Safety and utility of mechanical circulatory support in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although mechanical circulatory support (MCS) is an increasingly utilized therapeutic option in AMI-CS, studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of different forms of MCS have yielded conflicting results. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of different forms of MCS. METHODS: A database search was performed for studies reporting on the association of different forms of MCS with clinical outcomes in patients with AMI-CS. The primary efficacy endpoints were short term (≤30 days) and long term (>30 days) all-cause mortality. Secondary efficacy endpoints included recurrent AMI, cardiovascular (CV) mortality, device-related limb complications, moderate to severe bleeding events, and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). RESULTS: 2752 patients with AMI-CS met inclusion criteria. Results were available comparing ECMO to other MCS or medical therapy alone, comparing IABP to medical therapy alone, and comparing pLVAD to IABP. Use of ECMO was not associated with lower risk of 30-day or long-term mortality compared to pVAD or standard medical therapy with or without IABP placement but was associated with higher risk of device-related limb complications and moderate to severe bleeding compared to pVAD. IABP use was not associated with a lower risk of 30 day or long-term mortality but was associated with higher risk of recurrent AMI and moderate to severe bleeding compared to medical therapy. Compared to IABP, pVAD use was associated with lower risk of CV mortality but not recurrent AMI. pVAD was associated with a higher risk of device-related limb complications and moderate to severe bleeding compared to IABP use. CONCLUSION: Use of ECMO or IABP in patients with AMI-CS is not associated with significant improvement in mortality. pVAD is associated with a lower risk of CV mortality. All MCS types are associated with increased risk of complications. Additional high-quality studies are needed to determine the optimal MCS therapy for patients with AMI-CS.

Accuracy and Functionality of Select Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems Are Not Impacted by Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Devices.

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of individuals with diabetes are adopting use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in their daily self-management. Many of these individuals have advanced heart disease. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) devices can effectively reduce arrhythmic death and all-cause mortality in individuals with advanced heart disease. However, the potential impact of ICD devices on CGM system accuracy and functionality has not been well studied. METHODS: This evaluation assessed whether FreeStyle Libre (FL) CGM systems can coexist and function within the same patient in the presence of wireless interference devices, including current ICD devices. Interferer sources included Wi-Fi devices, Bluetooth devices, cellular mobile devices, implantable medical devices, Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) devices, BLE accessory devices and BLE mobile devices, and ICD-programmer interferers. Five testing methodologies were used to evaluate the accuracy and functionality of the CGM systems when exposed to ICD functions: high-energy emergency shocking, pacing modes, anti-tachycardia pacing mode (ATP), and DC Fibber mode. RESULTS: All acceptance criteria and testing requirements were met for the CGM and ICD system for wireless coexistence evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that coexisting ICD devices and FL CGM systems provide safe and effective wireless communications with functional and accurate transfer of data during scenarios expected in clinical use.

Safety and Efficacy of Anti-Hypertensive Medications in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension (HTN) is a co-morbidity that is commonly associated with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). However, it remains unclear whether treatment of hypertension in HFpEF patients is associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes. AIM: The purpose of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the association of anti-hypertensive medical therapy with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HFpEF. METHODS: We performed a database search for studies reporting on the association of anti-hypertensive medications with cardiovascular outcomes and safety endpoints in patients with HFpEF. The databases searched include OVID Medline, Web of Science, and Embase. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Secondary endpoints include cardiovascular (CV) mortality, worsening heart failure (HF), CV hospitalization, composite major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), hyperkalemia, worsening renal function, and hypotension. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies with 14062 HFpEF participants (7010 treated with medical therapy versus 7052 treated with placebo) met inclusion criteria. Use of anti-hypertensive medications was not associated with lower all-cause mortality, CV mortality or CV hospitalization compared to treatment with placebo (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.77-1.35; p = 0.9, OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.73-1.06; p = 0.19, OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.87-1.12; p = 0.83, OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.79-1.03; p = 0.11). Anti-hypertensive medications were not associated with lower risk of subsequent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.07-3.73; p = 0.5). Use of anti-hypertensive medications was associated with a statistically significant lower risk of MACE (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.83-0.98; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: While treatment with anti-hypertensive medications was not associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality, their use may be associated with reduce risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HFpEF regardless of whether they have HTN. Additional high quality studies are required to clarify this association and determine the effect based on specific classes of medications.

Utility of coronary revascularization in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Revascularization in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction has been a subject of ongoing uncertainty and conflicting results. This is further complicated by factors including viability, severity of LV dysfunction, and method of revascularization using percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG). OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the association of coronary revascularization with outcomes in patients with ischemic LV dysfunction. METHODS: A literature search was conducted for studies reporting on cardiovascular outcomes after revascularization compared to optimal medical therapy (OMT) in patients with ischemic LV dysfunction. RESULTS: A total of 23 studies with 10,110 participants met inclusion criteria. Revascularization was significantly associated with lower all-cause mortality and CV mortality compared to OMT. The association was statistically significant regardless of severity of LV dysfunction or method of revascularization. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that revascularization was significantly associated with lower all-cause and CV mortality compared to OMT for patients with viable myocardium and mixed cohorts with variable viability, but not patients without viable myocardium. Revascularization was not associated with a significant difference in risk of heart failure (HF) hospitalization or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to OMT. CONCLUSIONS: Revascularization in patients with ischemic LV dysfunction is associated with lower risk of all-cause and CV mortality independent of severity of LV dysfunction or method of revascularization. Revascularization is not associated with lower risk of mortality in patients without evidence of viable myocardium and is not associated with lower risk of AMI or HF hospitalization.

Utility of native T1 mapping and myocardial extracellular volume fraction in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) based T1 mapping and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) are powerful tools for identifying myocardial fibrosis. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to characterize the utility of native T1 mapping and ECV in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and to clarify the prognostic significance of elevated values. Methods: A literature search was conducted for studies reporting on use of CMR-based native T1 mapping and ECV measurement in NICM patients and their association with major adverse cardiac events (MACE), ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), and left ventricular reverse remodeling (LVRR). Databases searched included: Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. Results: Native T1 and ECV were significantly higher in NICM patients compared to controls (MD 78.80, 95 % CI 50.00, 107.59; p < 0.01; MD 5.86, 95 % CI 4.55, 7.16; p < 0.01). NICM patients who experienced MACE had higher native T1 and ECV (MD 52.87, 95 % CI 26.59, 79.15; p < 0.01; MD 6.03, 95 % CI 3.79, 8.26; p < 0.01). There was a non-statistically significant trend toward higher native T1 time in NICM patients who experienced VAs. NICM patients who were poor treatment responders had higher baseline native T1 and ECV (MD 40.58, 95 % CI 12.90, 68.25; p < 0.01; MD 3.29, 95 % CI 2.25, 4.33; p < 0.01). Conclusions: CMR-based native T1 and ECV quantification may be useful tools for risk stratification of patients with NICM. They may provide additional diagnostic utility in combination with LGE, which poorly characterizes fibrosis in patients with diffuse myocardial involvement.

Risk of Appropriate Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapies and Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With Heart Failure With Improved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy is controversial in patients who have heart failure with improved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) to >35% after implantation (HFimpEF). METHODS: Databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) were queried for studies in patients with ICD that reported the association between HFimpEF and arrhythmic events (AEs), defined as the combined incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, appropriate ICD intervention, and sudden cardiac death (primary composite end point). RESULTS: A total of 41 studies and 38,572 patients (11,135 with HFimpEF, 27,437 with persistent EF ≤35%) were included; mean follow-up was 43 months. HFimpEF was associated with decreased AEs (odds ratio [OR] 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32 to 0.47; annual rate [AR] 4.1% vs 8%, p <0.01). Super-responders (EF ≥50%) had less risk of AEs than did patients with more modest reverse remodeling (EF >35% and <50%, OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.46, AR 2.7% vs 6.2%, p <0.01). Patients with HFimpEF who had an initial primary-prevention indication had less risk of AEs (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.61, AR 5.1% vs 10.3%, p <0.01). Among patients with primary prevention who had never received appropriate ICD therapy at the time of generator change, HFimpEF was associated with decreased subsequent AEs (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.59, AR 1.6% vs 4.8%, p <0.01). In conclusion, HFimpEF is associated with reduced, but not eliminated, risk for AEs in patients with ICDs. The decision to replace an ICD in subgroups at less risk should incorporate shared decision making based on risks for subsequent AEs and procedural complications.

Association of antiplatelet therapy with clinical outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease.

BACKGROUND: The beneficial role of dual anti-platelet therapy (DAPT) in coronary artery disease is well established. However, there is limited data describing the effects of DAPT in patients with atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease (PAD). The aim of this meta-analysis is to compare clinical outcomes associated with DAPT versus single anti-platelet therapy (SAPT) in patients with symptomatic PAD. METHODS: We performed a literature search for studies assessing the risk of adverse cardiovascular and limb events in cohorts receiving either DAPT or SAPT. The primary endpoint was all cause mortality. The secondary endpoints included graft failure, amputation, total bleeding, severe bleeding and fatal bleeding. The search included the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. RESULTS: A total of 11 studies with 54,331 participants (24,449 on SAPT and 29,882 on DAPT) were included. Patients with PAD treated with SAPT had higher all-cause mortality compared to patients treated with DAPT (OR 1.37, 95 % CI 1.09-1.74; p < 0.01). There was no difference in risk of graft failure or amputation between patients treated with SAPT or DAPT (OR 0.9, 95 % CI 0.77-1.06; p = 0.19; OR 1.11, 95 % CI 0.88-1.41; p = 0.37). Patients treated with SAPT had lower total bleeds compared to patients treated with DAPT (OR 0.53, 95 % CI 0.36-0.77; p < 0.01). However, For SAPT plus AC vs SAPT, a total of 8 studies with 17,100 participants (3447 with SAPT plus AC and 8619 with only SAPT) were included. Patients on SAPT plus AC did not have a statistically significant difference in risk for all-cause mortality, (OR 0.91, 95 % CI 0.67-1.24; p = 0.56). SAPT plus AC had significantly lower risk of MI (OR 0.82, 95 % CI 0.69-0.97; p = 0.02), amputation (OR 0.72, 95 % CI 0.53-0.97; p = 0.03), and graft failure (OR 0.66, 95 % CI 0.48-0.93; p = 0.02). There was no significant different in risk of fatal bleeding be-tween the two groups (OR 1.60, 95 % CI 0.76-3.35; p = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with symptomatic PAD, a strategy of DAPT may confer a mortality benefit when compared to SAPT without significantly increasing the risk of serious bleeding events.

Outcomes and Medical Therapy in Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCAs) is a disease that has been poorly characterized with unclear clinical and therapeutic outcomes. The association of medical therapy with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with MINOCA has been inadequately assessed. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the association of MINOCA at risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes as compared with myocardial infarction with coronary artery disease (MICAD) and the efficacy of medical therapy in reducing the risk of adverse outcomes. A literature search was conducted for studies reporting on the association of MINOCA at risk of adverse outcomes as compared with MICAD. A literature search was also conducted for studies reporting on the association of medical therapy at risk of adverse outcomes in patients with MINOCA. A total of 29 studies with 893,134 participants met inclusion criteria comparing MINOCA to MICAD. Patients with MINOCA had a significantly lower risk of adverse outcomes as compared with MICAD. Nine studies with 27,731 MINOCA patients met inclusion criteria for evaluating the utility of medical therapy. Medical therapy did not significantly reduce risk of MACE; however, there was a trend toward lower risk in patients treated with ß blockers. In conclusion, our results suggest that MINOCA is associated with a lower risk of in-hospital and long-term adverse outcomes compared with MICAD. Standard medical therapy is not associated with a lower risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with MINOCA. Additional high-quality studies are required to evaluate the utility of specific medication classes for the treatment of specific etiologies of MINOCA.

Utility of Fractional Flow Reserve Computed Tomography Angiography in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease.

Coronary computed tomography angiography is a modality with high negative predictive value for evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, its diagnostic accuracy for obstructive CAD is limited by multiple factors. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) computed tomography (FFRCT) is an emerging analysis tool for identifying flow-limiting disease; nonetheless, the prognostic value of FFRCT is not well established. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the association of FFRCT with clinical outcomes in patients with stable CAD. A literature search was conducted for studies reporting the association between FFRCT measurements and all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and any need for coronary revascularization. Obstructive disease was defined as a FFR value ≤0.80; nonobstructive disease was defined as an FFR value >0.80. Ten studies were identified to meet the inclusion criteria; mean follow-up was 17 months (range, 3 to 56 months). There was no difference in risk of all-cause mortality between patients with obstructive and those with nonobstructive CAD on FFRCT. However, obstructive lesions were associated with increased risk of MACE, AMI, and any need for revascularization. FFRCT is a useful adjunctive modality for further risk stratification of patients with stable CAD. Obstructive lesions identified by FFRCT are associated with increased risk of MACE, AMI, and any need for revascularization.

The Use of Quality Improvement Interventions in Reducing Rarely Appropriate Cardiac Imaging.

The use of cardiac imaging has become increasingly prevalent over the last decade. Approximately 10% to 15% of noninvasive cardiac imaging is ordered for rarely appropriate indications. The appropriate use criteria (AUC) for cardiac imaging were issued to decrease unnecessary testing and reduce health care costs. However, it remains unclear whether these efforts have been successful. This meta-analysis evaluates whether AUC quality improvement (QI) interventions effectively reduce inappropriate cardiac imaging. Databases were searched for studies reporting QI intervention effect aiming to reduce rarely appropriate noninvasive cardiac imaging based on AUC. Imaging modalities assessed include transthoracic echocardiography, stress echocardiography, and myocardial perfusion imaging. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EBSCO CINAHL. The primary end point was a decrease of rarely appropriate testing. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. The literature search identified 2,391 possible studies, 13 studies and 26,557 patients were included. Mean follow-up was 12 months (1 to 60 months). QI interventions were statistically significant in reducing rarely appropriate tests after the intervention compared with the control group (odds ratio [OR] 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.41 to 0.64, p <0.01). The QI interventions were also assessed for persistence based on short-term (<3 months) and long-term (>3 months) efficacy. Both the short-term effect and long-term effect were persistent (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.77, p <0.01 and OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.61, p <0.01, respectively). AUC QI interventions are associated with the successful decrease of inappropriate noninvasive cardiac testing with these effects persisting over time.

The use of quality improvement interventions in reducing rarely appropriate echocardiograms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The volume of cardiac imaging continues to increase, with many tests performed for rarely appropriate indications. Appropriate use criteria (AUC) documents were published by the American Society of Echocardiography and American College of Cardiology, with quality improvement (QI) interventions developed in various institutions. However, the effectiveness of these interventions has not been assessed in a systematic fashion. METHODS: We searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EBSCO CINAHL for studies reporting association between cardiac imaging, AUC and QI. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. We selected studies assessing the effect of QI interventions on performance of rarely appropriate echocardiograms. The primary endpoint was reduction of rarely appropriate testing. RESULTS: Nine studies with 22,070 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean follow up was 15 months (1-60 months). QI interventions resulted in statistically significant reduction in rarely appropriate tests (OR 0.52, 95% CI: .41-.66; p < .01). The effects of QI interventions were analyzed over both the short (<3 months) and long-term (>3 months) post intervention (OR 0.62, 95% CI: .49-.79; p < .01 in the short term, and OR 0.47, 95% CI: .35-.62; p < .01 in the long term). Subgroup analysis of the type of intervention, classified as education tools or decision support tools showed both significantly reduced rarely appropriate testing (OR 0.54, 95% CI: .41-.73; p < .01; OR .47, 95% CI: .36-.61; p < .01). Adding a feedback tool did not change the effect compared to not using a feedback tool (OR 0.49 vs. 0.57, 95% CI: .36-.68 vs. 39-.84; p > .05). CONCLUSION: QI interventions are associated with a significant reduction in performance of rarely appropriate echocardiography testing, the effects of which persist over time. Both education and decision support tools were effective, while adding feedback tools did not result in further reduction of ordering rarely appropriate studies.

Prognostic value of late-gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis.

BACKGROUND: Late-gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is a predictor of adverse events in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS), but available studies had small sample sizes and did not consider all relevant endpoints. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between LGE on CMR in patients with CS and mortality, ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), and heart failure (HF) hospitalization. METHODS: A literature search was conducted for studies reporting the association between LGE in CS and the study endpoints. The endpoints were mortality, VA and SCD, and HF hospitalization. The search included the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. The minimum follow-up duration was 1 year. RESULTS: A total of 17 studies and 1915 CS patients (595 with LGE vs. 1320 without LGE) were included; mean follow-up was 3.3 years (ranging between 17 and 84 months). LGE was associated with increased all-cause mortality (OR 6.05, 95% CI 3.16-11.58; p < .01), cardiovascular mortality (OR 5.83, 95% CI 2.89-11.77; p < .01), and VA and SCD (OR 16.48, 95% CI 8.29-32.73; p < .01). Biventricular LGE was associated with increased VA and SCD (OR 6.11, 95% CI 1.14-32.68; p = .035). LGE was associated with an increased HF hospitalization (OR 17.47, 95% CI 5.54-55.03; p < .01). Heterogeneity was low: df = 7 (p = .43), I2 = 0%. CONCLUSIONS: LGE in CS patients is associated with increased mortality, VA and SCD, and HF hospitalization. Biventricular LGE is associated with an increased risk of VA and SCD.

Effects of GLP-1 Agonists on mortality and arrhythmias in patients with Type II diabetes.

Background: Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RA) are frequently used for the management of diabetes. The impact of GLP-1 RA on cardiovascular outcomes is unclear. We aim to assess the effect of GLP-1 RA on mortality, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death in patients with type II diabetes. Methods: We searched databases including Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and CINAHL, from inception to May 2022, for randomized controlled trials reporting the relationship between GLP-1 RA (including albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, and semaglutide) and mortality, atrial arrhythmias, and the combined incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. Results: A total of 464 studies resulted from literature search, of which 44 studies, including 78,702 patients (41,800 GLP-1 agonists vs 36,902 control), were included. Follow up ranged from 52 to 208 weeks. GLP-1 RA were associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality (odds ratio 0.891, 95% confidence interval 0.837-0.949; P < 0.01) and reduced cardiovascular mortality (odds ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.881-0.954; P < 0.01). GLP-1 RA were not associated with increased risk of atrial (odds ratio 0.963, 95% confidence interval 0.869-1.066; P 0.46) or ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (odds ratio 0.895, 95% confidence interval 0.706-1.135; P 0.36). Conclusion: GLP-1 RA are associated with decreased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and no increased risk of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Association of late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac magnetic resonance with mortality, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance is a predictor of adverse events in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). Objective: This meta-analysis evaluated the correlation between LGE and mortality, ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), and heart failure (HF) outcomes. Methods: A literature search was conducted for studies reporting the association between LGE in NICM and the study endpoints. The primary endpoint was mortality. Secondary endpoints included VA and SCD, HF hospitalization, improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to >35%, and heart transplantation referral. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. The minimum follow-up duration was 1 year. Results: A total of 46 studies and 10,548 NICM patients (4610 with LGE, 5938 without LGE) were included; mean follow-up was 3 years (range 13-71 months). LGE was associated with increased mortality (odds ratio [OR] 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-3.8; P < .01) and VA and SCD (OR 4.6; 95% CI 3.5-6.0; P < .01). LGE was associated with an increased risk of HF hospitalization (OR 3.4; 95% CI 2.3-5.0; P < .01), referral for transplantation (OR 5.1; 95% CI 2.5-10.4; P < .01), and decreased incidence of LVEF improvement to >35% (OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.03-0.85; P = .03). Conclusion: LGE in NICM patients is associated with increased mortality, VA and SCD, and HF hospitalization and heart transplantation referral during long-term follow up. Given these competing risks of mortality and HF progression, prospective randomized controlled trials are required to determine if LGE is useful for guiding prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement in NICM patients.

Development of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography imaging platform and metrics to quantify electrostimulation-induced peripheral nerve injury in vivo in a small animal model.

Significance: Neuromodulation devices are rapidly evolving for the treatment of neurological diseases and conditions. Injury from implantation or long-term use without obvious functional losses is often only detectable through terminal histology. New technologies are needed that assess the peripheral nervous system (PNS) under normal and diseased or injured conditions. Aim: We aim to demonstrate an imaging and stimulation platform that can elucidate the biological mechanisms and impacts of neurostimulation in the PNS and apply it to the sciatic nerve to extract imaging metrics indicating electrical overstimulation. Approach: A sciatic nerve injury model in a 15-rat cohort was observed using a newly developed imaging and stimulation platform that can detect electrical overstimulation effects with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. The sciatic nerve was electrically stimulated using a custom-developed nerve holder with embedded electrodes for 1 h, followed by a 1-h recovery period, delivered at above-threshold Shannon model k -values in experimental groups: sham control (SC, n = 5 , 0.0 mA / 0 Hz ), stimulation level 1 (SL1, n = 5 , 3.4 mA / 50 Hz , and k = 2.57 ), and stimulation level 2 (SL2, n = 5 , 6.8 mA / 100 Hz , and k = 3.17 ). Results: The stimulation and imaging system successfully captured study data across the cohort. When compared to a SC after a 1-week recovery, the fascicle closest to the stimulation lead showed an average change of + 4 % / - 309 % (SL1/SL2) in phase retardation and - 79 % / - 148 % in optical attenuation relative to SC. Analysis of immunohistochemistry (IHC) shows a + 1 % / - 36 % difference in myelin pixel counts and - 13 % / + 29 % difference in axon pixel counts, and an overall increase in cell nuclei pixel count of + 20 % / + 35 % . These metrics were consistent with IHC and hematoxylin/eosin tissue section analysis. Conclusions: The poststimulation changes observed in our study are manifestations of nerve injury and repair, specifically degeneration and angiogenesis. Optical imaging metrics quantify these processes and may help evaluate the safety and efficacy of neuromodulation devices.

Algorithmic Identification of Patients With Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease Using an Electronic Health Record.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether an electronic health record (EHR) system can be used to identify cases of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) in an area outside of a regional referral center with low rates of aspirin desensitization therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review single academic tertiary care hospital. SETTING: Single-site academic tertiary care hospital. METHODS: Using Epic's SlicerDicer function, an algorithm was created and applied to all patient charts from 2013 to 2021. The algorithm was as follows: "Allergy/Contraindication to NSAIDs OR aspirin" AND "Diagnosis of Nasal polyp AND "Diagnosis of Asthma." Clinical data including demographics, NSAID reaction, and specialist involvement was collected. RESULTS: A total of 54 potential cases of AERD were identified. Thirty-two were determined to have AERD after chart review, yet 12 of these patients (37.5%) had no mention of AERD within the chart. The 54 patients were stratified into 2 cohorts based on reaction to NSAIDs: respiratory (n = 29) or unspecified (n = 25). Of the patients in the respiratory reaction group, 26 were found to have clinical AERD, demonstrating a positive predictive values (PPV) of 89.7%. The overall PPV was 59.3%. Those with a respiratory reaction to NSAIDS listed in the EHR were more likely to have clinical AERD (odds ratio 27.44; confidence interval 6.08-123.85; p < 0.0001). Only 2 patients (6.3%) underwent aspirin desensitization. CONCLUSION: AERD remains under-diagnosed in the study population. The informatics algorithm presented here has a high positive predictive value for identifying clinical AERD patients in a geographical area with low rates of aspirin desensitization and may aid in identifying candidates for expanded treatment options.

Effect of Implanted Defibrillator on Mortality in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease.

The beneficial role of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of ICD on mortality in patients with CKD. A literature search was conducted for studies reporting the effect of ICD on all-cause mortality in patients with CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2). The search was not restricted to time or publication status. The search included the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EBSCO CINAHL. The primary end point was all-cause mortality. The minimum duration of follow-up required for inclusion was 1 year. The literature search identified 834 studies, of which 14 studies with 70,661 patients were included. Mean follow-up was 39 months (12 to 81 months). For all patients with CKD, ICD was associated with lower all-cause mortality (log hazard ratio [HR] -0.247, standard error [SE] 0.101, p = 0.015). Heterogeneity: degree of freedom = 13 (p <0.01), I2 = 97.057; test for overall effect: Z = -2.431 (p = 0.015). When further stratified based on dialysis, patients with CKD without the need for dialysis had significantly lower mortality (log HR -0.211, SE 0.095, p = 0.026), with a similar trend in patients who underwent dialysis (log HR -0.262, SE 0.134, p = 0.051). ICD implantation is associated with a significant mortality benefit in patients with CKD.

An Analysis of Biologic Therapies in Patients With Asthma and Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Background Asthma, Allergic rhinitis (AR), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Eczema, and Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Sinonasal Polyposis (CRSwNP) are illnesses often characterized by type 2 (T2) inflammation, wherein T helper (Th) cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL (interleukin)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. This response may also promote the production of IgE and an increase in/activation of serum eosinophils. In the aforementioned type 2 inflammatory diseases, this immune response can cause excess mucous production, inflammation of the airways, other atopic responses when patients are exposed to certain environmental allergic triggers. Relatively new biologic monoclonal antibody therapies such as dupilumab (blocks IL-4 and IL-13), benralizumab (blocks IL-5), mepolizumab (blocks IL-5), and omalizumab (blocks IgE Fc/fragment of crystallization region) offer novel therapeutic targets that more specifically and directly block type 2 inflammatory responses. Methods To examine the effect of monoclonal antibody biologic therapies on patient indicators of type 2 inflammation, a retrospective analysis of 193 patients on biologic therapy was conducted, and these patients were compared to 48 control patients with type 2 inflammatory diseases who did not initiate biologic therapy. Total Lund-MacKay radiographic score, FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in the first second), FEF25-75 (forced expiratory flow from 25-75% of the forced vital capacity curve), annualized pulmonary exacerbations, oral corticosteroid dose, and serum eosinophils were recorded at baseline (zero months), and at three, six, nine, and twelve months after initiation of biologic therapy. Least squares mean data and the percent change from the baseline of least squares mean for the biologic and control groups were compared. Results Omalizumab was the most common biologic therapy prescribed. Control patients were younger than patients who initiated biologic therapy. Patients on biologic therapy had statistically significant reductions in Lund-MacKay score, improvements in FEV1 and FEF25-75, reductions in serum IgE levels, and reductions in serum Eosinophils. Patients on biologic therapy also had statistically significant reductions in annualized pulmonary exacerbations and oral corticosteroid dose compared to controls. Conclusions Patients with a variety of type 2 inflammatory conditions appear to have significant improvements in lung function, radiographic sinusitis, and serum markers of type 2 inflammation after initiation of biologic therapy versus controls. These therapeutic medications appear to significantly improve type 2 inflammatory disease course in patients who can tolerate these medications.