The Australian New Zealand Consortium in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults Oncofertility action plan.

International and national oncofertility networks, including the US-led Oncofertility Consortium, FertiProtekt, and the Danish Network, have played pivotal roles in advancing the discipline of oncofertility over the last decade. Many other countries lack a shared approach to pediatric oncofertility health service delivery. This study aims to describe baseline oncofertility practices at Australian New Zealand Children's Haematology/Oncology Group centers in 2019-2021, describe binational priorities for care, and propose a 5-year action plan for best practice to be implemented by the newly formed Australian New Zealand Consortium in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults (CAYA) Oncofertility (ANZCO).

Utilization of Teleconsent for Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Clinical Trials, a Report from the Children's Oncology Group.

Purpose: Adolescents and young adults (AYAs, ages 15-39 years) are underrepresented in oncology clinical trials. Reasons for this include accessibility of the trial and whether the trial is presented to AYAs. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic not only amplified these enrollment challenges but also presented opportunities for improving the enrollment process through virtual methods such as electronic informed consent and teleconsent. While AYAs are well positioned to take advantage of these opportunities, the extent to which institutions utilize remote enrollment processes is unclear. The goal of this study was to identify the utilization of and barriers to using teleconsent for AYA oncology clinical trials. Methods: The Children's Oncology Group (COG) AYA Responsible Investigator (RI) Network Teleconsent Working Group sought to understand teleconsent utilization both before and during the pandemic. The working group developed an online survey distributed via email to COG AYA RI Network members (n = 197). Results: The survey received 49 responses (25%) from 40 different institutions. Before the pandemic, 13% of respondents reported that their institution allowed study enrollment via teleconsent. After the pandemic, 23% reported using teleconsent for clinical trial enrollment and 38% reported changes in institutional Review Board policies and procedures allowing teleconsent. Respondents reported that the greatest benefit of teleconsent was patient convenience and the greatest barrier was institutional restrictions on teleconsent utilization. Respondents reported that sharing institutional guidelines would be the most helpful intervention to improve teleconsent adoption. Conclusion: Teleconsent is a promising but underutilized approach. Institutions should work together to address common challenges to accessibility and acceptance of clinical trials by AYA cancer patients.

Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney (CCSK) With BCOR-CCNB3 Fusion: A Rare Case Report With a Brief Review of the Literature.

Pediatric renal tumors are a rare entity and majority of these tumors are accounted for by Wilms tumor. The second most common renal tumor is clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CSSK). Most of the CSSK have either BCOR-internal tandem duplication (ITD) or YWHAE-NUTM2B/E fusion. The sarcomas with BCOR-CCNB3 fusion are well documented in soft tissue and bone tumors, but are extremely rare in the pediatric renal setting. We are reporting an extremely rare case of pediatric clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CSSK) with BCOR-CCNB3 fusion, which was a diagnostic challenge on morphological grounds. A final diagnosis could only be reached after multiple reviews and NGS based RNA fusion testing. We have also performed a brief review of literature which revealed eight (8) other cases of this rare entity.

COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents aged 5 years and older undergoing treatment for cancer and non-malignant haematological conditions: Australian and New Zealand Children's Haematology/Oncology Group consensus statement.

INTRODUCTION: The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation and New Zealand Ministry of Health recommend all children aged ≥ 5 years receive either of the two mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: Comirnaty (Pfizer), available in both Australia and New Zealand, or Spikevax (Moderna), available in Australia only. Both vaccines are efficacious and safe in the general population, including children. Children and adolescents undergoing treatment for cancer and immunosuppressive therapy for non-malignant haematological conditions are particularly vulnerable, with an increased risk of severe or fatal COVID-19. There remains a paucity of data regarding the immune response to COVID-19 vaccines in immunosuppressed paediatric populations, with data suggestive of reduced immunogenicity of the vaccine in immunocompromised adults. RECOMMENDATIONS: Considering the safety profile of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and the increased risk of severe COVID-19 in immunocompromised children and adolescents, COVID-19 vaccination is strongly recommended for this at-risk population. We provide a number of recommendations regarding COVID-19 vaccination in this population where immunosuppressive, chemotherapeutic and/or targeted biological agents are used. These include the timing of vaccination in patients undergoing active treatment, management of specific situations where vaccination is contraindicated or recommended under special precautions, and additional vaccination recommendations for severely immunocompromised patients. Finally, we stress the importance of upcoming clinical trials to identify the safest and most efficacious vaccination regimen for this population. CHANGES IN MANAGEMENT AS A RESULT OF THIS STATEMENT: This consensus statement provides recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents aged ≥ 5 years with cancer and immunocompromising non-malignant haematological conditions, based on evidence, national and international guidelines and expert opinion. ENDORSED BY: The Australian and New Zealand Children's Haematology/Oncology Group.

Systems-Level Change to Alleviate Barriers to Cancer Clinical Trial Access for Adolescents and Young Adults in Australia.

Purpose: International data demonstrate association between clinical trial participation and reduced cancer mortality. Adolescents and young adults (AYA) have low clinical trial enrollment rates. We established a program to understand local barriers and develop targeted solutions that lead to greater AYA clinical trial participation. Methods: A steering committee (SC) with expertise in adult and pediatric oncology, research ethics, and consumer representation was formed. The SC mapped barriers related to AYA trial access and established working groups (WGs) around three themes. Results: The Regulatory Awareness WG identified a lack of understanding of processes that support protocol approval for clinical trials across the AYA age range. A guideline to raise awareness was developed. The Access WG identified challenges for young adults (18-25 years) to access a pediatric hospital to enroll in a pediatric trial. A procedure was developed to streamline applications for access. The first six applications using this procedure have been successful. The Availability WG identified lack of pediatric-adult oncology reciprocal relationships as a barrier to awareness of open trials, and future collaboration. An AYA Craft Group Framework was established to grow relationships within tumor streams across institutions; two craft groups are now operating locally. An additional achievement was a successful request to the Therapeutic Goods Administration for Australian adoption of the Food and Drug Administration Guidance on Considerations for the Inclusion of Adolescent Patients in Adult Oncology Clinical Trials. Conclusion: This multipronged approach to improving AYA clinical trial access has relevance for other health environments. Our knowledge products are available as an online toolkit.

Use of Communication Technology to Improve Clinical Trial Participation in Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer: Consensus Statement From the Children's Oncology Group Adolescent and Young Adult Responsible Investigator Network.

Adolescents and young adults (AYAs; age 15-39 years) with cancer are under-represented in cancer clinical trials because of patient, provider, and institutional barriers. Health care technology is increasingly available to and highly used among AYAs and has the potential to improve cancer care delivery. The COVID-19 pandemic forced institutions to rapidly adopt novel approaches for enrollment and monitoring of patients on cancer clinical trials, many of which have the potential for improving AYA trial participation overall. This consensus statement from the Children's Oncology Group AYA Oncology Discipline Committee reviews opportunities to use technology to optimize AYA trial enrollment and study conduct, as well as considerations for widespread implementation of these practices. The use of remote patient eligibility screening, electronic informed consent, virtual tumor boards, remote study visits, and remote patient monitoring are recommended to increase AYA access to trials and decrease the burden of participation. Widespread adoption of these strategies will require new policies focusing on reimbursement for telehealth, license portability, facile communication between electronic health record systems and advanced safeguards to maintain patient privacy and security. Studies are needed to determine optimal approaches to further incorporate technology at every stage of the clinical trial process, from enrollment through study completion.

Examining health-related quality of life in pediatric cancer patients with febrile neutropenia: Factors predicting poor recovery in children and their parents.

BACKGROUND: The impact febrile neutropenia (FN) has on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of children with cancer and their families is poorly understood. We sought to characterize the course of child and parent HRQoL during and following FN episodes. METHOD: Data on HRQoL were collected in the multisite Australian Predicting Infectious ComplicatioNs in Children with Cancer (PICNICC) study. Participants were enrolled between November 2016 to January 2018. The Child Health Utility (CHU9D) was used to assess HRQoL in children (N = 167 FN events) and the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL-8D) was used to assess HRQoL parents (N = 218 FN events) at three time points: 0-3 days, 7-days and 30-days following the onset of FN. Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) was used to characterize the course of HRQoL. FINDINGS: For children, three distinct groups were identified: persistently low HRQoL over the 30-day course of follow-up (chronic: N = 78/167; 47%), increasing HRQoL after the onset of FN to 30 days follow-up (recovering: N = 36/167; 22%), and persistently high HRQoL at all three timepoints (resilient: N = 53/167; 32%). Applying these definitions, parents were classified into two distinct groups: chronic (N = 107/218, 49%) and resilient (N = 111/218, 51%). The child being male, having solid cancer, the presence of financial stress, and relationship difficulties between the parent and child were significant predictors of chronic group membership for both parents and children. Children classified as high-risk FN were significantly more likely to belong to the recovery group. Being female, having blood cancers and the absence of financial or relationship difficulties were predictive of both parents and children being in the resilient group. INTERPRETATION: Approximately half the children and parents had chronically low HRQoL scores, which did not improve following resolution of the FN episode. The child's sex, cancer type, and presence of financial and relationship stress were predictive of chronic group membership for both parents and children. These families may benefit from increased financial and psychosocial support during anti-cancer treatment. FUNDING: National Health and Medical Research Council Grant (APP1104527).

Diagnostic Yield of Initial and Consecutive Blood Cultures in Children With Cancer and Febrile Neutropenia.

BACKGROUND: The timing and necessity of repeated blood cultures (BCs) in children with cancer and febrile neutropenia (FN) are unknown. We evaluated the diagnostic yield of BCs collected pre- and post-empiric FN antibiotics. METHODS: Data collected prospectively from the Australian Predicting Infectious ComplicatioNs in Children with Cancer (PICNICC) study were used. Diagnostic yield was calculated as the number of FN episodes with a true bloodstream infection (BSI) detected divided by the number of FN episodes that had a BC taken. RESULTS: A BSI was identified in 13% of 858 FN episodes. The diagnostic yield of pre-antibiotic BCs was higher than of post-antibiotic cultures (12.3% vs 4.4%, P < .001). Two-thirds of the post-antibiotic BSIs were associated with a new episode of fever or clinical instability, and only 2 new BSIs were identified after 48 hours of empiric antibiotics and persistent fever. A contaminated BC was identified more frequently in post-antibiotic cultures. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of new fever or clinical instability, BCs beyond 48 hours of persistent fever have limited yield. Opportunity exists to optimize BC collection in this population and reduce the burden of unnecessary tests on patients, healthcare workers, and hospitals.

Satisfaction, disappointment and regret surrounding fertility preservation decisions in the paediatric and adolescent cancer population.

PURPOSE: With over 80% of paediatric and adolescent cancer patients surviving into adulthood, quality-of-life issues such as future fertility are increasingly important. However, little is known about regret around decisions to pursue or forgo fertility preservation (FP). We investigated the risk of decision regret in families involved in making a FP decision and explored contributive factors. METHODS: Parents and patients ≥ 15 years were invited to participate. Participants completed a 10-item survey, including a validated Decision Regret Scale. Scores ≥ 30 indicated high regret. Free-text response items allowed participants to provide reasons for satisfaction or regret. RESULTS: A total of 108 parents and 30 patients participated. Most (81.4%) reported low regret (mean score 13.7). On multivariate analysis, predictors of low regret included having a FP procedure and a fertility discussion pre-treatment. Most participants believed that FP offers hope for future fertility. Some reported dissatisfaction with the process of decision-making. CONCLUSION: Overall levels of regret in the study population were low, with factors associated with quality, timely discussion and belief in the success of FP technology being predictors of low regret. However, dissatisfaction with the decision-making process itself revealed that refinements to the programme are required to meet families' needs.

ALK-positive histiocytosis: an expanded clinicopathologic spectrum and frequent presence of KIF5B-ALK fusion.

In 2008, we presented three cases of ALK-positive histiocytosis as a novel systemic histiocytic proliferation of early infancy with hepatosplenomegaly and dramatic hematological disturbances. This series of 10 cases (including the original three cases) describes an expanded clinicopathological spectrum and the molecular findings of this histiocytic proliferation. Six patients had disseminated disease: five presented in early infancy with eventual disease resolution, and the sixth presented at 2 years of age and died of intestinal, bone marrow, and brain involvement. The other four patients had localized disease involving nasal skin, foot, breast, and intracranial cavernous sinus - the first three had no recurrence after surgical resection, while the cavernous sinus lesion showed complete resolution with crizotinib therapy. The lesional histiocytes were very large, with irregularly folded nuclei, fine chromatin, and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, sometimes with emperipolesis. There could be an increase in foamy histiocytes and Touton giant cells with time, resembling juvenile xanthogranuloma. Immunostaining showed that the histiocytes were positive for ALK, histiocytic markers (CD68, CD163) and variably S100, while being negative for CD1a, CD207, and BRAF-V600E. Next-generation sequencing-based anchored multiplex PCR (Archer® FusionPlex®) performed in six cases identified KIF5B-ALK gene fusion in five and COL1A2-ALK fusion in one. There was no correlation of gene fusion type with disease localization or dissemination. The clinicopathological spectrum of ALK-positive histiocytosis is broader than originally described, and this entity is characterized by frequent presence of KIF5B-ALK gene fusion. We recommend that every unusual histiocytic proliferative disorder, especially disseminated lesions, be tested for ALK expression because of the potential efficacy of ALK inhibitor therapy in unresectable or disseminated disease.

Fertility Preservation Toolkit: A Clinician Resource to Assist Clinical Discussion and Decision Making in Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology.

PURPOSE: Fertility preservation (FP) discussions in children with cancer presents unique challenges due to ethical considerations, lack of models-of-care, and the triadic nature of discussions. This study evaluated a fertility toolkit for clinicians involved in FP discussions with pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients and parents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey-based, longitudinal study of clinicians at The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne involved in FP discussions undertaken at 3 time-points: 2014, alongside an education session for baseline assessment of oncofertility practices (survey 1); after each toolkit use to evaluate case-specific implementation (survey 2); 2016, to evaluate impact on clinical practice (survey 3). RESULTS: Fifty-nine clinicians completed survey 1. Over 66% reported baseline dissatisfaction with the existing FP system; 56.7% were not confident in providing up-to-date information. Only 34.5% "often" or "always" provided verbal information; 14.0% "often" or "always" provided written information. Survey 2 was completed after 11 consultations. All clinicians were satisfied with the discussions and outcomes using the toolkit. Thirty-nine clinicians completed survey 3. Over 70% felt confident providing up-to-date FP knowledge, 67.7% "often" or "always" provided verbal information, and 35.4% "often" or "always" provided written information. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians desire improvement in FP practice. The toolkit provided significant perceived and actual benefits.

Congenital Retroperitoneal Teratoma in Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is caused by mutations in the tumor suppressor gene NF1. The increased tumor risk in affected individuals is well established, caused by somatic biallelic inactivation of NF1 due to loss of heterozygosity. Pediatric teratoma has not been reported in individuals with NF1 previously. We report a case of congenital teratoma in an infant with a heterozygous maternally inherited pathogenic NF1 mutation (c.[1756_1759delACTA] and p.[Thr586Valfs*18]). We detected a "second hit" in the form of mosaic whole NF1 deletion in the tumor tissue using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, as a proof to support the hypothesis of NF1 involvement in the pathogenesis of teratoma.

Initial Experience With Gallium-68 DOTA-Octreotate PET/CT and Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy for Pediatric Patients With Refractory Metastatic Neuroblastoma.

RATIONALE: Pediatric patients with refractory neuroblastoma have limited therapeutic options. Neuroblastoma may express somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) allowing imaging with 68Ga-DOTA-Octreotate (GaTATE) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). We reviewed our experience with this theranostic combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: GaTATE studies (8 patients; 2 to 9 years old) were reviewed and compared with 123I-MIBG or posttreatment 131I-MIBG studies. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for SSTR subtype 2 was performed in 5 patients. Four patients received PRRT. RESULTS: GaTATE PET showed additional disease in 38% (3/8 patients), and upstaged 1 patient by detecting marrow involvement. IHC detected SSTR 2 in all patients assessed. Six patients were deemed suitable for PRRT on imaging. Four patients received 17 cycles of palliative PRRT (10 111In-DOTATATE; 5 177Lu-DOTATATE; 1 combined 111In and 177Lu-DOTATATE; 1 combined 177Lu and 90Y-DOTATATE) with no significant toxicity attributed to PRRT. All had objective responses. Two survivors are now 40 and 56 months from PRRT commencement. CONCLUSIONS: GaTATE PET was positive in a high proportion of patients with refractory neuroblastoma, correlating with SSTR 2 on IHC, with additional disease identified compared with MIBG imaging. PRRT seems safe, feasible, with responses observed in patients with progression despite multimodality treatment. These data support ongoing clinical trials in such patients.

Policy statement on iron deficiency in pre-school-aged children.

AIM: We aimed to develop policy in relation to three areas: (i) the diagnosis of iron deficiency; (ii) maternal-infant issues and the prevention of iron deficiency; and (iii) the treatment of iron deficiency. METHODS: Within each of these topic areas we completed a literature review and developed recommendations to help direct activities of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians, update paediatricians and guide clinical practice. RESULTS: Iron deficiency can be defined using cut-off values for laboratory measures of iron status or, if an intercurrent infection is not present, by demonstrating a response to a therapeutic trial of iron. The appropriate measures of iron status vary depending upon the presence of intercurrent infection. Full-term babies are born with iron stores sufficient to meet their needs to age 4-6 months but premature infants are not. After age 6 months infants are dependent upon dietary iron from complementary foods even with continued breastfeeding. Infants <33 weeks gestation or <1800 g birthweight should receive iron from 4 weeks of age. In most settings recommended treatment of iron deficiency is with oral ferrous sulphate as a single or twice daily dose of between 3 and 6 mg/kg/day. CONCLUSIONS: Iron deficiency is prevalent and an important determinant of child health. Precise and accurate diagnosis remains challenging. Iron supplementation is required for premature and low-birthweight infants. Oral iron salts remain the recommended treatment of choice in most instances.