[Epidemiological distribution of genotypes and sub-genotypes of hepatitis B virus in 15 ethnic groups in China].

Objective: To understand the distribution of genotypes and sub-genotypes of HBV in different ethnic groups in China. Methods: The HBsAg positive samples were selected by stratified multi-stage cluster sampling from the sample base of national HBV sero-epidemiological survey in 2020 for the amplification of S gene of HBV by nested PCR. A phylogeny tree was constructed to determine the genotypes and sub-genotypes of HBV. The distribution of genotypes and sub-genotypes of HBV were analyzed comprehensively by using laboratory data and demographic data. Results: A total of 1 539 positive samples from 15 ethnic groups were successfully amplified and analyzed, and 5 genotypes (B, C, D, I and C/D) were detected. The proportion of genotype B was higher in ethnic group of Han (74.52%, 623/836), Zhuang (49.28%, 34/69), Yi (53.19%, 25/47), Miao (94.12%, 32/34), Buyi (81.48%, 22/27). The proportions of genotype C were higher in ethnic groups of Yao (70.91%, 39/55). Genotype D was the predominant genotype in Uygur (83.78%, 31/37). Genotype C/D were detected in Tibetan (92.35%,326/353). In this study, 11 cases of genotype I were detected, 8 of which were distributed in Zhuang nationality. Except for Tibetan, sub-genotype B2 accounted for more than 80.00% in genotype B in all ethnic groups. The proportions of sub-genotype C2 were higher in 8 ethnic groups, i.e. Han, Tibetan, Yi, Uygur, Mongolian, Manchu, Hui and Miao. The proportions of sub-genotype C5 were higher in ethnic groups of Zhuang (55.56%, 15/27) and Yao (84.62%, 33/39). For genotype D, sub-genotype D3 was detected in Yi ethnic group and sub-genotype D1 was detected in both Uygur and Kazak. The proportions of sub-genotype C/D1 and C/D2 in Tibetan were 43.06% (152/353) and 49.29% (174/353). For all the 11 cases of genotype I infection, only sub-genotype I1 was detected. Conclusions: Five genotypes and 15 sub-genotypes of HBV were found in 15 ethnic groups. There were significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and sub-genotypes of HBV among different ethnic groups.

[Combined resection of thoracic and abdominal organ clusters: a series of 50 cases].

Objective: To examine the technique and effect of combined thoracic and abdominal organ clusters resection. Methods: From February 2019 to August 2021, totally 50 cases of combined thoracoabdominal organ cluster resection were completed at Transplant Medical Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from donation after brain death donors. There were 47 males and 3 females, aging (34.8±12.3) years (range: 5 to 55 years). The length of hospital stay(M(IQR)) was 4(4) days (range: 2 to 43 days), the length of tube time was 4(2) days (range: 1 to 43 days). Through the midsternal incision and the abdominal grand cross incision, the cold perfusion was performing simultaneously when the perfusion lines of each target organ was established respectively. The combined resection was performed with the diaphragm as the boundary and the organ cluster as the unit. The heart and lung were separated on site and sent to the transplant hospital, and the abdominal organ cluster was directly preserved and returned to our hospital for further separation and repair. Results: Totaly 21 hearts, 47 pairs of lungs, 49 livers, 47 pairs of kidneys and 11 pancreas were harvested by this surgical treatment. The resection time was (32.6±6.5) minutes (range: 19 to 50 minutes), with no hot ischemia time. There was no accidental injury that affected organ quality and function. Heart transplantation was performed in 17 cases, combined heart-kidney transplantation in 2 cases, double lung transplantation in 43 cases, single lung transplantation in 6 cases, liver transplantation in 41 cases, combined liver-pancreas-duodenal cluster transplantation in 1 case, combined liver-kidney transplantation in 3 cases, combined pancreas-kidney transplantation in 9 cases, and kidney transplantation in 74 cases. Conclusion: Simultaneous perfusion and combined resection of thoracic and abdominal organ clusters for donation after brain death donors are feasible and effective.

[Epidemiological distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in acute hepatitis B cases in China,2015-2017].

Objective: To analyze the genotype distribution of acute hepatitis B virus in China. Methods: A total of six hundred and twenty acute Hepatitis B cases reported to China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention from 2015 to 2017 were selected. First, the full-length HBV genome was obtained by nested PCR amplification. In addition, the HBV genotype was determined by constructing a phylogeny tree. Finally, using primarydata, HBV genotype distribution was analyzed. Results: A total of 519 (83.71%, 519/620) sequences were obtained genotype of 620 acute hepatitis B cases, including A (0.19%, 1/519), B (27.17%, 141/519), C (62.04%, 322/519), D (9.06%, 47/519), I (0.77%, 4/519) and C/D (0.77%, 4/519); B2(95.03%, 134/141) and C2 (72.67%, 234/322) were the two major subgenotypes. Genotypes were distributed differently in seven regions of China. The proportion of genotype C appeared higher in Northeast China (94.55%, 52/55), North China (93.85%, 61/65), East China (78.87%, 56/71), and South China (58.14%, 50/86). The proportion of genotype B was higher in Central China (58.07%, 36/62) and Southwest China (52.94%, 45/85), the proportion of genotype D was the highest in Northwest China (48.42%, 46/95). A total of 515 cases were classified as serotypes, including 'adr' (57.48%, 296/515), 'adw' (30.87%, 159/515), 'ayr' (0.19%, 1/515), and 'ayw' (11.46%, 59/515). Genotype B was dominated by 'adw' serotype (92.14%, 129/140), genotype C was dominated by 'adr' serotype (91.88%, 294/320),all genotype D were 'ayw' serotype. The genotype of acute hepatitis B was correlated with serotype, 'adw' was dominant in genotype B, 'adr' was dominant in genotype C and 'ayw' was dominant in genotype D.In different gender and age group, there was no statistical significance ingenotype distribution (P>0.05). Conclusions: The genotype of acute hepatitis B in China from 2015 to 2017 was mainly B, C, and D; genotype C was dominant in the Northeast China,North China, East China and South China; B and C were common in Central and Southwest China, and genotype B was dominant. Genotype D was primarily distributed in Northwest China. The genotype of acute hepatitis B was correlated with serotype, 'adw' was dominant in genotype B, 'adr' was dominant in genotype C and 'ayw' was dominant in genotype D. There was no difference in the distribution of acute hepatitis B genotypes among different genders and age groups.

Selective hair analysis of nicotine by molecular imprinted solid-phase extraction: an application for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure.

A method using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as the selective sorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) has been developed. Its application to the assay of hairy nicotine level among smokers and non-smokers with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaluation of exposures to the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were validated. The MIP was synthesized using nicotine as the template molecule and methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer. This MIP-SPE method provided inherent selectivity and a sensitive response to nicotine with a detection limit of 0.2 ng/ml hair at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1 and the limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/ml. The linearity was assessed in the range of 0.5-80 ng/ml hair, with a coefficient (r(2)) greater than 0.987. The amounts of nicotine determined in smokers and non-smokers hair were in the range of 5.1-69.5 ng/mg hair and 0.50-9.3 ng/mg hair, respectively. The reported measures of ETS exposure were significantly associated with hairy nicotine levels. This assay of nicotine in hair using MISPE provided a very selective and reliable method for the evaluation of the exposure to tobacco smoke.