Spider chart, greenness and whiteness assessment of experimentally designed multivariate models for simultaneous determination of three drugs used as a combinatory antibiotic regimen in critical care units: Comparative study.

In this study, five earth-friendly spectrophotometric methods using multivariate techniques were developed to analyze levofloxacin, linezolid, and meropenem, which are utilized in critical care units as combination therapies. These techniques were used to determine the mentioned medications in laboratory-prepared mixtures, pharmaceutical products and spiked human plasma that had not been separated before handling. These methods were named classical least squares (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS), genetic algorithm partial least squares (GA-PLS), and artificial neural network (ANN). The methods used a five-level, three-factor experimental design to make different concentrations of the antibiotics mentioned (based on how much of them are found in the plasma of critical care patients and their linearity ranges). The approaches used for levofloxacin, linezolid, and meropenem were in the ranges of 3-15, 8-20, and 5-25 µg/mL, respectively. Several analytical tools were used to test the proposed methods' performance. These included the root mean square error of prediction, the root mean square error of cross-validation, percentage recoveries, standard deviations, and correlation coefficients. The outcome was highly satisfactory. The study found that the root mean square errors of prediction for levofloxacin were 0.090, 0.079, 0.065, 0.027, and 0.001 for the CLS, PCR, PLS, GA-PLS, and ANN models, respectively. The corresponding values for linezolid were 0.127, 0.122, 0.108, 0.05, and 0.114, respectively. For meropenem, the values were 0.230, 0.222, 0.179, 0.097, and 0.099 for the same models, respectively. These results indicate that the developed models were highly accurate and precise. This study compared the efficiency of artificial neural networks and classical chemometric models in enhancing spectral data selectivity for quickly identifying three antimicrobials. The results from these five models were subjected to statistical analysis and compared with each other and with the previously published ones. Finally, the whiteness of the methods was assessed by the recently published white analytical chemistry (WAC) RGB 12, and the greenness of the proposed methods was assessed using AGREE, GAPI, NEMI, Raynie and Driver, and eco-scale, which showed that the suggested approaches had the least negative environmental impact. Furthermore, to demonstrate solvent sustainability, a greenness index using a spider chart methodology was employed.

Eco-friendly micellar HPLC approach for simultaneous estimation of combination therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa: Applications to spiked human plasma and different dosage forms.

This study introduces a new method for analyzing rifampicin, moxifloxacin, and metronidazole using a green micellar High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet method in bulk drugs, different commercial formulations, and spiked human plasma. The combined therapy of these three broad-spectrum antibiotics is used to cure refractory hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), an inflammatory condition affecting the skin. The sustainable separation was attained on a reversed-phase C18 Kinetex® column maintained at ambient temperature in less than 5 min. The mobile phase comprises 0.1 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in water, pH 3.5, adjusted using o-phosphoric acid, and 10% n-butanol. The flow rate was 1 mL/min, with 10 µL injection volume and UV detection at 230 nm. The impact of three key significant variables, SDS concentration, n-butanol percentage, and the mobile phase pH, on suitability parameters was studied. ICH and FDA guidelines were committed to when validating the technique. The results showed linear calibration graphs with high precision and accuracy, in both pure and spiked plasma. The method is efficient, easy to use, and has a high sample throughput, making it suitable for routine analysis in the quality control department and therapeutic monitoring. It is also evaluated as a green-and-white substitute for traditional reported methods.

A validated eco-friendly HPLC-FLD for analysis of the first approved antiviral remdesivir with other potential add-on therapies for COVID-19 in human plasma and pharmaceuticals.

It is crucial to have a reliable and sensitive method for separating common drugs used in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia treatment protocols for ongoing treatment and upcoming investigations. This study presents an HPLC-FLD approach to analyze three co-administered medicines - remdesivir (RDV), hydroxychloroquine sulphate (HCQ), and levofloxacin hemihydrate (LVX) - in their pure forms, pharmaceutical preparations, and spiked human plasma. The HPLC-FLD analysis was conducted using a Symmetry® C18 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm ID, 3.5 µm particle size) at 40 °C, with (A) an aqueous mixture of 0.02 M phosphate buffer and 0.2% heptane-1-sulphonic acid sodium solutions (50 : 50) adjusted to pH 3, (B) acetonitrile, and (C) methanol as the mobile phase. The injection volume was 10 µL, and the flow rate was 1.5 mL min-1. The detection was done using a multi-wavelength excitation and emission fluorescence detector, with individual optimization for each drug. The drug separation time was less than 10 minutes, and the method showed sensitive and wide linearity ranges for all medicines, with r2 values of more than 0.999. The impact of the mobile phase pH and flow rate on suitability parameters (retention time and number of theoretical plates) was studied. The method was found to be environmentally friendly based on GAPI and AGREE metrics. The validity of the method was evaluated following ICH and FDA guidelines.

Iron stress response and bioaccumulation potential of three fungal strains isolated from sewage-irrigated soil.

AIMS: Contamination with heavy metal (HM) is a severe environmental issue. Therefore, there is a pressing need to create environmentally safe and cost-effective HM bioremediation approaches. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three iron-tolerant fungal strains were isolated from sewage-irrigated soils, molecularly identified and deposited in the GenBank as Aspergillus flavus MT639638, A. terreus MT605370 and Fusarium oxysporum MT605399. The fungal growth, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), tolerance index (TI), removal efficiency, bioaccumulation, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were determined. Based on MIC values, A. flavus MT639638 was the most resistant strain. F. oxysporum displayed the highest percent removal efficiency (93.65% at 4000 mg L-1 ) followed by A. flavus (92.92%, at 11,000 mg L-1 ), and A. terreus (91.18% at 3000 mg L-1 ). F. oxysporum was selected based on its highly sensitivity for further characterization of its response to Fe(II) stress using TEM, SEM and EDX, in addition to HPLC analysis of organic acids. These analyses demonstrated the localization of bioaccumulated Fe(II) and ultrastructural changes induced by iron and indicated induction release of organic acids. CONCLUSIONS: Our fungal strains showed an effective capacity for removal of Fe(II) via bioaccumulation and biosorption mechanisms which were supported by instrumental analyses. The iron tolerance potentiality was mediated by induction of selected antioxidative enzymes and biomolecules. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study depicts a potential utilization of the three fungal strains for the bioremediation of iron-contaminated soils.

Knowledge of and attitudes towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation among junior doctors and medical students in Upper Egypt: cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a fundamental skill that should be acquired by all medical community members. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of junior doctors and medical students towards CPR and CPR training at Beni-Suef University Hospital in Upper Egypt, a representative region with conditions common to LMIC settings. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 205 participants (60 junior doctors and 145 medical students) responded to a self-administered questionnaire assessing their knowledge regarding basic life support (BLS) and CPR techniques in neonates, children, and adults, in addition to attitudes towards the importance and necessity of CPR and CPR training. RESULTS: Of the 60 junior doctors that participated in the study, only 31.7% had adequate knowledge of CPR, but up to 95% reported positive attitudes towards CPR training. Among the 145 medical student participants, only 6.2% had adequate knowledge of CPR, while 91% reported positive attitudes towards training. Deficiencies in CPR knowledge were more apparent in questions related to CPR in children and neonates. Junior doctors and medical students with previous CPR training demonstrated significantly better CPR knowledge than their counterparts without prior training. A statistically significant positive correlation was detected between CPR knowledge and attitude towards CPR training among medical students (r = 0.41, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate suboptimal and inadequate CPR knowledge among junior doctors and medical students in a representative hospital in Upper Egypt. However, participants reported overwhelmingly positive attitudes and eagerness towards the implementation of CPR training. Further research needs to be done to establish CPR skill proficiency as well as to investigate barriers to CPR training, effectiveness of available programs, and the potential implementation of such a program in Egypt and other LMICs.