Thyroid function, glycemic control, and diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes over 24 months: prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: The higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in type 1 diabetes patients has been well established, whereas it is a matter of debate whether that is also observed in type 2 diabetes patients. This study was conducted to reveal whether higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is observed in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We examined thyroid functions and thyroid autoantibodies in 200 patients with type 2 diabetes and 225 controls, with 24 months follow up for those with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: Serum free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels and fT3/free thyroxine (fT4) ratio were significantly lower, while fT4 levels were significantly higher in patients with type 2 diabetes. The number of patients with thyroid dysfunction or patients positive for thyroid autoantibodies were not different between the two groups. The fT3/fT4 ratio was positively and negatively correlated with serum c-peptide and HbA1c levels, respectively, suggesting that the difference can be attributable to insulin resistance and diabetic control. In the follow-up observation, we found no significant correlation between basal thyrotropin (TSH), fT3, fT4 or fT3/fT4 ratio with the amounts of changes of HbA1c levels at 12 or 24 months after the basal measurements. There was a negative relationship between TSH levels and eGFR at baseline measurements, but TSH levels did not seem to predict future decline of eGFR levels. No relationship was observed between urine albumin/ g‧cre levels and thyroid function. CONCLUSION: Thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoantibodies were not different in prevalence between patients with type 2 diabetes and controls, although in patients with type 2 diabetes, the fT3/fT4 ratio was decreased. Basal thyroid function did not predict future diabetes control or renal function within 24 months of follow-up.

Effect of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine on thyroid autoimmunity: A twelve-month follow-up study.

Objectives: Graves' disease (GD) has been highlighted as a possible adverse effect of the respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. However, it is unknown if the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine disrupts thyroid autoimmunity. We aimed to present long-term follow-up of thyroid autoimmunity after the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Methods: Serum samples collected from seventy Japanese healthcare workers at baseline, 32 weeks after the second dose (pre-third dose), and 4 weeks after the third dose of the vaccine were analyzed. The time courses of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb), and thyroid function were evaluated. Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) were additionally evaluated in thirty-three participants. Results: The median age was 50 (IQR, 38-54) years and 69% were female. The median anti-spike IgG antibody titer was 17627 (IQR, 10898-24175) U/mL 4 weeks after the third dose. The mean TRAb was significantly increased from 0.81 (SD, 0.05) IU/L at baseline to 0.97 (SD, 0.30) IU/L 4 weeks after the third dose without functional changes. An increase in TRAb was positively associated with female sex (ß = 0.32, P = 0.008) and low basal FT4 (ß = -0.29, P = 0.02) and FT3 (ß = -0.33, P = 0.004). TgAb was increased by the third dose. Increase in TgAb was associated with history of the thyroid diseases (ß = 0.55, P <0.001). Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine can disrupt thyroid autoimmunity. Clinicians should consider the possibility that the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may disrupt thyroid autoimmunity.

Cell-Free and Concentrated Ascites Reinfusion Therapy for Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis.

Cell-free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy (CART) is expected to improve symptoms associated with refractory ascites of the decompensated liver cirrhosis patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the CART system performed on the decompensated liver cirrhosis patients. In this retrospective observational study, we evaluated 24 CART processes performed on 11 patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. We evaluated the effectiveness and adverse events during CART procedures. The amounts of collected and concentrated ascites were 4491.7 ± 2222.8 mL (mean ± SD), respectively, and the concentration ratio was 22.4 ± 15.3 times, respectively. The amount of collected protein in ascites was 2.3 ± 0.5 g/dL, and concentration ratio of protein was 8.2 ± 9.4 times. Serum protein level was not significantly different between before and after CART sessions. Thus, CART allowed for the reduction of doses of albumin preparations (Alb) to be administered. CART has been reported to cause two adverse reactions: elevation of body temperature and decrease in blood pressure. In our study, decreased blood pressure was not observed even in patients with > 5 L of ascites drained. Although a transient elevation in body temperature was seen in only one patient, this febrile patient immediately returned to normal body temperature with the use of NSAIDs. In patients with refractory ascites of decompensated liver cirrhosis in whom complete cure cannot be expected, CART improves their QOL and, in terms of medical economy, allows for the reduction of doses of Alb. CART can be effectively applied as a palliative procedure for refractory ascites of decompensated liver cirrhosis patients.

Clinical and functional characterization of the Pro1198Leu ABCC8 gene mutation associated with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel is a key component of insulin secretion in pancreatic ß-cells. Activating mutations in ABCC8 encoding for the sulfonylurea receptor subunit of the KATP channel have been associated with the development of neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM). The aim was to investigate clinical and functional characterization of the Pro1198Leu ABCC8 gene mutation associated with permanent NDM (PNDM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The coding regions and conserved splice sites of KCNJ11,ABCC8 and INS were screened for mutations in a 12-year-old girl diagnosed with PNDM. The functional property of the mutant channel identified was examined with patch-clamp experiments in COS-1 cells. We also investigated the difference of effectiveness between two groups of oral sulfonylureas in vitro and in the patient. RESULTS: We identified a heterozygous missense mutation (c.3593 C>T, Pro1198Leu) in ABCC8. The mutated residue (P1198) is located within a putative binding site of sulfonylureas, such as tolbutamide or gliclazide. In patch-clamp experiments, the mutant channel was less ATP sensitive than the wild type. Furthermore, the sensitivity to tolbutamide was also reduced in the mutant channel. In addition to the tolbutamide/gliclazide binding site, glibenclamide is thought to also bind to another site. Glibenclamide was more effective than other sulfonylureas in vitro and in the patient. The treatment of the patient was finally able to be switched from insulin injection to oral glibenclamide. CONCLUSIONS: We identified the Pro1198Leu ABCC8 mutation in a PNDM patient, and clarified the functional and clinical characterization. The present findings provide new information for understanding PNDM.

A case of liver abscess caused by Edwardsiella tarda.

Edwardsiella tarda, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is found in freshwater and marine environments. Extraintestinal infections of Edwardsiella tarda have been rarely reported. We describe a 70-year-old Japanese woman suffering from autoimmune hemolytic anemia, with liver abscess caused by Edwardsiella tarda. She had a history of cholecystectomy for gallbladder stone 10 years prior to this admission. She was successfully treated with percutaneous transhepatic abscess aspiration and meropenem. This is the first report of liver abscess caused by Edwardsiella tarda in Japan.

Sudden death of a patient with pandemic influenza (A/H1N1pdm) virus infection by acute respiratory distress syndrome.

We describe an autopsy case of a patient with pandemic influenza (A/H1N1pdm) virus infection in Japan, who developed rapidly progressive viral pneumonia exhibiting diffuse alveolar damage. A 41-year-old female visited our hospital with a fever of 38.7C. She was a public health nurse with no underlying disease and had had contact with a group of elementary school students who had been infected with the influenza (A/H1N1pdm) virus 1 week earlier. She was prescribed oseltamivir and returned to the hotel where she was staying alone. The next day, she was found dead in her hotel room. At autopsy, both lungs were voluminous and microscopic examination revealed acute-stage, severe diffuse alveolar damage with remarkable mononuclear cell infiltration and hyaline membrane formation in the lungs. CD8-positive T lymphocytes were dominantly observed. Immunohistochemically, influenza A viral protein was confirmed in the damaged type II pneumocytes and also in the infiltrated macrophages. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of both pre- and post-mortem pharyngeal swabs confirmed a novel influenza (A/H1N1pdm) virus infection. This is the second autopsy case of influenza (A/H1N1pdm) virus infection in Japan, and the findings indicated that the patient died due to an exceptionally rapid progression of viral pneumonia. This case indicates that patients with influenza (A/H1N1pdm) virus infection should be carefully monitor for acute respiratory distress syndrome.

[A case report of autoimmune pancreatitis with Mikulicz' s disease and diabetes mellitus].

A 56-year-old man with bilateral swelling of lacrimal glands was admitted to our hospital. He was diagnosed as autoimmune pancreatitis with Mikulicz' s disease presenting the swelling of lacrimal glands, submandibular glands and the pancreas head and tail. Treatment with systemic prednisolone resulted in improvement of the swelling of these glands and pancreas. On the immunohistochemical examination, infiltration of CD4- and CD8-positive T lymphocytes was detected in the lacrimal gland, the submandibular gland, the gall bladder and the pancreas. Infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells was detected in the submandibular gland, the gall bladder and the pancreas. These results may suggest the presence of common etiology between autoimmune pancreatitis and Mikulicz' s disease.