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The use of fossil fuels leads to significant CO2 emissions, thus highlighting the importance for investigating the utilization of CO2 for generating high-value chemical products toward achieving the dual-carbon goal. CO2 can be efficiently used in synthesizing valuable organic compounds through C-C, C-O, C-H, and C-N bond construction, with reduction technologies effectively converting CO2 to organic carbon sources. Therefore, the research in developing environmentally friendly catalysts for efficient and renewable CO2 conversion holds great importance. New materials for catalytic conversion include zeolites, activated carbon, graphene, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), ionic liquids, semiconducting photocatalysts, single-atom catalysts (SACs), and dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs). The proper research and use of these materials can aid in the quest to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change. This Review focuses on the utilization of single-atom catalysts (SACs), ionic liquids (ILs), dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs), and carbene-metal catalytic systems in CO2 conversion. The potential for new materials in catalyzing the conversion of CO2 is examined by analyzing various common chemical carbon sequestration methods, ultimately providing possible research directions for effective solutions to climate and environmental pollution problems. On the basis of the high reaction rate and high treatment efficiency of the catalyst for the catalytic conversion of CO2, the Review focuses on the simpler and more economical synthesis method of the catalyst itself and the wider application prospects.
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Methods: An electronic literature search was performed using the keywords "tracheoesophageal fistula," "endoscopic," and "children" in the four major medical databases (Ovid, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science) right from inception to September 2022. All English language articles describing the endoscopic interventional therapies of TEF in children were reviewed. Two independent researchers screened eligible articles at the title and abstract level. Full texts of potentially relevant articles were then screened again, and reference lists were screened manually to identify additional studies. Relevant data were extracted and analyzed. A synthesis of the relevant data was presented in descriptive form because of the heterogeneity of the included articles. The Chi-Squared test was used with a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05). Results: Among the 1,167 retrieved papers, a total of 46 studies describing 170 TEF patients with an age range of 0.3-175 months were included, including 11 cases of acquired tracheoesophageal fistula, 144 cases of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula, and 15 cases of congenital tracheoesophageal fistula (H-type TEF). A total of 119 out of 170 fistulas were successfully blocked via endoscopic techniques with an overall success rate of 70.0%, while 48 fistulas failed to close by endoscopic interventions, following which the procedure was converted to open surgery. No obviously severe intraoperative/postoperative complications occurred during the follow-up period, but only a mild esophageal stricture was noticed in six patients and grade II tracheal stenosis in one patient. Two patients died from causes unrelated to endoscopic procedures, with a mortality rate of approximately 1.2%. A comparative assessment of different endoscopic interventional techniques for TEF that detected endotracheal stenting was performed in six patients and one fistula was successfully blocked (16.7%). De-epithelialization alone was performed in 65 patients and the fistula healed in 47 of them (72.3%), with the mean number of successful treatments required being 2.3 times. Chemical sealant injection was administered in 33 patients and success was achieved in 21 (63.6%). The average requirement for endoscopic procedures was 1.5 times. De-epithelialization, in combination with chemical sealant injection, was performed in 62 patients, achieving the highest success rate of 77.4% (48 patients). Other treatment methods were performed in four patients and successfully treatment outcomes were reported in two of them (50.0%). The mean number of successful treatments required was four times, and a treatment was converted to surgery in one patient (25.0%). An assessment of different TEF types showed that 9 out of 15 congenital TEFs, 7 out of 11 acquired TEFs, and 103 out of 144 recurrent TEFs were successfully occluded. A comparison of the success rate across multiple groups showed a significant difference with a score of P < 0.05, while there was no significant difference in the success rate of different TEF-type groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Endoscopic intervention is currently a preferred treatment modality for children with TEF because of its less-invasive nature, less complications, and high success rate. Among all interventional techniques, de-epithelialization, in combination with chemical sealant, has a higher success rate than other techniques. However, due to the limited number of cases reported for implementing many kinds of techniques, an ideal endoscopic interventional technique has yet to be devised, often necessitating more treatment applications and close follow-up.
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Introduction: Increasing the career success of scientific and technological innovation talents has become an important means of keeping and using talents in countries around the world. However, the problem has not been solved effectively. Methods: Thirty-five cases were chosen in this study. The combined effects of human capital, psychological capital, micro-social capital, team social capital, and macro-social capital on the career success of scientific and technological innovation talents, as well as relevant influencing mechanisms, were discussed using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). Results: Results demonstrate that: (a) while a single factor cannot be the only condition for the high career success of scientific and technological innovation talents in universities, increasing macro-social capital plays a relatively universal role in a high career success rate. (b) There are three paths driving the high career success of scientific and technological innovation talents in universities. (c) There are two paths driving the non-high career success of scientific and technological innovation. Both have characteristics of absent psychological capital and micro-social capital. Moreover, the driving mechanism of high career success has an asymmetrical causal relationship. Discussion: Research conclusions are not only conducive to expanding the research perspectives of social capital theory and career success, but also provide valuable insight into how to stimulate the career success of scientific and technological innovation talents in universities.
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SARS-CoV-2 can cause lung diseases, such as pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multi-system dysfunction. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) related to SARS-CoV-2 are conservative and pathogenic, and the common PTMs are glycosylation, phosphorylation, and acylation. The glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 mainly occurs on spike (S) protein, which mediates the entry of the virus into cells through interaction with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. SARS-CoV-2 utilizes glycans to cover its epitopes and evade the immune response through glycosylation of S protein. Phosphorylation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein improves its selective binding to viral RNA and promotes viral replication and transcription, thereby increasing the load of the virus in the host. Succinylated N and membrane(M) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 synergistically affect virus particle assembly. N protein regulates its affinity for other proteins and the viral genome through acetylation. The acetylated envelope (E) protein of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with bromodomain-containing protein 2/4 to influence the host immune response. Both palmitoylation and myristoylation sites on S protein can affect the virus infectivity. Papain-like protease is a domain of NSP3 that dysregulates host inflammation by deubiquitination and impinges host IFN-I antiviral immune responses by deISGylation. Ubiquitination of ORF7a inhibits host IFN-α signaling by blocking STAT2 phosphorylation. The methylation of N protein can inhibit the formation of host stress granules and promote the binding of N protein to viral RNA, thereby promoting the production of virus particles. NSP3 macrodomain can reverse the ADP-ribosylation of host proteins, and inhibit the cascade immune response with IFN as the core, thereby promoting the intracellular replication of SARS-CoV-2. On the whole, PTMs have fundamental roles in virus entry, replication, particle assembly, and host immune response. Mutations in various SARS-CoV-2 variants, which lead to changes in PTMs at corresponding sites, cause different biological effects. In this paper, we mainly reviewed the effects of PTMs on SARS-CoV-2 and host cells, whose application is to inform the strategies for inhibiting viral infection and facilitating antiviral treatment and vaccine development for COVID-19.
