TRPA1 Covalent Ligand JT010 Modifies T Lymphocyte Activation.

Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a non-selective cation channel involved in sensitivity to a plethora of irritating agents and endogenous mediators of oxidative stress. TRPA1 influences neuroinflammation and macrophage and lymphocyte functions, but its role is controversial in immune cells. We reported earlier a detectable, but orders-of-magnitude-lower level of Trpa1 mRNA in monocytes and lymphocytes than in sensory neurons by qRT-PCR analyses of cells from lymphoid organs of mice. Our present goals were to (a) further elucidate the expression of Trpa1 mRNA in immune cells by RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) and (b) test the role of TRPA1 in lymphocyte activation. RNAscope ISH confirmed that Trpa1 transcripts were detectable in CD14+ and CD4+ cells from the peritoneal cavity of mice. A selective TRPA1 agonist JT010 elevated Ca2+ levels in these cells only at high concentrations. However, a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of JT010 was observed on T-cell receptor (TcR)-induced Ca2+ signals in CD4+ T lymphocytes, while JT010 neither modified B cell activation nor ionomycin-stimulated Ca2+ level. Based on our present and past findings, TRPA1 activation negatively modulates T lymphocyte activation, but it does not appear to be a key regulator of TcR-stimulated calcium signaling.

Site-specific dataset of mining and metallurgical residues for resource management.

This geospatial dataset provides a compilation of findings from an evidence-based review of site-specific resource assessments of mining and metallurgical residues. Information pertaining to location, target material, geological knowledge, extractability, resource classification and stakeholder perspectives was collected from publicly available reports, articles, academic theses, and databases. The dataset includes 44 relevant data attributes from 64 mining and metallurgical sites in 27 countries. Resource classification is available for 38 sites. The dataset can be used by evaluators of recovery projects, authorities that provide permits, as well as by decision makers in support of developing regulatory policies. The dataset facilitates future addition of sites by the research community and can be further used as a starting point to bridge the estimates on recoverable quantities to the United Nations Framework Classification (UNFC). The UNFC is a universally applicable scheme for the sustainable management of all energy, primary and secondary mineral resources. Its use is stimulated by the European Commission and is intended to be adopted by geological surveys to harmonize the data on the availability of primary and secondary raw materials in Europe in future.

Distribution and impacts of contamination by natural and artificial radionuclides in attic dust and urban soil samples from a former industrial Hungarian city: A case study from Salgótarján.

Primordial radionuclides can be found in all environmental compartments. Since coal-fired power plants (CFPP) can be a source of additional radionuclide contamination because coal contains natural radioactive isotopes such as 238U (226Ra) and 232Th. This study investigated the impact of such possible radionuclide contamination from former heavy industrial activities, namely a former local coal-fired power plant, in urban soils and attic dust in Salgótarján, Hungary. Even today, industrial by-products, e.g., coal ash, in this city represent significant threat to its residents. A total of 36 attic dust samples (family houses, kindergartens, churches and blockhouses) were collected and 19 urban soil samples (playgrounds, kindergartens, parks and others) were selected no further than 500 m from the corresponding attic dust sampling sites. Additionally, a coal ash and a brown forest soil sample were also collected to differentiate between the anthropogenic and geogenic sources in the residential area. The sampled houses, built between 1890 and 1990, are considered to be representative sampling sites for long-term accumulations of attic dust. The mean values of the total U, Th and Cs (mg kg-1) concentrations as well as those of K (m/m %) in attic dust and urban soil samples are 2.4, 3.6, 1.7 and 0.6 and 1.1, 4.4, 1.2 and 0.3, respectively, measured using ICP-MS. The mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs in attic dust and urban soil samples are 43.3, 34.0, 534.4 and 88.5 and 25.1, 32.8, 386.4 and 5.6 Bq kg-1, respectively, by using a low-background iron chamber with a well-type HPGe and a n-type coaxial HPGe detector. The elemental compositions (U, Th) and activity concentrations (226Ra, 232Th) along with their abundances in coal ash from the CFPP increase in both studied media as the distance of the sampling sites from the CFPP decreases. Two outlier attic dust samples in particular show significantly high activity concentrations of 226Ra: 145 and 143, of 232Th: 83 and 94 Bq kg-1, which can be considered as a proxy of unweathered coal ash. The calculated total absorbed gamma dose rate (D) and annual effective dose (E) received from urban soils indicate that the presence of the CFPP, coal ash cone and slag dumps does not cause an increase in the level of background radiation in Salgótarján. However, the concentrations of the studied radionuclides are much higher (except for 232Th) and exhibit higher degree of variability in the samples of attic dustthan in those of urban soils. The study suggests that attic dust preserves the undisturbed 'fingerprints' of long-term atmospheric deposition thanks to its chemical and physical properties unlike urban soil.

Phenolic profile of micro- and nano-encapsulated olive leaf extract in biscuits during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.

Olive leaf was characterized by a high content of phenols and flavonoids (oleuropein, luteolin, and their derivatives), presenting functional and health-related properties. The chemical instability of phenolics through technological processes and their degradation in the digestive system may negatively impact them, leading to lower absorption. This study evaluates the phenolic profile of micro- and nano-encapsulated olive leaf extract in biscuits during the INFOGEST static in vitro digestion, aiming to enhance stability and sensorial properties. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and chromatography characterized the extract, while spray drying (maltodextrin-glucose) and nano-encapsulation (maltodextrin, whey protein isolate, and arabic gum) techniques were used with specific solutions. Encapsulated formulations underwent microscopy (TEM, SEM) and encapsulation efficiency analysis. Micro- and nano-encapsulation improved biscuit functionality by enhancing phenolic stability during digestion. However, the highest concentration adversely affected sensory and textural parameters. These findings contribute to developing functional food products enriched with bioactive compounds, providing improved health benefits while maintaining sensory attributes.

Impact of the three waves of COVID-19 pandemic on the HR practices of Hungarian organizations-Experience from an empirical study.

Over recent decades, the practice of human resource management in the transitional countries of Eastern Europe and in Hungary has changed significantly. Especially in local subsidiaries of foreign-owned companies and in the leading domestic large organizations, HRM has become a strategic function, while in the practice of small and medium-sized enterprises it is less common. COVID-19 hit companies, institutions and individuals unexpectedly, not only in Hungary but also in the more developed regions of the world. This crisis has also highlighted the fact that larger and better prepared organizations and public institutions have found it easier to weather this global human catastrophe. We analyze how the key tasks of HRM have changed during the successive waves, along four hypotheses. Initially, health protection, communication and home-office organization were the focus of the work of human resource professionals. In the second and third waves, securing and retaining staff became more important.

Estimated versus field measured soil gas radon concentration and soil gas permeability.

Prediction of areas with elevated natural radiation is fundamental for the prevention of human exposure. Soil gas radon activity concentration and soil gas permeability are predictive parameters for the radon potential, which has great importance in areas where future urban development is planned. In this study, the soil gas radon equilibrium concentration (C∞) and soil gas permeability (K) were estimated through the application of theoretical and empirical models found in the literature. These models apply soil properties as input parameters. Using already existing soil parameters to predict the radon potential of an area would be useful in avoiding direct field measurements. Therefore, in this study, we examined whether the estimated soil gas radon activity concentration and soil gas permeability values match the values measured in the field. The soil gas radon activity concentration estimated by two theoretical models is about 50% of the measured value in the studied area. This underestimation can be attributed to the assumption that the radon activity concentration measured in the field depends only on soil parameters and the models do not take into account the underlying bedrock. Additionally, these models neglect the radon transport by advection and consider only the radon availability and migration in homogeneous media. Furthermore, they do not count certain characteristics of the soil that can be relevant, e.g. organic matter and clay content in the soil. To investigate more in detail such soil characteristics, seven samples located roughly along the slope, were selected to determine the soil chemical composition by ICP-MS. Evaluating the physical and chemical properties of the soil, it was found that the sampling sites with pH < 8 (low calcium content) the preferential adsorption was a dominant process. This causes radium enrichment in organic matter and clay, which directly influence the soil gas radon activity concentration. At pH > 8, radium is no longer preferentially adsorbed on organic matter but continues to be adsorbed on clays albeit this process is weak because radium competes with calcium cations. Also, there are other factors that may affect radon emanation in soil such as radium concentration and distribution, porosity and water content. In contrast, empirical model of soil gas permeability overestimates the measured value in the study area by an order of magnitude. A new model was made by modifying the previously proposed one, which can be used as a guide for the estimation of the median value of soil gas permeability in granitic areas, but not as an accurate predictor due to the lack of correlation between the estimated and measured values.

Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives-A Future Direction to the Milky Way.

One significant food group that is part of our daily diet is the dairy group, and both research and industry are actively involved to meet the increasing requirement for plant-based dairy alternatives (PBDAs). The production tendency of PBDAs is growing with a predictable rate of over 18.5% in 2023 from 7.4% at the moment. A multitude of sources can be used for development such as cereals, pseudocereals, legumes, nuts, and seeds to obtain food products such as vegetal milk, cheese, cream, yogurt, butter, and different sweets, such as ice cream, which have nearly similar nutritional profiles to those of animal-origin products. Increased interest in PBDAs is manifested in groups with special dietary needs (e.g., lactose intolerant individuals, pregnant women, newborns, and the elderly) or with pathologies such as metabolic syndromes, dermatological diseases, and arthritis. In spite of the vast range of production perspectives, certain industrial challenges arise during development, such as processing and preservation technologies. This paper aims at providing an overview of the currently available PBDAs based on recent studies selected from the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, and Scopus. We found 148 publications regarding PBDAs in correlation with their nutritional and technological aspects, together with the implications in terms of health. Therefore, this review focuses on the relationship between plant-based alternatives for dairy products and the human diet, from the raw material to the final products, including the industrial processes and health-related concerns.

Pruritogenic molecules in the skin of patients with dermatomyositis.

Introduction: Pruritus is a common excruciating symptom in systemic autoimmune diseases such as dermatomyositis (DM) but the pathogenesis is not fully understood. We intended to investigate the targeted expression analysis of candidate molecules involved in the development of pruritus in lesional vs. non-lesional skin samples of patients affected with active DM. We looked for correlations between the investigated pruriceptive signaling molecules, disease activity, and itching sensation of DM patients. Methods: Interleukins (IL-33 and IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), and ion channels belonging to the transient receptor potential (TRP) family were analyzed. The expression of TNF-α, PPAR-γ, IL-33, IL-6, and TRP channels in lesional DM skin was evaluated by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry and was compared with non-lesional DM skin samples. Pruritus, disease activity, and damage of DM were evaluated by the 5-D itch scale and Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index (CDASI), respectively. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS 28 software. Results: A total of 17 active DM patients participated in the study. We could show that the itching score was positively correlated with the CDASI activity score (Kendall's tau-b = 0.571; p = 0.003). TNF-α gene expression was significantly higher in lesional DM skin than in non-lesional DM skin (p = 0.009) and differed in the subgroups of patients with different itch intensities (p = 0.038). The mRNA expression of lesional IL-6 correlated positively with 5-D itch and CDASI activity score (Kendall's tau-b = 0.585; p = 0.008 and 0.45; p = 0.013, respectively). TRPV4 expressions were positively correlated with CDASI damage score (Kendall's tau-b = 0.626; p < 0.001), but the mRNA expressions of the TRP family, PPAR-γ, IL-6, and IL-33 were not different in lesional and non-lesional samples. Immunohistochemistry analysis did not find significant alterations in the expressions of TNF-α, PPAR-γ, IL-6, and IL-33 in lesional and non-lesional regions. Discussion: Our results argue that cutaneous disease activity, TNF-α, and IL-6 might play a central role in DM-associated itch, while TRPV4 plays a central role in tissue regeneration.

Bioactive Potential of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.): Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity, Bioaccessibility and Prebiotic Potential.

Due to its abundance of physiologically active ingredients, one of the oldest medicinal herbs, elderberry (EB) Sambucus nigra L., is beneficial for both therapeutic and dietary purposes. This study determined the bioaccessibility of the phenolic compounds and the prebiotic potential of the polyphenols from freeze-dried EB powder (FDEBP), along with the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of this extract. The most significant phenolic compounds in black EB are represented by anthocyanins (41.8%), predominating cyanidin-sambubiosides and cyanidin-glucosides (90.1% of the identified anthocyanins). The FRAP assay obtained the highest antioxidant activity value (185 ± 0.18 µmol Fe2+/g DW). The most sensitive to the antimicrobial activity of the extract was proven to be Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.95 mg/mL. To determine the prebiotic potential of the polyphenols, the cell growth of five probiotic strains (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. rhamnosus, L. fermentum and Saccharomyces boulardii) was tested. The influence on cell growth was positive for all five probiotic strains used. Overall, the most significant increase (p < 0.05) was recorded at 1.5% FDEBP, on L. casei with a growth index (GI) of 152.44%, very closely followed by GI at 0.5% and 1% concentrations. The stability of the total phenolic compounds through simulated gastronitestinal digestion was increased (93%), and the bioaccessibility was also elevated (75%).

Incidence, features, and outcome of disease relapse after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.

INTRODUCTION/AIMS: Vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is relatively safe in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM); however, myositis flares following vaccination have been poorly studied. We aimed to evaluate the frequency, features, and outcomes of disease relapses in patients with IIM following COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS: A cohort of 176 IIM patients were interviewed after the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and followed prospectively. Relapses were determined using the disease state criteria and the outcome of the flares with myositis response criteria, calculating the total improvement score (TIS). RESULTS: A total of 146 (82.9%) patients received a vaccination, 17/146 (11.6%) patients had a relapse within 3 mo, and 13/146 (8.9%) patients within 1 mo. The relapse rate of unvaccinated patients was 3.3%. Three months after the post-vaccination relapses, 70.6% of the patients (12/17) achieved an improvement of disease activity (average TIS score: 30 ± 15.81; seven minor, five moderate, and zero major improvements). Six months after flares improvement was detected in 15/17(88.2%) of relapsed patients (average TIS score: 43.1 ± 19.53; 3 minimal, 8 moderate, and 4 major). Forward stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that the active state of myositis at the time of injection (p < .0001; odds ratio, 33; confidence interval, 9-120) was significantly associated with the occurrence of a relapse. DISCUSSION: A minority of the vaccinated IIM patients had a confirmed disease flare after COVID-19 vaccination and the majority of the relapses improved after individualized treatment. An active disease state at the time of vaccination probably contributes to the increased risk of a post vaccination myositis flare.

Development of a Fermented Beverage with Chlorella vulgaris Powder on Soybean-Based Fermented Beverage.

The area of functional beverages made from plant-based or non-dairy milk is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the world. The microalgae Chlorella vulgaris is a source of functional ingredients, with a large spectrum of healthy compounds, such as canthaxanthins, astaxanthins, peptides, and oleic acid. The study aimed to investigate the suitability of C. vulgaris biomass as a substrate for Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus development and fermentation in vegetal soy beverages and to evaluate the fermented product in terms of bacterial viability, antioxidant capacity, and in vitro bio-accessibility. During fermentation, a bacterial concentration of 8.74 log10 CFU/mL was found in the soy beverage with C. vulgaris and L. rhamnosus, and 8.71 log10 CFU/mL in beverage with C. vulgaris and L. fermentum. Polyphenol content and dietary antioxidant capacity significantly improved after fermentation soy drinks. On the other hand, through the digestibility of the beverages, the bacterial viability significantly decreased. To comprehend the components responsible for the efficient delivery of bacteria across the gastrointestinal tract, further investigation is required on probiotic encapsulation methods.

The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on idiopathic inflammatory myositis patients: a single centre experience.

OBJECTIVES: Pandemic caused by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) determines the life of clinicians and patients since 2 years. We have a lot of information about disease course, treatment and protection against virus, but less on the prognosis of infection in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). Also few data are available on triggered humoral response and side effects after vaccination. METHODS: Our goal was to assess by a retrospective cross-sectional study the above data in our cohort (176 IIM patients) by identifying COVID-19 positive patients and follow disease course. Incidence and complications of vaccination were determined by questionnaires. 101 patients volunteered for complex blood test. RESULTS: By June 1st, 2021 significantly higher incidence of COVID 19 infections (34.7%) were identified comparing to the national prevalence (8.2%). A third of these infections occurred asymptomatically or mild. Patients requiring hospitalisation had a significantly longer disease duration and a higher incidence of anti-Jo-1 antibody. All patients infected by COVID-19 became seropositive regardless the immunosuppressive therapy or symptoms severity. 54.3% of the patients received anti-COVID-19 vaccine. 72.3% of patients became seropositive after vaccination. Higher antibody titer against spike protein was detected after Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination compared to others. Patients receiving steroid therapy had decreased post-vaccination antibody response compared to those without steroid treatment. No major post-vaccination infection was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, myositis may be associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection. Independent risk factor for hospitalisation are longer disease duration and anti-Jo1 positivity. Anti-SARS-CoV2 vaccines seem safe and tolerable and strongly recommended for that population.

Evaluation of the Astragalus exscapus L. subsp. transsilvanicus Roots' Chemical Profile, Phenolic Composition and Biological Activities.

Novel and natural molecules for pharmaceutical applications are a contemporary preoccupation in science which prompts research in underexplored environments. Astragalus exscapus ssp. transsilvanicus (Schur) Nyár. (ASTRA) is a plant species endemic to Transylvania, having a very similar root system with that of A. membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, known for its health promoting properties. The present study endeavored to perform basic characterization of the ASTRA roots by proximate analysis, to investigate the fatty acid profile of the lipids extracted from the ASTRA roots, to examine the phenolic composition of the root extracts by liquid chromatography, and to evaluate the biological activities through determination of the antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic capacities of the extracts. The primary compounds found in the ASTRA roots were carbohydrates and lipids, and the fatty acid composition determined by GC-MS showed linoleic acid as preponderant compound with 31.10%, followed by palmitic, oleic and α-linolenic acids with 17.30%, 15.61% and 14.21%, respectively. The methanol extract of the ASTRA roots presented highest phenolic content, Astragaloside IV being the predominant compound with 425.32 ± 0.06 µg/g DW. The antimicrobial assay showed remarkable antimicrobial potential of the extract at a concentration of 0.356 and 0.703 mg ASTRA root powder (DW)/mL, highlighting its efficacy to inhibit S. aureus and S. epidermidis bacterial strains. Furthermore, the cell proliferation assessment showed the noteworthy proficiency of the treatment in inhibiting the proliferation of B16F10 melanoma cells.

Natural Polyphenol Recovery from Apple-, Cereal-, and Tomato-Processing By-Products and Related Health-Promoting Properties.

Polyphenols of plant origin are a broad family of secondary metabolites that range from basic phenolic acids to more complex compounds such as stilbenes, flavonoids, and tannins, all of which have several phenol units in their structure. Considerable health benefits, such as having prebiotic potential and cardio-protective and weight control effects, have been linked to diets based on polyphenol-enriched foods and plant-based products, indicating the potential role of these substances in the prevention or treatment of numerous pathologies. The most representative phenolic compounds in apple pomace are phloridzin, chlorogenic acid, and epicatechin, with major health implications in diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurocognitive diseases. The cereal byproducts are rich in flavonoids (cyanidin 3-glucoside) and phenolic acids (ferulic acid), all with significant results in reducing the incidence of noncommunicable diseases. Quercetin, naringenin, and rutin are the predominant phenolic molecules in tomato by-products, having important antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The present understanding of the functionality of polyphenols in health outcomes, specifically, noncommunicable illnesses, is summarized in this review, focusing on the applicability of this evidence in three extensive agrifood industries (apple, cereal, and tomato processing). Moreover, the reintegration of by-products into the food chain via functional food products and personalized nutrition (e.g., 3D food printing) is detailed, supporting a novel direction to be explored within the circular economy concept.

Developed rapid and simple RP-HPLC method for simultaneous separation and quantification of bovine milk protein fractions and their genetic variants.

The aim was to develop a reliable rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method to simultaneously determine the main bovine milk protein fractions, including their genetic variants. Compared to the previous studies, our method is able to separate the main protein fractions within 20 min of total run time. The method validation consisted of testing repeatability, reproducibility linearity, repeatability, and accuracy. The procedure was developed using raw individual, bulk, and commercially available heat-treated cow milk samples. The RSD of peak areas ranged from 1.43 to 3.16% within analytical day and from 3.29 to 6.70% across analytical days. The method can be applied to investigate both raw and heat-treated milk samples.

Study of dento-alveolar changes in patients with hypodontia / Dentoalveolaris elváltozások vizsgálata csírahiánnyal diagnosztizált betegekben

Introduction: Congenital absence of teeth is one of the most prevalent craniofacial malformation and dental disorder. Hypodontia may present with varying degrees of severity. The absence of all teeth (anodontia) is rare. Based on epidemiological studies, it is more common in the permanent dentition, then in deciduous teeth. Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the dento-alveolar changes, on panoramic radiographs, between patients with hypodontia from the case group and subjects without tooth agenesis from the control group. Method: Measurements were performed on panoramic radiographs. The results were compared between the patients with hypodontia and the subjects from the control group. Dento-alveolar linear and angular measurements were performed. The mean age of the 60 subjects was 14.15 ± 4.48 years, to which a control group was assigned with a mean age 13.98 ± 4.07 years. 70% of the study population were female and 30% were male. Results: We found statistically significant differences between the case group and the control group in the case of transverse measurements and unilateral linear measurements (p<0.01). Conclusion: Hypodontia will affect the transversal development of mandibular dento-alveolar structures, and will cause the decrease of gonial angle.

Development of Pectin and Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Based Active Packaging Enriched with Itaconic Acid and Apple Pomace-Derived Antioxidants.

The production of active and biodegradable packaging materials is an emerging and efficient alternative to plastic packaging materials. By combining poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), pectin, and itaconic acid (IA), biodegradable and water-soluble packaging materials can be obtained that can also increase the shelf-life and quality of foodstuff. In the present study, the generated film-forming solutions were enriched with organic or phenolic extracts from apple by-products (apple pomace). These extracts possess an efficient antioxidant activity of 9.70 ± 0.08, and 78.61 ± 0.24 µM Trolox/100 g fresh weight, respectively. Furthermore, the lyophilization of these by-products increased the extract's organic and phenolic content and the antioxidant activity to 67.45 ± 0.28 and 166.69 ± 0.47 µM Trolox/100 g fresh weight, respectively. These extracts influence the physical-chemical properties of the biofilm solutions by facilitating the polymerization process and thus positively influencing their viscosity. The resulting biofilms presented low water vapor permeability and reduced solubility in water. Adding IA and organic/phenolic compounds facilitates the resistance against intrinsic and extrinsic factors; therefore, they might be applicable in the food industry.

Polysaccharide-Based Edible Gels as Functional Ingredients: Characterization, Applicability, and Human Health Benefits.

Nowadays, edible materials such as polysaccharides have gained attention due to their valuable attributes, especially gelling property. Polysaccharide-based edible gels (PEGs) can be classified as (i) hydrogels, (ii) oleogels and bigels, (iii) and aerogels, cryogels and xerogels, respectively. PEGs have different characteristics and benefits depending on the functional groups of polysaccharide chains (e.g., carboxylic, sulphonic, amino, methoxyl) and on the preparation method. However, PEGs are found in the incipient phase of research and most studies are related to their preparation, characterization, sustainable raw materials, and applicability. Furthermore, all these aspects are treated separately for each class of PEG, without offering an overview of those already obtained PEGs. The novelty of this manuscript is to offer an overview of the classification, definition, formulation, and characterization of PEGs. Furthermore, the applicability of PEGs in the food sector (e.g., food packaging, improving food profile agent, delivery systems) and in the medical/pharmaceutical sector is also critically discussed. Ultimately, the correlation between PEG consumption and polysaccharides properties for human health (e.g., intestinal microecology, "bridge effect" in obesity, gut microbiota) are critically discussed for the first time. Bigels may be valuable for use as ink for 3D food printing in personalized diets for human health treatment. PEGs have a significant role in developing smart materials as both ingredients and coatings and methods, and techniques for exploring PEGs are essential. PEGs as carriers of bioactive compounds have a demonstrated effect on obesity. All the physical, chemical, and biological interactions among PEGs and other organic and inorganic structures should be investigated.

Activity concentration of 137Cs in undisturbed attic dust collected from Salgótarján and Ózd (northern Hungary).

Due to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, contaminated air masses, containing 137Cs, were widely propagated across all of Europe. Cesium-137 is easily adsorbed on aerosol particles as it returns to the lithosphere/pedosphere/via wet and dry deposition in the form of a radioactive fallout component. Following the nuclear accident, primary attention was paid to agricultural areas and less to urban environments. Our 137Cs activity study using undisturbed attic dust samples has been carried out from two residential areas (city of Salgótarján and Ózd) in northern Hungary, approx. 1000 km away from Chernobyl. A total of 61 attic dust samples were collected in 2016 and 2018 from houses (>30 years) functioning as family house, kindergarten, blockhouse and church. Activity concentration of 137Cs was determined for 1-2 g homogenized (<125 µm) attic dust samples in a low background iron chamber with a well-type HPGe detector. The mean 137Cs activity concentrations in attic dust samples are 88.5 ± 5.1 Bq kg-1 and 87.8 ± 4.5 Bq kg-1 in Salgótarján and Ózd, respectively. The dependence between 137Cs activities and the age of the houses was found to be significant (p=0.02), which could be explained by Chernobyl nuclear accident-causing elevated activity concentrations in location built prior to the accident. Three outliers in Ózd (>223 Bq kg-1), are probably related to the first rainfall event after the Chernobyl accident. Isotopic landscapes (isoscapes) of 137Cs were derived for both cities by means of kriging interpolation. In Salgótarján the 137Cs activity concentrations were higher than in Ózd which might have been due to redistribution loadings and local topographical features. We concluded that components of attic dust are highly useful indicators of home exposure to pollution events and remain detectable after several decades.

Age-Associated B Cell Features of the Murine High-Grade B Cell Lymphoma Bc.DLFL1 and Its Extranodal Expansion in Abdominal Adipose Tissues.

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma comprises a heterogeneous group of B cell-derived tumors, with different degrees of aggressiveness, as defined by their cellular origin and tissue microenvironment. Using the spontaneous Bc.DLFL1 lymphoma originating from a BALB/c mouse as a diffuse large B cell lymphoma model, in this study we demonstrate that the lymphoma cells display surface phenotype, IgH V-region somatic mutations, transcription factor characteristics and in vivo location to splenic extrafollicular regions of age-associated B cells (ABCs), corresponding to T-bet+ and Blimp-1+/CD138- plasmablasts derivation. The expansion of lymphoma cells within lymphoid tissues took place in a close arrangement with CD11c+ dendritic cells, whereas the extranodal infiltration occurred selectively in the mesentery and omentum containing resident gp38/podoplanin+ fibroblastic reticular cells. Antagonizing BAFF-R activity by mBR3-Fc soluble receptor fusion protein led to a significant delay of disease progression. The extranodal expansion of Bc.DLFL1 lymphoma within the omental and mesenteric adipose tissues was coupled with a significant change of the tissue cytokine landscape, including both shared alterations and tissue-specific variations. Our findings indicate that while Bc.DLFL1 cells of ABC origin retain the positioning pattern within lymphoid tissues of their physiological counterpart, they also expand in non-lymphoid tissues in a BAFF-dependent manner, where they may alter the adipose tissue microenvironment to support their extranodal growth.