Prevalence of bovine rotavirus among Bovidae in China during 1984-2021: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Bovine rotavirus (BRV) is a potential zoonotic intestinal pathogen that brings a serious threat to calf health, and has resulted in huge economic losses to China's breeding industry. Here, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of BRV among Bovidae from 1984 to 2021 in China. A total of 64 publications on BRV investigation in China were screened from the databases Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan Fang Database, Technology Periodical Database (VIP), PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The random-effect model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence of BRV, and the analyzed data were derived from 25 provinces in China. The estimated pooled prevalence of BRV in China was 35.7% (8176/17,292). In addition, the prevalence of BRV in Southwestern China (77.1%; 2924/3600) was significantly higher than that in other regions of China. Regarding geographic and climatic factors, the prevalence of BRV in the subgroup of latitude 30-35° (76.8%; 3303/4659) was significantly higher than that in the subgroup of latitude less than 30° (37.0%; 485/1275) or more than 35° (32.6%; 1703/5722), while the prevalence of BRV in the subgroup of longitude 100-105° (75.4%; 2513/3849) was significantly higher than that in the subgroup of longitude less than 100° (32.6%; 619/2255) or more than 105° (48.9%; 2359/5552). Rainfall was positively correlated with the prevalence of BRV, whereas temperature was negatively correlated with the positive rate of BRV (P < 0.05). Our data showed that the prevalence of BRV was strongly correlated with geographical and climatic conditions. Thus, we recommend that the corresponding prevention and control programs should be formulated according to different geographical conditions. The strengthening of BRV surveillance in areas with high altitude, low temperature, and heavy rainfall may contribute to the decrease of the incidence of BRV infection among Bovidae herds in China.

Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Infection in Wild Rodents From Six Provinces in China.

Enterocytozoon (E.) bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are the most important zoonotic enteric pathogens associated with diarrheal diseases in animals and humans. However, it is still not known whether E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are carried by wild rodents in Shanxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Inner Mongolia, China. In the present study, a total of 536 feces samples were collected from Rattus (R.) norvegicus, Mus musculus, Spermophilus (S.) dauricus, and Lasiopodomys brandti in six provinces of China, and were detected by PCR amplification of the SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium spp. and ITS gene of E. bieneusi from June 2017 to November 2020. Among 536 wild rodents, 62 (11.6%) and 18 (3.4%) samples were detected as E. bieneusi- and Cryptosporidium spp.-positive, respectively. Differential prevalence rates of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. were found in different regions. E. bieneusi was more prevalent in R. norvegicus, whereas Cryptosporidium spp. was more frequently identified in S. dauricus. Sequence analysis indicated that three known Cryptosporidium species/genotypes (Cryptosporidium viatorum, Cryptosporidium felis, and Cryptosporidium sp. rat genotype II/III) and two uncertain Cryptosporidium species (Cryptosporidium sp. novel1 and Cryptosporidium sp. novel2) were present in the investigated wild rodents. Meanwhile, 5 known E. bieneusi genotypes (XJP-II, EbpC, EbpA, D, and NCF7) and 11 novel E. bieneusi genotypes (ZJR1 to ZJR7, GXM1, HLJC1, HLJC2, and SDR1) were also observed. This is the first report for existence of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in wild rodents in Shanxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, and Shandong, China. The present study also demonstrated the existence of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in S. dauricus worldwide for the first time. This study not only provided the basic data for the distribution of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium genotypes/species, but also expanded the host range of the two parasites. Moreover, the zoonotic E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified in the present study, suggesting wild rodents are a potential source of human infections.

Effect of liraglutide therapy on serum fetuin A in patients with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the effectiveness of liraglutide vs. pioglitazone on hepatic fat content and serum fetuin A levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. METHODS: This was a single-center, open-label, prospective, and randomized trial using a parallel design and lasting 24 weeks. Sixty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were randomly assigned to the liraglutide and pioglitazone groups on a 1:1 basis using a computer-generated sequence. Fetuin-A levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hepatic fat content was measured using proton 1H-MRS on a 1.5T whole-body MRI scanner. All analyses were performed with SPSS version 13.0. RESULTS: In the liraglutide group, fetuin-A levels decreased after 24 weeks (666.1±109.4 vs. 443.7±90.5µg/mL, P<0.05). In the pioglitazone group, fetuin-A levels also decreased after 24 weeks (659.3±111.8 vs. 538.1± 101.0µg/mL, P<0.05) but not to the level of the liraglutide group. The liraglutide treatment resulted in a decrease in 1H-MRS (24.1±3.0 vs. 20.1±3.8, P<0.05). After 24 weeks, ΔFetuin-A was positively correlated with Δweight (r=0.756, P=0.035), ΔBMI (r=0.653, P=0.006), Δwaist circumference (r=0.767, P=0.010), and Δ1H-MRS (r=0.732, P=0.004) in the liraglutide group. CONCLUSIONS: Liraglutide treatment resulted in a decrease in hepatic fat content and fetuin-A compared with pioglitazone treatment in patients with T2DM and NAFLD. Fetuin-A is positively correlated with weight and hepatic fat content. The reduction in the hepatic fat content may be attributed to weight loss rather than reduction of glucose.