Perforated peptic ulcer disease in transferred patients is associated with significant increase in length of stay.

BACKGROUND: Perforated peptic ulcer disease (PPUD) has a prevalence of 0.004-0.014% with mortality of 23.5% (Tarasconi et al. in World J Emerg Surg 15(PG-3):3, 2020). In this single center study, we examined the impact associated with patient transfer from outside facilities to our center for definitive surgical intervention (exploratory laparotomy). METHODS: Using EPIC report workbench, we identified 27 patients between 2018 and 2021 undergoing exploratory laparotomy with a concurrent diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease, nine of which were transferred to our institution for care. We queried this population for markers of disease severity including mortality, length of stay, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, and readmission rates. Manual chart reviews were performed to examine these outcomes in more detail and identify patients who had been transferred to our facility for surgery from an outside hospital. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients were identified undergoing exploratory laparotomy for definitive treatment of PPUD. The majority of patients queried underwent level A operations, the most urgent level of activation. In our institution, a Level A operation needs to go to the operating room within one hour of arrival to the hospital. Average mortality for this patient population was 14.8%. The readmission rate was 40.1%, and average length of ICU stay post-operatively was 16 days, with 83% of non-transfer patients requiring ICU admission and 100% of transfer patients requiring ICU admission, although this was not found to be statistically significant. Average length of hospital stay was 27 days overall. For non-transfer patients and transfer patients, LOS was 20 days and 41 days, respectively, which was statistically significant by one-sided t-test (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients transferred for definitive care of PPUD in a population otherwise notable for high mortality and high readmission rates: their average length of stay compared to non-transfer patients was over twice the length, which was statistically significant. Transferred patients also had higher rates of ICU care requirement although this was not statistically significant. Further inquiry to identify modifiable variables to facilitate the care of transferred patients is warranted, especially in the context of improving quality metrics known to enhance patient outcomes, satisfaction, and value.

Corneal ring infiltrate- far more than Acanthamoeba keratitis: review of pathophysiology, morphology, differential diagnosis and management.

OBJECTIVE: Ring infiltrates usually accompany numerous infectious and sterile ocular disorders. Nevertheless, systemic conditions, drugs toxicity and contact lens wear may present with corneal ring infiltrate in substantial part. Considering its detrimental effect on vision, detailed knowledge on etiology, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and management should be considered essential for every ophthalmologist. METHODS: The PUBMED database was searched for "corneal ring infiltrate" and "ring infiltrate" phrases, "sterile corneal infiltrate" and "corneal infiltrate". We analyzed articles written in English on risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, morphological features, ancillary tests (anterior-segment optical coherence tomography, corneal scraping, in vivo confocal microscopy), differential diagnosis and management of corneal ring infiltrate. RESULTS: Available literature depicts multifactorial origin of corneal ring infiltrate. Dual immunological pathophysiology, involving both antibodies-dependent and -independent complement activation, is underlined. Furthermore, we found that the worldwide most prevalent among non-infectious and infectious ring infiltrates are ring infiltrates related to contact-lens wear and bacterial keratitis respectively. Despite low incidence of Acanthamoeba keratitis, it manifests with corneal ring infiltrate with the highest proportion of the affected patients (one third). However, similar ring infiltrate might appear as a first sign of general diseases manifestation and require targeted treatment. Every corneal ring infiltrate with compromised epithelium should be scraped and treat as an infectious infiltrate until not proven otherwise. Of note, microbiological ulcer might also lead to immunological ring and therefore require anti-inflammatory treatment. CONCLUSION: Corneal ring infiltrate might be triggered not only by ocular infectious and non-infectious factors, but also by systemic conditions. Clinical assessment is crucial for empirical diagnosis. Furthermore, treatment is targeted towards the underlying condition but should begin with anti-infectious regimen until not proven otherwise.

Short-chain fatty acids induce tissue plasminogen activator in airway epithelial cells via GPR41&43.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease generally divided based on the presence or absence of nasal polyps (NPs). One of the features of NPs is excessive fibrin deposition, which is associated with down-regulation of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in NPs. As t-PA is expressed in epithelial cells, and epithelium is readily accessible to topical therapies, identifying compounds that can mediate the induction of t-PA would be a potential new strategy for the treatment of NPs. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can induce t-PA in airway epithelial cells via their known receptors GPR41 and GPR43. METHODS: We performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine whether receptors for SCFAs, known as G protein-coupled receptor 41/free fatty acid receptor 3 (GPR41/FFAR3) and GPR43/FFAR2, are expressed in nasal tissue. Primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells were stimulated with different concentrations of SCFAs to test induction of t-PA, which was analysed by expression of mRNA and protein. Mediation of responses by SCFA receptors was evaluated by specific receptor gene silencing with siRNA. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry study revealed that airway epithelial cells expressed GPR41 and GPR43. Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid significantly induced t-PA expression from two- to tenfolds. The strongest inducer of t-PA from NHBE cells was propionic acid; cells stimulated with propionic acid released t-PA into the supernatant in its active form. Gene silencing of GPR41 and GPR43 revealed that induction of t-PA by SCFAs was dependent upon both GPR41 and GPR43. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Short-chain fatty acids were shown to induce airway epithelial cell expression of t-PA via GPR41 and GPR43. Topical delivery of potent compounds that activate these receptors may have value by reducing fibrin deposition and shrinking nasal polyp growth.

Chronic airway inflammation provides a unique environment for B cell activation and antibody production.

BACKGROUND: B cells play many roles in health and disease. However, little is known about the mechanisms that drive B cell responses in the airways, especially in humans. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease of the upper airways that affects 10% of Europeans and Americans. A subset of CRS patients develop nasal polyps (NPs), which are characterized by type 2 inflammation, eosinophils and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). We have reported that NP contain elevated levels of B cells and antibodies, making NP an ideal system for studying B cells in the airways. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the mechanisms that drive B cell activation and antibody production during chronic airway inflammation. METHODS: We analysed B cells from NP or tonsil, or after ILC2 coculture, by flow cytometry. Antibody production from tissue was measured using Luminex assays and the frequency of antibody-secreting cells by ELISpot. Formation of B cell clusters was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Expression of genes associated with B cell activation and class switch recombination was measured by qRT-PCR. RESULTS: NP contained significantly elevated frequencies of plasmablasts, especially those that expressed the extrafollicular marker Epstein-Barr virus-induced protein 2 (EBI2), but significantly fewer germinal centre (GC) B cells compared with tonsil. Antibody production and the frequency of antibody-secreting cells were significantly elevated in NP, and there was evidence for local class switch recombination in NP. Finally, ILC2s directly induced EBI2 expression on B cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our data suggest there is a unique B cell activation environment within NP that is distinct from classic GC-mediated mechanisms. We show for the first time that ILC2s directly induce EBI2 expression on B cells, indicating that ILC2s may play an important role in B cell responses. B cell-targeted therapies may provide new treatment options for CRSwNP.

Human adult neurogenesis across the ages: An immunohistochemical study.

AIMS: Neurogenesis in the postnatal human brain occurs in two neurogenic niches; the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the wall of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. The extent to which this physiological process continues into adulthood is an area of ongoing research. This study aimed to characterize markers of cell proliferation and assess the efficacy of antibodies used to identify neurogenesis in both neurogenic niches of the human brain. METHODS: Cell proliferation and neurogenesis were simultaneously examined in the SVZ and SGZ of 23 individuals aged 0.2-59 years, using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence in combination with unbiased stereology. RESULTS: There was a marked decline in proliferating cells in both neurogenic niches in early infancy with levels reaching those seen in the adjacent parenchyma by 4 and 1 year of age, in the SVZ and SGZ, respectively. Furthermore, the phenotype of these proliferating cells in both niches changed with age. In infants, proliferating cells co-expressed neural progenitor (epidermal growth factor receptor), immature neuronal (doublecortin and beta III tubulin) and oligodendrocytic (Olig2) markers. However, after 3 years of age, microglia were the only proliferating cells found in either niche or in the adjacent parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a marked decline in neurogenesis in both neurogenic niches in early childhood, and that the sparse proliferating cells in the adult brain are largely microglia.

Elevated presence of myeloid dendritic cells in nasal polyps of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Although chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by Th2 inflammation, the mechanism underlying the onset and amplification of this inflammation has not been fully elucidated. Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen-presenting cells, central inducers of adaptive immunity and critical regulators of many inflammatory diseases. However, the presence of DCs in CRS, especially in nasal polyps (NPs), has not been extensively studied. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to characterize DC subsets in CRS. METHODS: We used real-time PCR to assess the expression of mRNA for markers of myeloid DCs (mDCs; CD1c), plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs; CD303) and Langerhans cells (LCs; CD1a, CD207) in uncinate tissue (UT) from controls and patients with CRS as well as in NP. We assayed the presence of DCs by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Compared to UT from control subjects (n = 15) and patients with CRS without NP (CRSsNP) (n = 16) and CRSwNP (n = 17), mRNAs for CD1a and CD1c were significantly elevated in NPs (n = 29). In contrast, CD207 mRNA was not elevated in NPs. Immunohistochemistry showed that CD1c(+) cells but not CD303(+) cells were significantly elevated in NPs compared to control subjects or patients with CRSsNP. Flow cytometric analysis showed that CD1a(+) cells in NPs might be a subset of mDC1s and that CD45(+) CD19(-) CD1c(+) CD11c(+) CD141(-) CD303(-) HLA-DR(+) mDC1s and CD45(+) CD19(-) CD11c(+) CD1c(-) CD141(high) HLA-DR(+) mDC2s were significantly elevated in NPs compared to UT from controls and CRSsNP, but CD45(+) CD11c(-) CD303(+) HLA-DR(+) pDCs were only elevated in NPs compared to control UT. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Myeloid DCs are elevated in CRSwNP, especially in NPs. Myeloid DCs thus may indirectly contribute to the inflammation observed in CRSwNP.

Reduced expression of antimicrobial PLUNC proteins in nasal polyp tissues of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a disease characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses. This inflammation may result in part from decreased epithelial barrier and innate immune responses, leading to frequent bacterial and fungal colonization. The objectives of this study were to investigate the expression of innate immune proteins of the palate lung and nasal epithelium clone (PLUNC) family in patients with CRS. METHODS: Nasal tissue samples were collected from control subjects and CRS patients with and without nasal polyps. Expression of the members of the PLUNC family was analyzed by real-time PCR. Expression of SPLUNC1 and LPLUNC2 proteins was analyzed by ELISA, immunoblot, and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: Levels of mRNA for most of the members of the PLUNC family were profoundly reduced in nasal polyps (NPs) compared to uncinate tissue from control subjects or patients with CRS. LPLUNC2 and SPLUNC1 proteins were decreased in NPs of patients with CRS compared to uncinate tissue from control subjects. Immunohistochemical data revealed that within submucosal glands of sinonasal tissues, SPLUNC1 and LPLUNC2 were differentially expressed, in serous and mucous cells, respectively. The decrease in the expression of these molecules is probably explained by a decrease in the number of glands in NPs as revealed by correlations with levels of the glandular marker lactoferrin. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased SPLUNC1 and LPLUNC2 in NPs reflect a profound decrease in the number of submucosal glands. Decreased glands may lead to a localized defect in the production and release of glandular innate defense molecules.

Differential expression of interleukin-32 in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by local inflammation of the upper airways and sinuses and is frequently divided into polypoid CRS (CRSwNP) and nonpolypoid CRS (CRSsNP). However, the mechanism of inflammation in CRS has still not been fully elucidated. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of interleukin-32 (IL-32), a recently discovered proinflammatory cytokine, in CRS. METHODS: We collected nasal epithelial cells and nasal tissue from patients with CRS and control subjects. We assayed mRNA for IL-32 by real-time PCR and measured IL-32 protein using ELISA, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The expression of mRNA for IL-32 was elevated in epithelial cells from uncinate tissue from patients with CRSsNP compared with patients with CRSwNP (P < 0.05), control subjects (P=0.06), and epithelial cells from nasal polyp (NP) tissue (P < 0.05). Production of IL-32 was induced by IFN-γ, TNF, and dsRNA in primary airway epithelial cells. In whole-tissue extracts, the expression of IL-32 protein was significantly elevated in patients with CRSwNP compared with patients with CRSsNP and control subjects. Immunohistochemistry data showed that IL-32 was detected in mucosal epithelial cells and inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. Levels of IL-32 were correlated with the levels of CD3 and macrophage mannose receptor in NP tissue. Immunofluorescence data showed IL-32 co-localization with CD3-positive T cells and CD68-positive macrophages in NPs. CONCLUSION: Overproduction of IL-32 may be involved in the pathogenesis of CRS, although the role of IL-32 in the inflammation in CRSsNP and CRSwNP may be different.

Proteome analysis of the effect of mucoid conversion on global protein expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 shows induction of the disulfide bond isomerase, dsbA.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains that cause chronic pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis patients typically undergo mucoid conversion. The mucoid phenotype indicates alginate overproduction and is often due to defects in MucA, an antisigma factor that controls the activity of sigma-22 (AlgT [also called AlgU]), which is required for the activation of genes for alginate biosynthesis. In this study we hypothesized that mucoid conversion may be part of a larger response that activates genes other than those for alginate synthesis. To address this, a two-dimensional (2-D) gel analysis was employed to compare total proteins in strain PAO1 to those of its mucA22 derivative, PDO300, in order to identify protein levels enhanced by mucoid conversion. Six proteins that were clearly more abundant in the mucoid strain were observed. The amino termini of such proteins were determined and used to identify the gene products in the genomic database. Proteins involved in alginate biosynthesis were expected among these, and two (AlgA and AlgD) were identified. This result verified that the 2-D gel approach could identify gene products under sigma-22 control and upregulated by mucA mutation. Two other protein spots were also clearly upregulated in the mucA22 background, and these were identified as porin F (an outer membrane protein) and a homologue of DsbA (a disulfide bond isomerase). Single-copy gene fusions were constructed to test whether these proteins were enhanced in the mucoid strain due to increased transcription. The oprF-lacZ fusion showed little difference in levels of expression in the two strains. However, the dsbA-lacZ fusion showed two- to threefold higher expression in PDO300 than in PAO1, suggesting that its promoter was upregulated by the deregulation of sigma-22 activity. A dsbA-null mutant was constructed in PAO1 and shown to have defects predicted for a cell with reduced disulfide bond isomerase activity, namely, reduction in periplasmic alkaline phosphatase activity, increased sensitivity to dithiothreitol, reduced type IV pilin-mediated twitching motility, and reduced accumulation of extracellular proteases, including elastase. Although efficient secretion of elastase in the dsbA mutant was still demonstrable, the elastase produced appeared to be unstable, possibly as a result of mispaired disulfide bonds. Disruption of dsbA in the mucoid PDO300 background did not affect alginate production. Thus, even though dsbA is coregulated with mucoid conversion, it was not required for alginate production. This suggests that mucA mutation, which deregulates sigma-22, results in a global response that includes other factors in addition to increasing the production of alginate.

Effect of rpoS mutation on the stress response and expression of virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The sigma factor RpoS (sigmaS) has been described as a general stress response regulator that controls the expression of genes which confer increased resistance to various stresses in some gram-negative bacteria. To elucidate the role of RpoS in Pseudomonas aeruginosa physiology and pathogenesis, we constructed rpoS mutants in several strains of P. aeruginosa, including PAO1. The PAO1 rpoS mutant was subjected to various environmental stresses, and we compared the resistance phenotype of the mutant to that of the parent. The PAO1 rpoS mutant was slightly more sensitive to carbon starvation than the wild-type strain, but this phenotype was obvious only when the cells were grown in a medium supplemented with glucose as the sole carbon source. In addition, the PAO1 rpoS mutant was hypersensitive to heat shock at 50 degrees C, increased osmolarity, and prolonged exposure to high concentrations of H2O2. In accordance with the hypersensitivity to H2O2, catalase production was 60% lower in the rpoS mutant than in the parent strain. We also assessed the role of RpoS in the production of several exoproducts known to be important for virulence of P. aeruginosa. The rpoS mutant produced 50% less exotoxin A, but it produced only slightly smaller amounts of elastase and LasA protease than the parent strain. The levels of phospholipase C and casein-degrading proteases were unaffected by a mutation in rpoS in PAO1. The rpoS mutation resulted in the increased production of the phenazine antibiotic pyocyanin and the siderophore pyoverdine. This increased pyocyanin production may be responsible for the enhanced virulence of the PAO1 rpoS mutant that was observed in a rat chronic-lung-infection model. In addition, the rpoS mutant displayed an altered twitching-motility phenotype, suggesting that the colonization factors, type IV fimbriae, were affected. Finally, in an alginate-overproducing cystic fibrosis (CF) isolate, FRD1, the rpoS101::aacCI mutation almost completely abolished the production of alginate when the bacterium was grown in a liquid medium. On a solid medium, the FRD1 rpoS mutant produced approximately 70% less alginate than did the wild-type strain. Thus, our data indicate that although some of the functions of RpoS in P. aeruginosa physiology are similar to RpoS functions in other gram-negative bacteria, it also has some functions unique to this bacterium.

Target range of zwittermicin A, an aminopolyol antibiotic from Bacillus cereus.

Zwittermicin A is a novel antibiotic produced by Bacillus cereus UW85, which suppresses certain plant diseases in the laboratory and in the field. We developed a rapid method for large-scale purification of zwittermicin A and then studied the in vitro activity of zwittermicin A against bacteria, fungi, and protists. Zwittermicin A was highly active against the Oomycetes and their relatives, the algal protists, and had moderate activity against diverse Gram-negative bacteria and certain Gram-positive bacteria as well as against a wide range of plant pathogenic fungi. Zwittermicin A was more active against bacteria and fungi at pH 7-8 than at pH 5-6. When zwittermicin A was combined with kanosamine, another antibiotic produced by B. cereus, the two acted synergistically against Escherichia coli and additively against Phytophthora medicaginis, an Oomycete. The results indicate that there are diverse potential applications of this new class of antibiotic.

Production of kanosamine by Bacillus cereus UW85.

Bacillus cereus UW85 produces two antibiotics that contribute to its ability to suppress certain plant diseases (L. Silo-Suh, B. Lethbridge, S. J. Raffel, H. He, J. Clardy, and J. Handelsman, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2023-2030, 1994). To enhance the understanding of disease suppression by UW85, we determined the chemical structure, regulation, and the target range of one of the antibiotics. The antibiotic was identified as 3-amino-3-deoxy-D-glucose, also known as kanosamine. Kanosamine was highly inhibitory to growth of plant-pathogenic oomycetes and moderately inhibitory to certain fungi and inhibited few bacterial species tested. Maximum accumulation of kanosamine in B. cereus UW85 culture supernatants coincided with sporulation. Kanosamine accumulation was enhanced by the addition of ferric iron and suppressed by addition of phosphate to rich medium. Kanosamine accumulation was also enhanced more than 300% by the addition of alfalfa seedling exudate to minimal medium.

Biological activities of two fungistatic antibiotics produced by Bacillus cereus UW85.

Cultures and culture filtrates of Bacillus cereus UW85 suppress damping-off of alfalfa caused by Phytophthora medicaginis. We studied the role in disease suppression of two antibiotics from culture filtrates of UW85 that reversibly inhibited growth of P. medicaginis. We purified the two antibiotics by cation-exchange chromatography and high-voltage paper electrophoresis and showed that one of them, designated zwittermicin A, was an aminopolyol of 396 Da that was cationic at pH 7.0; the second, designated antibiotic B, appeared to be an aminoglycoside containing a disaccharide. Both antibiotics prevented disease of alfalfa seedlings caused by P. medicaginis. Purified zwittermicin A reversibly reduced elongation of germ tubes derived from cysts of P. medicaginis, and antibiotic B caused swelling of the germ tubes. Mutants generated with Tn917 or mitomycin C treatment were screened either for antibiotic accumulation in an agar plate diffusion assay or for the ability to suppress damping-off disease of alfalfa. Of 2,682 mutants screened for antibiotic accumulation, 5 mutants were substantially reduced in antibiotic accumulation and disease-suppressive activity. Of the 1,700 mutants screened for disease-suppressive activity, 3 mutants had reduced activity and they accumulated less of both antibiotics than did the parent strain. The amount of antibiotic accumulated by the mutants was significantly correlated with the level of disease suppression. Addition of either zwittermicin A or antibiotic B to alfalfa plants inoculated with a culture of a nonsuppressive mutant resulted in disease suppression. These results demonstrate that B. cereus UW85 produces two fungistatic antibiotics that contribute to suppression of damping-off disease of alfalfa.