RESUMEN
The aims of this study were to determine the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion from Peyer's patch (PP) cells; to assess rat alpha-defensin-5 (RD-5) expression in the rat small intestine; and to determine the effect of GABA on intestinal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury-induced intestinal innate immunity. We found that GABA caused an increase in IgA secretion in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, GABA also significantly increased the mRNA levels of RD-5 and superoxide dismutase (Sod) 1, 3. Intestinal I/R was induced by a 30-min occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery followed by a reperfusion for 60-min. This led to a significant decrease in IgA secretion, and mRNA levels of RD-5 and Sod 1-3 in the ileum. On the other hand, administration of GABA before I/R induction had a significant protective effect against oxidative injury and attenuated the effects on intestinal immunity.
Asunto(s)
Íleon/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad Mucosa/efectos de los fármacos , Ganglios Linfáticos Agregados/efectos de los fármacos , Daño por Reperfusión/prevención & control , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/farmacología , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Íleon/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina A Secretora/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Masculino , Ganglios Linfáticos Agregados/inmunología , Ratas Wistar , Daño por Reperfusión/inmunología , alfa-Defensinas/biosíntesisRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion and alpha-defensins play a role in the innate immune system to protect against infection. Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Reishi) is a well-known mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine. This study aimed to determine the effects of Reishi on IgA secretion from Peyer's patch (PP) cells and alpha-defensin-5 (RD-5) and RD-6 expression in the rat small intestine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rats received an oral injection of 0.5-5mg/kg of Reishi powder (1mL/kg) by sonde. All animals were euthanized 24h after Reishi administration. We examined RD-5, RD-6, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 mRNA levels in the jejunum, ileum, and in Peyer's patches (PP) through quantitative real-time PCR analysis. IgA secretion from PP was measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the supernatant after primary culture. RESULTS: Reishi increased IgA secretion in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and increased TLR4 mRNA levels, but had no effect on the viability of PP cells. Moreover, Reishi increased RD-5, RD-6, and TLR4 mRNA levels significantly in the ileum in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Reishi can induce IgA secretion and increase the mRNA levels of RD-5 and RD-6 in the rat small intestine, through a TLR4-dependent pathway. The present results indicate that Reishi might reduce the risk of intestinal infection.
Asunto(s)
Íleon/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunoglobulina A Secretora/metabolismo , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Yeyuno/efectos de los fármacos , Ganglios Linfáticos Agregados/efectos de los fármacos , Reishi , alfa-Defensinas/metabolismo , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Íleon/inmunología , Íleon/metabolismo , Inmunoglobulina A Secretora/inmunología , Factores Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Yeyuno/inmunología , Yeyuno/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C3H , Ganglios Linfáticos Agregados/inmunología , Ganglios Linfáticos Agregados/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ratas Wistar , Reishi/química , Receptor Toll-Like 4/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 4/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba , alfa-Defensinas/genética , alfa-Defensinas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The prevalence of hyperuricemia/gout increases with aging. However, the effect of aging on function for excretion of uric acid to out of the body has not been clarified. We found that ileal uric acid clearance in middle-aged rats (11-12 months) was decreased compared with that in young rats (2 months). In middle-aged rats, xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in the ileum was significantly higher than that in young rats. Inosine-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are derived from XO, also decreased ileal uric acid clearance. ROS derived from XO decreased the active homodimer level of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), which is a uric acid efflux transporter, in the ileum. Pre-administration of allopurinol recovered the BCRP homodimer level, resulting in the recovering ileal uric acid clearance. Moreover, we investigated the effects of ROS derived from XO on BCRP homodimer level directly in Caco-2 cells using hypoxanthine. Treatment with hypoxanthine decreased BCRP homodimer level. Treatment with hypoxanthine induced mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that the decreasing BCRP homodimer level might be caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, ROS derived from XO decrease BCRP homodimer level, resulting in suppression of function for uric acid excretion to the ileal lumen. ROS derived from XO may cause the suppression of function of the ileum for the excretion of uric acid with aging. The results of our study provide a new insight into the causes of increasing hyperuricemia/gout prevalence with aging.
