Genetic analysis of influenza A viruses of swine from commercial farms in Serbia.

Swine influenza presents a very important health and economic issue in pig productions worldwide. Viruses that cause the disease are genetically very diverse but usually belong to the H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtype of influenza A viruses. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the full genome of viruses detected in swine from seven commercial farms. Through the analysis of the complete sequences of internal gene cassette together with previously characterized HA and NA genes we found three different genotypes amongst five completely sequenced viruses. Two viruses possessed a completely H1avN1 genotype (40%) and belonged to the H1avN1 lineage, which is prevalent in European swine populations. The other three viruses have arisen through the reassortment of the genes of H1avN1 and H1N1pdm09 lineages. In one sample we detected coinfection with viruses of H3N2 subtype with genes of H1avN1, H1N1pdm09 and A/swine/Gent/1/1984-like H3N2 lineages that presents a potential environment for the generation of a triple reassortant virus. The presence of the H1N1pdm09 origin M gene in this sample implies the potential risk of the introduction of these viruses into the human population. Phylogenetic analysis of internal gene cassette revealed slower evolution within genes of H1N1pdm09 lineage than those of H1avN1 lineage.

A Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis outbreak in weaned piglets in Serbia: clinical signs, pathologic changes, and microbiologic features.

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis is rarely detected in Europe, but the clinical disease has been reported in wild boars. We describe here the clinical findings, pathologic changes, and microbiologic features of swine salmonellosis caused by S. enterica serovar Choleraesuis in weaned piglets in Serbia. In April 2019, on a large farrow-to-finish pig farm, increased mortality was reported in weaned piglets, marked by lethargy, anorexia, pyrexia, and respiratory distress. Gross pathology revealed dermal cyanosis, mesenteric lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, interstitial pneumonia, and colitis. By direct culturing of lung, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, S. enterica ser. Choleraesuis variant Kunzendorf was isolated after years of absence of the disease in pig farms in Europe. The source of this salmonellosis outbreak caused by S. enterica ser. Choleraesuis remains unknown.

Identification and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 3 on pig farms in Serbia.

BACKGROUD: The presence of PCV3 genome has been detected in pigs affected by different clinical and pathological conditions as well as in healthy animals. Its presence has been reported in many countries of North and South America, Asia and Europe. However, there is no evidence of the presence and genetic characteristics of PCV3 in many European countries and especially the countries of the Balkan Peninsula. PURPOSE: The major objective of this study was to investigate the presence and obtain further genetic characterization of PCV-3 in the pig populations in Serbia. METHODS: To demonstrate the presence of PCV-3 DNA a conventional PCR assay was performed. The samples where no PCR product was observed (n=32), were further tested with a real-time PCR assay. The six PCR samples that were strongly positive for PCV-3 were subjected to amplification and sequencing of their entire cap genes and complete viral genome. RESULTS: We report on the first identification, genetic diversity and potential association in pathogenesis of some systemic and respiratory swine diseases of PCV-3 in Serbia. CONCLUSION: The results imply that PCV-3 circulates widely in the pig population and has a high similarity with previously reported isolates. Detected PCV-3 can be associated with some swine systemic and respiratory diseases but these associations are strongly influenced by the clinical or pathological condition of the animals. Our findings demonstrate that there are certain PCV-3 loads in pigs suffering from active PRRSV infection, Glässer's disease, APP pleuropneumonia, pneumonic pasteurellosis and PRDC; however, the significance of this viral load, as well as the mechanism by which PCV-3 may act as a secondary agent in aggravating the severity during co-infections of these pathogens, requires further research.