Effects of 12 weeks of head-down strong abdominal breathing on motor and cognitive performance during dual-tasking in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Objective: Head-down training can affect behavioural and neurocognitive control while performing dual tasks (DT). Breathing training improves motor and cognitive performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). As a neurorehabilitation tool, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has been demonstrated to be an effective method for detecting changes in brain activation during motor recovery, as well as monitoring patients' long-term progress during DT in motor and cognitive performance. However, no studies have examined the combined effect of head-down position and breathing exercises on motor and cognitive performance during DT. This study will employ a novel intervention involving head-down strong abdominal breathing training to investigate its effects on motor and cognitive performance during DT in patients with COPD aiming to inform future training modalities in the community and at home. Methods: We will recruit participants from Anqing, China, through community announcements, bulletin board postings, WeChat, and offline visits and screen 72 patients with stable COPD, classified as Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) I-II, by pulmonologists at the university hospital. All participants will be randomly assigned to the head-down strong abdominal breathing (tilt angle 0-30° on the inversion apparatus, respiratory rate 20-30 breaths/min), head-down training, and strong abdominal breathing training groups in a 1:1:1 ratio. The intervention will last 12 weeks, with sessions performed thrice weekly for 1 h. Results: The primary outcomes will be motor-cognitive DT time, dual-task effects, correct responses to cognitive tasks, and gait characteristics assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks of intervention. The patient's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) will also be stimulated with fNIRS at wavelengths of 730 and 850 nm, with a sampling rate of 11 Hz, to record oxy-haemoglobin (oxy-Hb), deoxy-haemoglobin (deoxy-Hb), and total oxyhaemoglobin (total-Hb). Secondary outcomes will include pre- and post-intervention scales for dyspnoea, overall cognitive function, balance, and anxiety and depression. Conclusion: Alterations in the PFC involved in attentional control, planning, and decision-making may partially explain cognitive and motor deficits (such as impaired balance and slower walking speed) in patients with COPD. This study may help to understand the effects of head-down strong abdominal breathing training on cognitive and motor performance under DT in patients with COPD and compare it with head-down training and breathing training alone. It may also help to determine whether it is a simple and effective form of exercise at home and in the community.

Effects of Baduanjin Exercise on lung function and 6 min walk in COPD patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

COPD is a public health problem of global concern, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and is also the third leading cause of death from non-communicable diseases. To investigate the effect of Ba duan jin exercise on lung function and the results of a 6-min walking trial in patients with stable COPD. Literature databases such as Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Literature (CBM), CNKI, Wanfang Data and VIP were searched by computer, the search period is up to January 2024. Literature screening, quality evaluation and data extraction were carried out independently by two researchers. And use RevMan 5.3 software and StataMP 18 (64-bit) software to process the relevant outcome indicators. A total of 16 RCT studies with 1184 patients were included. The meta-analysis results showed that compared with the control group, Ba Duan Jin exercise could improve FEV1 (MD = 0.29, 95% CI (0.20, 0.37), P < 0.0001), FEV1/FVC (%) (MD = 3.86, 95% CI (2.24, 5.47), P < 0.00001), and 6-min walking distance (MD = 45.41, 95% CI (33.93, 56.89), P < 0.00001) in stable COPD patients. The results of subgroup analysis based on the duration of the intervention cycle, research quality, and intervention frequency showed that periodic Ba Duan Jin exercise can significantly improve the relevant lung function levels to varying degrees. At the same time, the intervention effect of Ba Duan Jin exercise during the implementation process is also affected by the duration of the exercise cycle, exercise frequency, and the completion of the exercise plan. Ba Duan Jin exercise has a positive improvement effect on lung function and 6-min walking distance in stable COPD patients. In the process of exercise implementation, attention should be paid to cultivating exercise habits, stabilizing and improving attendance rates, and strictly implementing training techniques to achieve the best clinical outcomes for these patients.

Effect of 12-week head-down strong abdominal breathing on cognitive function in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a single-centre randomised controlled trial protocol.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often suffer from a combination of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and a significant reduction in their quality of life. In the exercise programme of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), pulmonary rehabilitation intervention is often carried out by enhancing respiratory function. Strong abdominal breathing is a kind of breathing method, through which the diaphragm can be exercised, thereby enhancing the deflection distance of the diaphragm during breathing and improving respiratory function. The inversion trainer can meet the different angles of head-down training and also has the characteristics of low cost, easy to operate, and use a wide range of scenarios. According to currently available data, strong abdominal breathing in combination with head-down position has not yet been used in pulmonary rehabilitation in this type of rehabilitation programme. It is valuable to use this device to study PR of cognitive function in patients with COPD. METHODS: This study was a 12-week single-centre randomised controlled trial and blinding the assessors and data processors of the test. Recruitment is planned for January 1, 2024. It is expected that 81 patients with stable COPD combined with MCI will be recruited and randomly assigned to the head-down strong abdominal breathing group (HG), the fitness qigong eight-duanjin group (BDJ), and the control group (CG) in a 1:1:1 ratio. Using fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) to assess brain oxygen availability before and after pulmonary rehabilitation in three periods: before, during and after the intervention. Cognitive functioning is also assessed using the Overall Cognitive Assessment Scale, the Specific Cognitive Functioning Assessment Scale and the Cognitive Behavioural Ability Test. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The Specialised Committee on Scientific Research and Academic Ethics of the Academic Committee of Anqing Normal University approved the project (ANU2023001). China Clinical Trial Registry approved the study (ChiCTR2300075400) with a registration date of 2023/09/04. DISCUSSION: The aim of this study was to explore novel exercise rehabilitation methods to improve cognitive function in COPD patients. It results in a lower financial burden and higher participation in pulmonary rehabilitation and improves the quality of survival of patients with COPD.

Isotemporal substitution effect of 24-hour movement behavior on the mental health of Chinese preschool children.

The 24-h movement behavior of preschoolers comprises a spectrum of activities, including moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA), light-intensity physical activity (LPA), screen-based sedentary behavior (SCSB), non-screen-based sedentary behavior (NSCSB), and sleep. While previous research has shed light on the link between movement behaviors and children's mental health, the specific impacts on the unique demographic of Chinese preschoolers remain underexplored. This study significantly contributes to the literature by exploring how 24-h movement behavior affects the mental health of preschoolers in a Chinese context. The study involved205 Chinese preschool children (117 boys and 88 girls) between the ages of 3 and 6 years wore accelerometers to measure their LPA, MVPA, and sedentary behavior (SB), while their parents reported the time spent on sleep and SCSB. The parents also completed the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire to assess their children's mental health. The study used compositional regression and isotemporal substitution models to examine the relationship between the various components of 24-h movement behavior and mental health. The results showed that greater NCSSB compared to MVPA, LPA, sleep, and SCSB was associated with good prosocial behavior and lower scores on externalizing problems. This highlights the potential of NSCSB as a beneficial component in the daily routine of preschoolers for fostering mental well-being. Replacing 15 min of sleep and SCSB with 15 min of NSCSB was associated with a decrease of 0.24 and 0.15 units, respectively, in externalizing problems. Reallocating 15 min of sleep to NSCSB was linked to an increase of 0.11 units in prosocial behavior. There were no significant substitution effects between LPA and MVPA time with any other movement behavior on prosocial behavior and externalizing problems. Given the positive associations observed, further longitudinal studies are necessary to explore the link between 24-h movement behavior and mental health in preschool children.

Examining Relationships among Chinese Preschool Children's Meeting 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and Fundamental Movement Skills.

Background: Few studies have investigated associations between meeting 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and preschool children's fundamental movement skills (FMS). This study aimed to investigate the associations between Chinese preschoolers meeting various combinations of the Guidelines and FMS, as well as examining gender differences across those outcomes. Methods: A total of 322 preschool children (181 boys and 141 girls) aged 3−6 years old were recruited from five early-childhood education and care services in China. Children's 7-day physical activity (PA) was assessed using accelerometry, and screen time (ST) and sleep duration were reported by their parents. FMS were assessed by Test of Gross Motor Development 3. Descriptive statistics and gender differences in children's meeting the Guidelines and FMS were calculated using t-tests for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables. Results: Most preschoolers met the sleep and ST guidelines, but only 22.3% met the PA guidelines; 4% of preschoolers did not meet any of the recommendations, while 9.3% met all three recommendations. Boys reported significantly higher compliance with all combined recommendations. There were positive associations between meeting the PA guidelines and both locomotor (ß = 0.49; p < 0.001) and object control skills (ß = 0.21; p < 0.001). A significantly positive relationship was identified between meeting PA + sleep guidelines and locomotor skills (ß = −0.16; p = 0.02). A significantly negative association was observed between preschoolers' meeting sleep + ST guidelines and locomotor skills (ß = 0.31; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Few preschoolers met all three movement behavior guidelines. The findings suggest that PA levels, especially MVPA, are important for the promotion of FMS. Meanwhile, the impacts of ST and sleep on motor development cannot be neglected.

PpNUDX8, a Peach NUDIX Hydrolase, Plays a Negative Regulator in Response to Drought Stress.

Drought stress is a serious abiotic stress source that affects the growth and fruit quality of peach trees. However, the molecular mechanism of the NUDIX hydrolase family in peaches in response to drought stress is still unclear. Here, we isolated and identified the PpNUDX8 (Prupe.5G062300.1) gene from the peach NUDIX hydrolase family, and found that PpNUDX8 has a typical NUDIX hydrolase domain. In this study, we performed 15% PEG6000 drought treatment on peach seedlings, and qRT-PCR analysis showed that 15% PEG6000 induced the transcription level of PpNUDX8. Overexpression of PpNUDX8 reduced the tolerance of calli to 4% PEG6000 treatment. Compared with wild-type apple calli, PpNUDX8 transgenic apple calli had a lower fresh weight and higher MDA content. After 15% PEG6000 drought treatment, PpNUDX8 transgenic tobacco had a greater degree of wilting and shorter primary roots than Under control conditions. The chlorophyll, soluble protein, and proline contents in the transgenic tobacco decreased, and the MDA content and relative conductivity increased. At the same time, PpNUDX8 negatively regulated ABA signal transduction and reduced the transcriptional expression of stress response genes. In addition, PpNUDX8 was not sensitive to ABA, overexpression of PpNUDX8 reduced the expression of the ABA synthesis-related gene NCED6 and increases the expression of the ABA decomposition-related gene CYP1 in tobacco, which in turn leads to a decrease in the ABA content in tobacco. In addition, Under control conditions, overexpression of PpNUDX8 destroyed the homeostasis of NAD and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in tobacco. After 15% PEG6000 drought treatment, the changes in NAD and NADH in PpNUDX8 transgenic tobacco were more severe than those in WT tobacco. In addition, PpNUDX8 also interacted with PpSnRk1γ (Prupe.6G323700.1).

Effects of the Inertia Barbell Training on Lumbar Muscle T2 Relaxation Time.

Sun, M-Y, Lu, J-Q, Ma, Z-C, Lü, J-J, Huang, Q, Sun, Y-N, and Liü, Y. Effects of the inertia barbell training on lumbar muscle T2 relaxation time. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3454-3462, 2020-The purpose of this study was to investigate variations in T2 relaxation time in normal human lumbar muscles caused by inertia barbell training. Thirty undergraduate healthy men (mean age = 19 ± 1.2 years, body mass = 72 ± 10.0 kg, and height = 1.78 ± 0.1 m) were recruited to participate in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned into 2 groups: an inertia barbell training group (IBTG) (n = 15) and a normal barbell-training group (NBTG) (n = 15). All subjects participated in lumbar flexion and extension muscle strength training for 1 hour per time, 3 times per week for a total of 8 weeks. The lumbar area of each subject was scanned before and after the experiment using a 3.0T superconductive magnetic resonance imaging system. The T2 values measured after intervention were significantly different compared with the T2 values measured before the experiment in both the IBTG and NBTG groups (p < 0.001). After intervention, there was no significant difference in T2 values between the IBTG and NBTG groups (p = 0.17). The ([INCREMENT]T2)/T2 percentage was significantly different in the IBTG group (p < 0.01). This study demonstrated that 8 weeks of strength training led to significant improvements in the values for T2 relaxation time of the lumbar muscles. Furthermore, the ([INCREMENT]T2)/T2 percentage for IBTG was higher than that for NBTG, which suggested that lumbar muscle activity increased more with inertial barbell training.

Effects of momentum-based dumbbell training on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of an innovative momentum-based dumbbell-training intervention on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 45 community-dwelling older adults with MCI were randomly assigned to either a dumbbell-training group (DTG; n=22) or a control group (CG; n=23). Participants in the DTG participated in exercise sessions three times weekly for 12 weeks. The primary outcome measures were cognitive function, including the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) - Cognitive subscale, Trail Making Test part B, Digit Span Test (DST) - forward, and DST - backward, with secondary outcome measures being Timed Up and Go, functional reach, and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale. RESULTS: In an intent-to-treat analysis, participants in the DTG had significantly improved ADAS - Cognitive subscale scores compared to those in the CG (5.02 points, P=0.012). There was a significant within-group change (improvement) in Trail Making Test part B (33.32 seconds, P<0.001) and DST - backward (0.41 points, P=0.025) scores. No change was observed for the DST - forward measure. Participants in the DTG also improved their functional mobility compared to those in the CG (Timed Up and Go, 0.81 seconds; P=0.043). CONCLUSION: There is preliminary evidence showing the potential benefit of momentum-based dumbbell training for improving cognitive function in older adults with MCI.

Ultrafast, efficient separations of large-sized dsDNA in a blended polymer matrix by microfluidic chip electrophoresis: a design of experiments approach.

Double-stranded (ds) DNA fragments over a wide size range were successfully separated in blended polymer matrices by microfluidic chip electrophoresis. Novel blended polymer matrices composed of two types of polymers with three different molar masses were developed to provide improved separations of large dsDNA without negatively impacting the separation of small dsDNA. Hydroxyethyl celluloses with average molar masses of ∼27 kDa and ∼1 MDa were blended with a second class of polymer, high-molar mass (∼7 MDa) linear polyacrylamide. Fast and highly efficient separations of commercially available DNA ladders were achieved on a borosilicate glass microchip. A distinct separation of a 1-kb DNA extension ladder (200-40,000 bp) was completed in 2 min. An orthogonal design of experiments was used to optimize experimental parameters for DNA separations over a wide size range. We find that the two dominant factors are the applied electric field strength and the inclusion of a high concentration of low-molar mass polymer in the matrix solution. These two factors exerted different effects on the separations of small dsDNA fragments below 1 kbp, medium dsDNA fragments between 1 and 10 kbp, and large dsDNA fragments above 10 kbp.

Non-ionic, thermo-responsive DEA/DMA nanogels: synthesis, characterization, and use for DNA separations by microchip electrophoresis.

Thermo-responsive polymer "nanogels" (crosslinked hydrogel particles with sub-100 nm diameters) are intriguing for many potential applications in biotechnology and medicine. There have been relatively few reports of electrostatically neutral, thermosensitive nanogels comprising a high fraction of hydrophilic co-monomer. Here we demonstrate the syntheses and characterization of novel, non-ionic nanogels based on random N,N-diethylacrylamide (DEA)/N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) copolymers, made by free-radical, surfactant-free dispersion polymerization. The volume-phase transition temperatures of these DEA/DMA nanogels are strongly affected by co-monomer composition, providing a way to "tune" the phase transition temperature of these non-ionic nanogels. While DEA nanogels (comprising no DMA) can be obtained at 70 °C by standard emulsion precipitation, DEA/DMA random co-polymer nanogels can be obtained only in a particular range of temperatures, above the initial phase transition temperature and below the critical precipitation temperature of the DEA/DMA copolymer, controlled by co-monomer composition. Increasing percentages of DMA in the nanogels raises the phase transition temperature, and attenuates and broadens it as well. We find that concentrated DEA/DMA nanogel dispersions are optically clear at room temperature. This good optical clarity was exploited for their use in a novel DNA sieving matrix for microfluidic chip electrophoresis. An ultrafast, high-efficiency dsDNA separation was achieved in less than 120 s for dsDNA ranging from 75 bp to 15,000 bp.