaction with maternal healthcare.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is a racial disparity in satisfaction with maternal healthcare, and examine the quality of care mothers of color receive. METHODS: An online survey of women in the United States who had been pregnant at least once was conducted. The study received an exempt determination by our Institution's Review Board. RESULTS: Race, age, income, were all significant indicators for whether a woman was satisfied with maternal healthcare measures. CONCLUSION: Race is one of many indicators for dissatisfaction with maternal healthcare. More in-depth research on patient perception of care is recommended.

Knowledge of stop the bleed techniques- a national survey.

OBJECTIVE: This article presents the dataset titled "Do you know how to Stop The Bleed®? [1]" The dataset contains the survey responses of 200 US persons aged 16 years and above regarding their knowledge of hemorrhage control, based on the American College of Surgeons Stop The Bleed® (STB) course [2]. RESULTS: Two hundred adults in the United States completed this web-based survey, which consisted of a quiz to assess STB knowledge. Factors that were not statistically correlated to STB knowledge retention included age, sex, race and education level up to college level. On the other hand, resuscitation coursework (p = 0.004) and income (p = 0.049) were important determinants of Stop the Bleed® knowledge. In particular, participants with CPR certification (p = 0.020) and/or a postgraduate degree (p = 0.015) scored higher than their counterparts in this sample cohort.

Geographic Liver.

The authors present the case of a man with a relatively benign clinical presentation who had a computed tomography scan that revealed a "geographic liver" pattern. The radiologic appearance of hepatic steatosis, its significance, and its association with metabolic syndrome highlight the importance of this radiologic finding.

Sleep Hygiene, Daytime Sleepiness, and Coping Mechanisms Amongst US Adults.

Background Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) can be measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and has been shown to be prevalent in the United States. This study aimed to survey the levels of EDS in US adults and explore factors related to sleep hygiene. Methods An anonymous web-based survey was conducted, polling the frequency of hypersomnia symptoms, sleep quality, and time spent in their occupation. Respondents were at least 21 years of age and United States residents. Participants reported information related to age, gender, education, income, and race in addition to their responses to the survey questions. All data were analyzed using JMP 16.0. Results In our cohort of 200 adults, the median age was 40, with an interquartile range of 34-50 years. 48% were female. More than half of the cohort (53%) had severe or higher-normal EDS. Race (p=0.112), sex (p=0.426), age (p=0.063) shift work/shift timing (p=0.260), and screen time before bed (p=0.785) were not statistically significant for excessive daytime sleepiness. However, the length of participants' workdays (p=0.001) and their income levels (p=0.008) were found to be significantly associated with EDS. In other words, longer workdays and lower income levels were associated with an increased likelihood of falling asleep during inactive periods of the day. Conclusion Sleep deprivation and excessive daytime sleepiness are intertwined with sleep hygiene. This study highlights some of the possible issues that could lead to potential solutions.

Patellar Fracture Repair Using FiberWire.

Patellar fractures are injuries caused by the direct impact on the bone or excessive stress on the extensor mechanism. The extensor mechanism is a structure formed by the quadriceps, the patella, and the patellar tendon, as well as ligaments. We present the case of a 53-year-old male who suffered a fall from a ladder after attempting to fix a ceiling light in his home. He went to the emergency department a few times before he was admitted due to his inability to walk secondary to a fracture located at the inferior pole of the left patella. This fracture was fixed with open reduction and internal fixation using drill holes and FiberWire®.

Minimally and Non-invasive Approaches to Rejection Identification in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation.

OBJECTIVE: Rejection is common and pernicious following Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA). Current monitoring and diagnostic modalities include the clinical exam which is subjective and biopsy with dermatohistopathologic Banff grading, which is subjective and invasive. We reviewed literature exploring non- and minimally invasive modalities for diagnosing and monitoring rejection (NIMMs) in VCA. METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases were queried, 3125 unique articles were reviewed, yielding 26 included studies exploring 17 distinct NIMMs. Broadly, NIMMs involved Imaging, Liquid Biomarkers, Epidermal Sampling, Clinical Grading Scales, and Introduction of Additional Donor Tissue. RESULTS: Serum biomarkers including MMP3 and donor-derived microparticles rose with rejection onset. Epidermal sampling non-invasively enabled measurement of cytokine & gene expression profiles implicated in rejection. Both hold promise for monitoring. Clinical grading scales were useful diagnostically as was reflection confocal microscopy. Introducing additional donor tissue showed promise for preemptively identifying rejection but requires additional allograft tissue burden for the recipient. CONCLUSION: NIMMs have the potential to dramatically improve monitoring and diagnosis in VCA. Many modalities show promise however, additional research is needed and a multimodal algorithmic approach should be explored.

Quantifying the Impact of Dysmenorrhea Symptoms on Quality-of-Life and Access to Oral Contraceptives by Income.

Background: Dysmenorrhea, or painful menstrual periods, is one of the most common gynecological complaints. Most reports of uterine contractions range between moderate to severe pain, and patients often elect to cope with their discomfort without assistance from a physician. In the process, women experiencing dysmenorrhea are more likely to report absenteeism from work and school. Objectives: This study measures the reported impact of dysmenorrhea on patients' lives and elucidates a relationship between income and access to oral contraceptives. Methods: Two hundred women completed a survey about their symptoms, level of pain, treatments, and the extent to which dysmenorrhea affected day-to-day obligations. Most questions were multiple-choice while others permitted several answer selections or were free response. The data was analyzed using JMP statistical software. Results: Eighty-four percent of respondents reported moderate to severe pain during menstruation. This discomfort has caused 65.5% of the cohort to miss work and 68% to avoid participating in social gatherings. Pain relief medications are most often used as treatment - 143 respondents took ibuprofen, 93 took acetaminophen, and 51 took naproxen. 29.5% of respondents are prescribed birth control for cramps and blood flow. Income (p = 0.049), age (p = 0.002), and education (p = 0.002) were significant predictors for oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use. The lowest income groups were found to use OCPs at less than half the rate as the highest income respondents. Conclusion: Dysmenorrhea affected most participants in the cohort with an impact that extends beyond professional obligations. Income was found to be positively correlated with increased OCP use, whereas education level was inversely correlated. Clinicians should consider how patients' backgrounds influence their access to OCP options. An improvement on this study's findings would be to establish a causal relationship between these demographic factors and access to OCPs.

The extent of sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness in young adults.

Background: Sleep deprivation is a condition in which an individual does not get enough sleep, leading to a variety of negative effects on their physical and mental health. In the United States, sleep deprivation is a common problem, with many people not getting the recommended 7-9 hours of sleep per night. Excessive daytime sleepiness is also a common condition in the United States. It is characterized by a persistent feeling of fatigue or drowsiness during the day, despite getting enough sleep at night. The current study aims to document the frequency of sleepiness symptoms amongst the general US population. Methods: A web-based survey was conducted to assess the frequency of daily anxiety symptoms amongst adults residing in the United States. Questions from the Epworth Sleepiness Scale were used to quantify the burden of daytime sleepiness. JMP 16.0 for Mac OS was used to perform statistical analyses. Our Institutional Review Board gave the study an exempt determination (#2022-569). Results: In total, 9% of people qualified as having lower normal daytime sleepiness, 34% qualified as having higher normal daytime sleepiness, 26% qualified as having mild excessive daytime sleepiness, 17% qualified as having moderate excessive daytime sleepiness, and 17% qualified as having severe excessive daytime sleepiness. Limitations: The present findings are based on cross-sectional survey data. Conclusion: Although sleep is one of the most crucial bodily activities, our study of young adults found that more than 60% had moderate to severe sleep deprivation/daytime sleepiness as reported on the Epworth Sleepiness scale.