Maintenance of the synergistic effects of cord blood cells and erythropoietin combination therapy after additional cord blood infusion in children with cerebral palsy: 1-year open-label extension study of randomized placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: This 1-year open-label extension study aimed to identify the persistent synergistic effects of allogeneic umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells and erythropoietin (EPO) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) for up to 2 years. METHODS: This open-label extension study followed children with CP who were enrolled in the previous randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. The following groups from the first trial were maintained: (A) UCB + EPO, (B) UCB, (C) EPO, and (D) only placebo, and all the participants had continued active rehabilitation. This extended study started 3 months after termination of the first trial, which had a 1-year follow-up duration. All subjects received single additional UCB intravenous infusion at the extension baseline regardless of their initial allocation. Outcome measures were the gross motor performance measure (GMPM), gross motor function measure-66 (GMFM-66), and Bayley scales of infant development-II (BSID-II), which were followed at 3, 6, and 12 months after the extension baseline. Changes in the outcome scores from the baseline values of the previous trial and this study were analysed. RESULTS: Sixty-nine children (4.29 ± 1.28 years, M:F = 34:35) were included in this study. Each group showed improvements in the outcome measures at 12 months after additional UCB infusion compared to the baseline scores, except for GMFM and GMPM in Group C which were elevated at 3 and 6 months post-therapy. Total subject analyses did not show significant differences in the outcome measures between the four different groups at 3, 6 and 12 months after additional UCB therapy. However, patients with severe dysfunction, whose GMFCS levels were IV and V, revealed a larger improvement of the GMPM score in Group A than in Group D (Ps < 0.05) from the baseline value of the previous trial. The changes in BSID-II mental scale scores were positively correlated with the number of administered total nucleated cells per unit body weight during this one-year extension study period (r = 0.536, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that when administering UCB to treat patients with CP, combination therapy with EPO is more effective, and the effect might last as long as 2 years, especially in patients with severe impairments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CHA Bundang Medical Center IRB, No. 2015-06-093, approved on July 29, 2015, ( https://www.e-irb.com:3443/devlpg/nlpgS200.jsp ), ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03130816, retrospectively registered on April 27, 2017 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03130816?term=NCT03130816&draw=2&rank=1 ).

Safety and Efficacy of Allogeneic Umbilical Cord Blood Therapy for Global Development Delay and Intellectual Disability.

Most pediatric patients with global developmental delay (GDD) or intellectual disability (ID) have disrupted development. Since allogeneic umbilical cord blood (UCB) may exert neurotrophic effects, a prospective clinical trial was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of UCB therapy for GDD and ID. A total of 13 children (ages 23-149 months) with GDD and ID were enrolled and followed up for 12 months. Under criteria of histocompatibility and cell number, allogeneic UCB units were selected and infused once intravenously, and adverse events were monitored. The Bayley Scale of Infant Development-II (BSID-II) was used as primary outcome measurement tool, and evaluations for various functional abilities were also implemented. Safety assessment did not reveal significant adverse effects. Functional improvements in mental and motor developments along with daily living activities and languages were observed at 12 months postintervention compared with the baseline abilities (P < 0.05). Furthermore, mental developmental quotient derived from BSID-II mental scale revealed significantly facilitated improvement during the first 3 months (P < 0.05). In the survey conducted 80.7 ± 13.0 months after UCB infusion to assess satisfaction and long-term safety, no long-term adverse effects were reported, and 70% of the guardians reported satisfaction with the UCB infusion. Long-term changes in two patients who were regularly followed up beyond the study completion were noticeable. One case observed for 4 years showed dramatic improvement until 12 months after UCB therapy, whereas she showed insignificant improvement beyond 12 months after the therapy. Another case showed alleviation of autism with findings of anti-inflammatory response in his peripheral blood after UCB infusion. This clinical study provides support for further applications of UCB as a therapeutic avenue for children with GDD or ID owing to its safety and partial efficacy. Due to patient heterogeneity, further studies focusing on specific clinical manifestations and etiologies are required. Registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01769716).

Synergistic Effect in Neurological Recovery via Anti-Apoptotic Akt Signaling in Umbilical Cord Blood and Erythropoietin Combination Therapy for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury.

Our previous clinical studies demonstrated the synergistic therapeutic effect induced by co-administering recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) therapy for children with cerebral palsy. However, the cellular mechanism beyond the beneficial effects in this combination therapy still needs to be elucidated. A hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) model of neonates, representing cerebral palsy, was prepared and randomly divided into five groups (hUCB+rhEPO combination, hUCB, and rhEPO treatments over HIE, HIE control, and sham). Seven days after, hUCB was administered intraperitoneally and the rhEPO injections were started. Neurobehavioral tests showed the best outcome in the combination therapy group, while the hUCB and rhEPO alone treatments also showed better outcomes compared with the control (p < 0.05). Inflammatory cytokines were downregulated by the treatments and attenuated most by the combination therapy (p < 0.05). The hUCB+rhEPO treatment also showed remarkable increase in phosphorylation of Akt and potentiation of anti-apoptotic responses with decreased Bax and increased Bcl-2 (p < 0.05). Pre-treatment of MK-2206, an Akt inhibitor, for the combination therapy depressed the anti-apoptotic effects. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the therapeutic effect of hUCB therapy might be potentiated by co-administration of rhEPO via augmentation of anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic responses related to the phosphorylation of Akt.

Efficacy of Cord Blood Cell Therapy for Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome-A Case Report.

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is an extremely rare premature aging disorder characterized by short stature and atherosclerosis-induced death within teenage years. A 13-year-old male diagnosed with HGPS was administered three intravenous infusions of allogeneic cord blood (CB) cells from unrelated donors at four-month intervals to evaluate the safety and its therapeutic efficacy. Adverse events were monitored in addition to height, weight, laboratory blood tests, joint range of motion (ROM), and carotid Doppler. Cytokine and receptor assays were also performed. The patient exhibited an increase in growth rate for both height and weight. One year after therapy initiation, evident amelioration in pulse wave velocity, bilateral maximal intima-media thickness, and dyslipidemic status were observed, which were in abrupt aggravation prior to treatment. Further, an increase in flexibility occurred in some joints of the upper extremities. No serious adverse events were observed throughout the study period and one year beyond. A molecular assay revealed downregulation of proinflammatory and atherosclerosis, representing cytokine expressions following the administration of CB cells. This is the first reported case of an allogeneic CB trial in a patient with HGPS showing therapeutic effects of CB with improvements in anthropometric measures, joint ROM with amelioration of atherosclerosis, and dyslipidemia induced by anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic responses.

Correlation of Bone Mineral Density with Pulmonary Function in Advanced Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

BACKGROUND: A relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and physical function has been revealed in the general population and various diseases. However, there is a lack of research investigating the correlation between BMD and respiratory function, one of few measurable physical parameters in patients with advanced Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). OBJECTIVE: To determine whether pulmonary function parameters, including respiratory muscle strength, are related to BMD. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: A tertiary university hospital. PATIENTS: DMD patients who were over 20 years of age, nonambulatory, and supported by mechanical ventilators. METHODS: The patients' age, weight, and pulmonary function as well as the BMD of the first and the fourth lumbar vertebra were assessed. Pulmonary function includes forced vital capacity (FVC), unassisted and assisted peak cough flow (UPCF and APCF), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A bivariate correlation for BMD and other pulmonary parameters was calculated, and hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine predictors of spine Z-score. RESULTS: It was observed that the decrease in the spine BMD was not significantly correlated with age. However, the body mass index (BMI) and all parameters of pulmonary function were correlated with BMD. Partial correlation analysis adjusted by BMI showed that UPCF and APCF were powerful predictors of spine BMD. CONCLUSIONS: The BMD of the lumbar spine correlated with BMI and PCF in patients with DMD at an advanced stage.

Safety of Gastrostomy Tube Placement in Patients with Advanced Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis With Noninvasive Ventilation.

BACKGROUND: In patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), bulbar muscle dysfunction can occur, which eventually requires the initiation of enteral tube feeding. However, there is no consensus on the optimal timing for the gastrostomy or the proper ventilator support method during the procedure. We aimed to investigate the safe range of gastrostomy according to respiratory support status and forced vital capacity (FVC) % of predicted values classification and to compare the safety of noninvasive and invasive mechanical ventilation during the procedure in ALS patients with FVC < 30% of predicted. METHODS: A total of 477 patients diagnosed with ALS at our institution from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2018, were evaluated, and 105 patients were enrolled in this study. All medical records covering ventilation status and complications within 6 months to 1 year after the initial gastrostomy were gathered and reviewed. RESULTS: The gastrostomy procedure was considered safe regardless of FVC status or modality of respiratory support. There were complications related to the gastrostomy procedure in 6 of 105 patients and all were managed through conservative care. The incidence of complications, including respiratory ones, for noninvasive and invasive positive pressure ventilation was 5.5% and 9.6%, respectively, which were not statistically significantly different (P = .294). CONCLUSION: The procedure and tube placement of a gastrostomy can be safely performed in ALS patients with minimal FVC regardless of ventilation invasiveness. We suggest that there should be a new standard for FVC % of predicted to facilitate performing gastrostomy in ALS patients.

Potentiation of cord blood cell therapy with erythropoietin for children with CP: a 2 × 2 factorial randomized placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Concomitant administration of allogeneic umbilical cord blood (UCB) infusion and erythropoietin (EPO) showed therapeutic efficacy in children with cerebral palsy (CP). However, no clinical studies have investigated the effects of UCB and EPO combination therapy using a 2 × 2 four-arm factorial blinded design with four arms. This randomized placebo-controlled trial aimed to identify the synergistic and individual efficacies of UCB cell and EPO for the treatment of CP. METHODS: Children diagnosed with CP were randomly segregated into four groups: (A) UCB+EPO, (B) UCB+placebo EPO, (C) placebo UCB+EPO, and (D) placebo UCB+placebo EPO. Based on the UCB unit selection criteria of matching for ≥ 4/6 of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B, and DRB1 and total nucleated cell (TNC) number of ≥ 3 × 107/kg, allogeneic UCB was intravenously infused and 500 IU/kg human recombinant EPO was administered six times. Functional measurements, brain imaging studies, and electroencephalography were performed from baseline until 12 months post-treatment. Furthermore, adverse events were closely monitored. RESULTS: Eighty-eight of 92 children enrolled (3.05 ± 1.22 years) completed the study. Change in gross motor performance measure (GMPM) was greater in group A than in group D at 1 month (△2.30 vs. △0.71, P = 0.025) and 12 months (△6.85 vs. △2.34, P = 0.018) post-treatment. GMPM change ratios were calculated to adjust motor function at the baseline. Group A showed a larger improvement in the GMPM change ratio at 1 month and 12 months post-treatment than group D. At 12 months post-treatment, the GMPM change ratios were in the order of groups A, B, C, and D. These results indicate synergistic effect of UCB and EPO combination better than each single therapy. In diffusion tensor imaging, the change ratio of fractional anisotropy at spinothalamic radiation was higher in group A than group D in subgroup of age ≥ 3 years. Additionally, higher TNC and more HLA-matched UCB units led to better gross motor outcomes in group A. Adverse events remained unchanged upon UCB or EPO administration. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the efficacy of allogeneic UCB cell could be potentiated by EPO for neurological recovery in children with CP without harmful effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01991145 , registered 25 November 2013.

Clinical implication of maximal voluntary ventilation in myotonic muscular dystrophy.

Patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy type 1 (DM1) tend to exhibit earlier respiratory insufficiency than patients with other neuromuscular diseases at similar or higher forced vital capacity (FVC). This study aimed to analyze several pulmonary function parameters to determine which factor contributes the most to early hypercapnia in patients with DM1.We analyzed ventilation status monitoring, pulmonary function tests (including FVC, maximal voluntary ventilation [MVV], and maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure), and polysomnography in subjects with DM1 who were admitted to a single university hospital. The correlation of each parameter with hypercapnia was determined. Subgroup analysis was also performed by dividing the subjects into 2 subgroups according to usage of mechanical ventilation.Final analysis included 50 patients with a mean age of 42.9 years (standard deviation = 11.1), 46.0% of whom were male. The hypercapnia was negatively correlated with MVV, FVC, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and their ratios to predicted values in subjects with myotonic muscular dystrophy type 1. At the same partial pressure of carbon dioxide, the ratio to the predicted value was lowest for MVV, then FEV1, followed by FVC. Moreover, the P values for differences in MVV and its ratio to the predicted value between ventilator users and nonusers were the lowest.When screening ventilation failure in patients with DM1, MVV should be considered alongside other routinely measured parameters.

Remarkable improvement in a very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder patient after use of noninvasive intermittent positive pressure ventilator: A case report.

RATIONAL: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) impairs lung function and induces systemic effects, resulting in impaired quality of life. Skeletal muscle dysfunction-characteristic of advanced COPD patients-limits a patient's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL). In addition, dysphagia is commonly observed in COPD patients. PATIENT CONCERN: This case report documents a 42-year-old man with very severe COPD. He experienced aggravation of the symptoms during standard medical treatment and his ability to perform the ADL was significantly impaired. Furthermore, his dysphagia worsened despite oromotor training. DIAGNOSIS: He was diagnosed as very severe COPD have a problem with swallowing and respiratory function. INTERVENTION: Upon NIPPV treatment, the patient's ability to perform the ADL, as well as his dysphagia, showed improvement. OUTCOMES: Thus, we report the remarkable improvement of physical function, as well as dysphagia, in a very severe COPD patient after NIPPV treatment. LESSONS: NIPPV may be useful as a treatment option for such patients.

Five-Year Follow-Up and Outcomes of Noninvasive Ventilation in Subjects With Neuromuscular Diseases.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate the 5-year outcomes of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) application in different neuromuscular disease (NMD) groups. METHODS: We categorized 180 subjects who had initiated NIV between March 2001 and August 2009 into 4 groups and followed them for > 5 y. The NIV maintenance rate and average duration, applying time, and forced vital capacity (FVC) were investigated at the time NIV was initiated and 5 y after NIV initiation in each group. RESULTS: In subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)-congenital myopathy, the 5-year subjects who continued to use NIV over time were 22.5%, 89.4%, and 91.3%, respectively, and the average NIV maintenance durations were 21.53 ± 19.26 months, 55.22 ± 11.47 months, and 57.48 ± 8.34 months, respectively (P < .001). Median daily applying time changed from 8.0 h to 24.0 h (P < .001), from 8.0 h to 12.0 h (P < .001), and from 8.0 h to 9.0 h (P = .11) in subjects with ALS, DMD, and SMA-congenital myopathy, respectively. FVC decreased significantly after 5 y except in the group with combined SMA-congenital myopathy. CONCLUSIONS: NIV was tolerated long-term without significant increases in daily application time for most subjects with NMD. However, in individuals with ALS, development of severe bulbar symptoms can risk maintaining NIV.

Improvement of Peak Cough Flow After the Application of a Mechanical In-exsufflator in Patients With Neuromuscular Disease and Pneumonia: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate and demonstrate persistent increase of peak cough flow after mechanical in-exsufflator application, in patients with neuromuscular diseases and pneumonia. METHODS: A mechanical in-exsufflator was applied with patients in an upright or semi-upright sitting position (pressure setting, +40 and -40 cmH2O; in-exsufflation times, 2-3 and 1-2 seconds, respectively). Patients underwent five cycles, with 20-30 second intervals to prevent hyperventilation. Peak cough flow without and with assistive maneuvers, was evaluated before, and 15 and 45 minutes after mechanical in-exsufflator application. RESULTS: Peak cough flow was 92.6 L/min at baseline, and 100.4 and 100.7 L/min at 15 and 45 minutes after mechanical in-exsufflator application, respectively. Assisted peak cough flow at baseline, 15 minutes, and 45 minutes after mechanical in-exsufflator application was 170.7, 179.3, and 184.1 L/min, respectively. While peak cough flow and assisted peak cough flow increased significantly at 15 minutes after mechanical in-exsufflator application compared with baseline (p=0.030 and p=0.016), no statistical difference was observed between 15 and 45 minutes. CONCLUSION: Increased peak cough flow after mechanical in-exsufflator application persists for at least 45 minutes.

Correlation of Serum Creatine Kinase Level With Pulmonary Function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between serum creatine kinase (CK) level and pulmonary function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). METHODS: A total of 202 patients with DMD admitted to the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital were enrolled from January 1, 1999 to March 31, 2015. Seventeen patients were excluded. Data collected from the 185 patients included age, height, weight, body mass index, pulmonary function tests including forced vital capacity (FVC), peak cough flow, maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and laboratory measurements (serum level of CK, CK-MB, troponin-T, and B-type natriuretic peptide). FVC, MEP, and MIP were expressed as percentages of predicted normal values. RESULTS: Serum CK activities were elevated above normal levels, even in the oldest DMD group. Serum CK level was strongly correlated with pulmonary functions of sitting FVC (p<0.001), supine FVC (p<0.001), MIP (p=0.004), and MEP (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Serum CK level is a reliable screening test even in patients with advanced DMD, and is a strong predictor of pulmonary functions.

Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification in X-linked Recessive Muscular Dystrophy in Korean Subjects.

PURPOSE: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are similar genetic disorders whose patterns of mutation and disease phenotypes might be expected to show differences among different countries. We analyzed multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) data in a large number of Korean patients with DMD/BMD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We obtained 130 positive MLPA results (86 DMD, 27 BMD, and 17 female carriers) from 272 candidates (237 clinically suspected patients and 35 possible female carriers) who took part in this study. We analyzed the mutation patterns among 113 patients diagnosed by MLPA and calculated deletion/duplication percentages from a total of 128 patients, including 15 patients who were diagnosed using methods other than MLPA. We also analyzed hot spot locations among the 130 MLPA-positive results. RESULTS: Most mutations were detected in a central hot spot region between exons 44 and 55 (80 samples, 60.6%). Unlike previous reports, a second frequently observed hot spot near the 5'-end was not distinctive. MLPA detected deletions in specific exons in 92 patients with DMD/BMD (71.8%) and duplications in 21 patients (16.4%). CONCLUSION: Our MLPA study of a large number of Korean patients with DMD/BMD identified the most frequent mutation hot spot, as well as a unique hot spot pattern. DMD gene mutation patterns do not appear to show significant ethnic differences.

Long-Term Outcome of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Korean Subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To report the latest long-term outcome of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and to analyze the predictors of prognosis. METHODS: Subjects who were diagnosed with ALS between January 2005 and December 2009 at a single institute were followed up until death or up to December 2014. Data regarding age, sex, date of onset, date of diagnosis, presence of bulbar symptoms on onset, date of initiation of non-invasive ventilation (NIV), and the date of tracheostomy were collected. Survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate analyses of the risk of death were performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Among 212 suspicious subjects, definite ALS was diagnosed in 182 subjects. The survival rate at 3 and 5 years from onset was 61.5% and 40.1%, respectively, and the survival rate at 3 and 5 years post-diagnosis was 49.5% and 24.2%, respectively. Further, 134 patients (134/182, 73.6%) were initiated on NIV, and among them, 90 patients (90/182, 49.5%) underwent tracheostomy. Male gender and onset age of ≥65 years were independent predictors of adverse survival. CONCLUSION: The analysis of long term survival in ALS showed excellent outcomes considering the overall poor prognosis of this disease.

Nutritional Status and Body Composition in Korean Myopathy Patients.

In myopathy patients, fat mass increases as the disease progresses, while lean body mass decreases. The present study aimed to investigate the overall nutritional status of Korean myopathy patients through surveys of diet and dietary habits, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and biochemistry tests, as well as the examination of related factors, for the purpose of using such findings as a basis for improving the nutritional status in myopathy patients. The energy intake of all participants was found to be insufficient at only 44.5% of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2010 (KDRIs 2010), whereas protein intake was sufficient at 89.8% of KDRIs 2010. Dietary fiber intake was found to be 58.4% of sufficient dietary fiber intake for adults according to KDRIs 2010. Calcium intake was found to be 55.0% and magnesium was 14.9% of the recommended calcium and magnesium intake for adults according to KDRIs 2010. With respect to quality of life (QOL), overall increase in QOL domain score showed significant positive correlations with vegetable fat intake (p < 0.05), vegetable protein intake (p < 0.05), and dietary fiber intake (p < 0.05). With respect to BIA, the mean phage angle of all participants was found to be 2.49 ± 0.93°, which was below the cutoff value. As a study that examined nutrient analysis and dietary habits of myopathy patients in Korea, the present study is meaningful in providing the basic data for future studies that aim to present dietary guidelines for patients suffering from myopathy.

Ultrasound-guided myofascial trigger point injection into brachialis muscle for rotator cuff disease patients with upper arm pain: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of trigger point injection into brachialis muscle for rotator cuff disease patients with upper arm pain. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, and single-blinded clinical pilot trial was performed at university rehabilitation hospital. Twenty-one patients clinically diagnosed with rotator cuff disease suspected of having brachialis myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) were randomly allocated into two groups. Effect of ultrasound (US)-guided trigger point injection (n=11) and oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) (n=10) was compared by visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS: US-guided trigger point injection of brachialis muscle resulted in excellent outcome compared to the oral NSAID group. Mean VAS scores decreased significantly after 2 weeks of treatment compared to the baseline in both groups (7.3 vs. 4.5 in the injection group and 7.4 vs. 5.9 in the oral group). The decrease of the VAS score caused by injection (ДVAS=-2.8) was significantly larger than caused by oral NSAID (ДVAS=-1.5) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In patients with rotator cuff disease, US-guided trigger point injection of the brachialis muscle is safe and effective for both diagnosis and treatment when the cause of pain is suspected to be originated from the muscle.