Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration: what factors determine success?

BACKGROUNDS: Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) has been shown to be effective in managing choledocholithiasis whilst avoiding ERCP-related complications. However, patient and technical factors effects outcome. This study aimed to explore the matters effecting the failure of LCBDE. METHODS: All patients who underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) between 2007 and 2021 were identified using a prospective database. Data were collected for patients who underwent LCBDE including demographics, pre-operative investigations, intra-operative findings, technique of bile duct clearance and clearance rates, and post-operative outcomes. Predictors of failed LCBDE were identified. RESULTS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 3648 patients. Of these, 374 underwent LCBDE for suspected choledocholithiasis. Choledochoscopy was most frequently used (58.8%) with a success rate of 84.1%. Small cystic duct diameter (4.7 vs. 3.4 mm, P = 0.002), stone size >6 mm (P = 0.02), stone: cystic duct ratio >1 (P = 0.04), and >3 stones was associated with failed LCBDE by univariate analysis. Small cystic duct diameter (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.26-0.77, P = 0.004) and stone size >6 mm (OR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.06-0.92), P = 0.04) correlated with failure by multivariate analysis. Failed LCBDE was associated with increased length of stay (6.6 days vs. 3.1 days, P = 0.001), however the rate of serious complications or mortality was unaffected. CONCLUSION: LCBDE is safe and effective in managing choledocholithiasis. Factors such as cystic duct diameter, size and number of CBD stones, and stone: cystic duct ratio are associated with increased likelihood of inadequate clearance. The presence of these factors can help clinicians in decision making during LCBDE to improve chance of success.

Second-look Surgery for Appendiceal High Grade and Colorectal Cancers Following Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC).

BACKGROUND/AIM: Up to a third of patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) of appendiceal or colorectal origin receive a stoma during primary surgery. Stoma reversal provides an opportunity for second-look surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) or high-grade appendiceal cancer (AC) from 2006 to 2021 from our database. A total of 34 consecutive stoma closure patients with no evidence of preoperative disease recurrence (tumor markers and CT scans) were compared with 141 consecutive re-do CRS/HIPEC patients with known recurrence. RESULTS: Eleven patients (32.4%) were identified to have peritoneal recurrence at stoma closure. Time between first and second CRS was 12 months (4 to 64.2) in the stoma closure group vs. 24.6 months (5.8 to 119.8) in the re-do group, while median peritoneal cancer index (PCI) was 4 (3 to 6) vs. 8 (1 to 39), respectively (p=0.0143). CONCLUSION: Second-look laparotomy during stoma closure identified unexpected PC in 32.4% of our patients with significantly lower PCI than planned re-do operations.

Bromelain and acetylcysteine (BromAc®) alone and in combination with gemcitabine inhibit subcutaneous deposits of pancreatic cancer after intraperitoneal injection.

Gemcitabine (GEM) is commonly chosen for treating pancreatic cancer. However, its use is limited by toxicity. Earlier in vitro studies with GEM in combination with Bromelain (Brom) and Acetylcysteine (Ac) indicated a substantial reduction in IC50. In this study, immunocytochemistry and Western blot were used to explore the mechanistic effects of Brom and Ac (BromAc®) in vitro. Then, we explored the efficacy and safety of BromAc® only and with GEM in a pancreatic cancer model in vivo. Immunocytochemistry results revealed a reduction in both MUC1 and MUC4 post-treatment. There was a decrease in VEGF, MMP-9, NF-κß and cleavage of PARP. There was also a decrease in the cell cycle regulators Cyclin B and D as well as TGF-ß and the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. In vivo, the low and high doses of BromAc® alone and with chemotherapy agents were safe. A very significant reduction in pancreatic tumour volume, weight, and ki67 were seen with BromAc® therapy and was equal to treatment with GEM alone and better than treatment with 5-FU. In addition, tumour density was significantly reduced by BromAc®. In conclusion, the anticancer effect of BromAc® is probably related to its mucin depletion activity as well as its effect on proteins involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and modulation of the tumour microenvironment. The in vivo results are encouraging and are considered the first evidence of the efficacy of BromAc® in pancreatic cancer. These results also provide some mechanistic leads of BromAc®.

Evaluation of Micronutrient Status Post Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: an Australian Perspective.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a type of bariatric technique that has comparable outcomes to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, the current gold standard. However, it can be associated with nutritional deficiencies postoperatively. The aim of this study was to evaluate micronutrient status post LSG. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 565 patients who underwent an LSG from January 2015 to September 2018. Patients lost to follow-up at 3, 6 and 12 months were 6.3%, 18.6% and 32.4%, respectively. Follow-up of the patients included regular dietetic input and micronutrient supplementation. Data that was collected included both anthropometry and nutritional markers. RESULTS: The mean preoperative weight and body mass index (BMI) were 118.13 ± 25.36 kg and 42.40 ± 7.66 kg/m2, respectively. Statistically, significant reductions in anthropometric parameters including weight, BMI (30.50 kg/m2), total weight loss (28.03%), excess weight loss (72.03%) and BMI loss (12.32 kg/m2) were observed at all timepoints up to 12 months follow-up. At 12 months, there were significant increases in 25-OH vitamin D with the incidence of deficiency decreasing from 45.7 to 15.0% compared to baseline. The incidence of hyperparathyroidism also decreased from 32.2 to 18.9% compared to baseline, and incidence of folate deficiency increased from 7.7 to 19.2%. Other nutritional parameters including calcium, iron, ferritin, vitamin B12, holotranscobalamin (active B12) and haemoglobin did not significantly change. CONCLUSIONS: Modest effects on micronutrient status were observed in the 12-month postoperative period. Of clinically significant, de novo folate deficiencies increased, and vitamin D deficiency and hyperparathyroidism decreased. Thus, optimizing postoperative micronutrient status is imperative following LSG.

p16 expression in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is not associated with integration of high risk HPV DNA or prognosis.

Head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (HNcSCC) can present with cervical metastases without an obvious primary. Immunohistochemistry for p16 is established as a surrogate marker of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oropharyngeal cancer. p16 expression in HNcSCC needs to be elucidated to determine its utility in predicting the primary site. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of p16 expression in HNcSCC and its association with prognostic factors and survival. p16 immunohistochemistry was performed on 166 patients with high risk HNcSCC (2000-2013) following histopathology review. Chromogenic in situ hybridisation (CISH) for HPV was performed. Fifty-three (31.9%) cases showed strong, diffuse nuclear and cytoplasmic p16 expression including 14 (41%) non-metastatic and 39 (29.5%) metastatic tumours (p=0.21). HPV CISH was negative in all cases. p16 expression significantly increased with poorer differentiation (p=0.033), but was not associated with size (p=0.30), depth of invasion (p=0.94), lymphovascular invasion (p=0.31), perineural invasion (p=0.69), keratinisation (p=0.99), number of involved nodes (p=0.64), extranodal extension (p=0.59) or survival. Nearly 32% of HNcSCCs, particularly poorly differentiated HNcSCCs, show p16 expression. A primary HNcSCC should be considered in p16 positive neck node metastases in regions with high prevalence of HNcSCC. p16 expression is not associated with improved survival in HNcSCC.

Mucins in pancreatic cancer: biological role, implications in carcinogenesis and applications in diagnosis and therapy.

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth highest cause of cancer mortality in the world. It has very low survival rates owing to late diagnosis resulting from the absence of accurate diagnostic tools and effective therapies. Hence, there is a pressing need to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In the recent years, there has been new evidence implicating the importance of mucins in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Mucins belong to a group of heavily glycosylated proteins, and are often aberrantly expressed in a number of cancers such as pancreatic cancer. Therefore, this literature review will summarise the role of mucins and mucin expression in pancreatic neoplasms. Subsequently the paper will also discuss the most recent advances in the biological properties of mucins and their role in carcinogenesis and resistance to chemotherapy. Then it will conclude on the newest developments in diagnosis and therapy based on mucins for pancreatic cancer.

Novel technique using a bioabsorbable prosthesis with fibrin glue fixation to prevent a Petersen's space hernia.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is a bariatric operation that is effective for long-term weight loss. Although rare, one serious complication is an internal hernia through Petersen's space, which may result in bowel strangulation. Although the incidence of internal hernia can be reduced through closing the Petersen's defect, it does not eliminate the risk. This case describes a novel and reliable method to close Petersen's defect. We report the case of a 30-year-old female who underwent a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for the management of morbid obesity. Following her Roux-en-Y reconstruction, a prosthetic bioabsorbable mesh was placed in Petersen's space and reinforced with fibrin glue to prevent internal herniation through Petersen's defect. The use of a bioabsorbable mesh in Petersen's space is a novel and easy technique that could be used to reduce the incidence of an internal hernia through Petersen's defect.