Association between low level of physical activity and mobility limitation in older adults: evidence from the SABE study.

Several studies are limited by verifying the level of physical activity with questionnaires and not through objective measurement in older adults. This article aims to analyze the association between a low level of physical activity with accelerometry) and mobility limitation in older adults. A population-based cross-sectional study conducted with 543 older adults. Multiple regression analysis was performed using hierarchical analysis, grouping the variables into two blocks ordered according to the precedence with which they acted on the outcomes. Among the evaluated older adults, 13.7% presented mobility limitations and among these 60.39% were in the low level of physical activity group. Older adults with a low level of physical activity (OR = 3.49 [2.0 - 6.13]), aged 75 and over (OR = 1.97 [1.03 - 3.72]), living without a partner (OR = 2.01 [1.09 - 3.68]), having difficulty performing basic (OR = 2.49 [1.45 - 4.28]) and instrumental (OR = 2.28) [1.18 - 4.36]) activities of daily life, and multimorbidity (OR = 2.06 [1.04 - 4.08]) were independently associated with mobility limitation. A low level of physical activity increases the chance of mobility limitation in older adults, regardless of sociodemographic and clinical variables.

Association between low level of physical activity and mobility limitation in older adults: evidence from the SABE study / Associação entre baixo nível de atividade física e limitação de mobilidade em idoso: evidência do estudo SABE

Abstract Several studies are limited by verifying the level of physical activity with questionnaires and not through objective measurement in older adults. This article aims to analyze the association between a low level of physical activity with accelerometry) and mobility limitation in older adults. A population-based cross-sectional study conducted with 543 older adults. Multiple regression analysis was performed using hierarchical analysis, grouping the variables into two blocks ordered according to the precedence with which they acted on the outcomes. Among the evaluated older adults, 13.7% presented mobility limitations and among these 60.39% were in the low level of physical activity group. Older adults with a low level of physical activity (OR = 3.49 [2.0 - 6.13]), aged 75 and over (OR = 1.97 [1.03 - 3.72]), living without a partner (OR = 2.01 [1.09 - 3.68]), having difficulty performing basic (OR = 2.49 [1.45 - 4.28]) and instrumental (OR = 2.28) [1.18 - 4.36]) activities of daily life, and multimorbidity (OR = 2.06 [1.04 - 4.08]) were independently associated with mobility limitation. A low level of physical activity increases the chance of mobility limitation in older adults, regardless of sociodemographic and clinical variables.

Resumo Vários estudos são limitados por meio da verificação do nível de atividade física com questionários, mas não possuem medidas objetivas em adultos mais velhos. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a associação entre um baixo nível de atividade física e limitação de mobilidade em idosos. Um estudo transversal de base populacional realizado com 543 idosos. A análise múltipla da regressão foi realizada usando a análise hierárquica, agrupando as variáveis em dois blocos ordenados de acordo com a precedência com que atuaram sobre os resultados. Entre os idosos avaliados, 13,7% apresentaram limitações de mobilidade e entre estes 60,39% estavam no baixo nível de atividade física. Idosos com um baixo nível de atividade física (OR = 3,49 [2,0 - 6,13]), com idade igual ou superior a 75 anos (OR = 1,97 [1,03 - 3,72]), vivendo sem parceiro (OR = 2,01 [1,09 - 3,68]), dificuldade de viver sem um parceiro (OR = 2,01 [1,09 - 3,68]), dificuldades com atividades básicas (OR = 2,49 [1,45 - 4,28]) e as atividades instrumentais (OR = 2.28) [1.18 - 4.36]) atividades da vida do dia a dia e multimobilidade (OR = 2,06 [1,04 - 4,08]) foram associadas independentemente à mobilidade. Um baixo nível de atividade física aumenta a possibilidade de limitação da mobilidade em adultos idosos, independentemente das variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas.

Mental Health in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Review of Prevalence Meta-Analyses.

Background: Mental health burden has been massively reported during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Aiming to summarise these data, we present a meta-review of meta-analyses that evaluated the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety, depressive and stress symptoms, psychological distress, post-traumatic stress disorder/symptoms (PTSD), and sleep disturbance, reporting its prevalence on general public (GP) and health care workers (HCW). Methods: A search was performed in the PubMed, EMBASE, and the Web of Science. Sleep disturbances, psychological distress, stress, and burnout were grouped as "Psychophysiological stress," and anxiety, depression, and PTSD were grouped as "Psychopathology." A random-effects model, calculating the pooled prevalence together with 95% confidence interval was performed for each domain. Subgroup analyses were performed for each population type (GP and HCW) and for each mental health outcome. For anxiety and depression, subgroup analysis for population type was performed. Heterogeneity is reported as I 2. Publication bias was assessed through visual inspection of the funnel plot, and further tested by Egger's test and trim and fill analyses. Results: A total of 18 meta-analyses were included. The prevalence of psychophysiological stress was 31.99% (CI: 26.88-37.58, I 2 = 99.9%). HCW showed a higher prevalence (37.74%, CI: 33.26-42.45, I 2 = 99.7%) than the GP (20.67%, 15.07-27.66, I 2 = 99.9%). The overall prevalence of insomnia, psychological distress, and stress were, respectively, 32.34% (CI: 25.65-39.84), 28.25% (CI: 18.12-41.20), and 36% (CI: 29.31-43.54). Psychopathology was present at 26.45% (CI: 24.22-28.79, I 2 = 99.9%) of the sample, with similar estimates for population (HCW 26.14%, CI: 23.37-29.12, I 2 = 99.9%; GP: 26.99%, CI: 23.41-30.9, I 2 = 99.9%). The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and PTSD was 27.77% (CI: 24.47-31.32), 26.93% (CI: 23.92-30.17), and 20% (CI: 15.54-24.37), respectively. Similar proportions between populations were found for anxiety (HCW = 27.5%, CI: 23.78-31.55; GP = 28.33%, CI: 22.1-35.5) and depression (HCW = 27.05%, CI: 23.14-31.36; GP = 26.7%, CI: 22.32-31.59). Asymmetry in the funnel plot was found, and a slight increase in the estimate of overall psychopathology (29.08%, CI: 26.42-31.89) was found after the trim and fill analysis. Conclusions: The prevalence of mental health problems ranged from 20 to 36%. HCW presented a higher prevalence of psychophysiological stress than the general population. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=252221, identifier: CRD42021252221.

Exercisers' Affective and Enjoyment Responses: A Meta-Analytic and Meta-Regression Review.

Affective responses and enjoyment of exercise mediate exercise adherence, but previous research findings have failed to examine nuances that may moderate this relationship. We examined the effects of exercise on affective and enjoyment responses during and post exercise through a systematic literature review and meta-regression analysis. We searched major databases up to July 9, 2020 for studies evaluating healthy adults' acute and chronic responses to exercise, using either of The Feeling Scale or Physical Activity Enjoyment Scales. We calculated effect size (ES) values of 20 unique studies (397 participants; 40% females) as standardized differences in the means and expressed them as Hedges' g, together with the 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Among acute studies examining affective responses, we found a greater positive effect post exercise for continuous training (CT) compared to high intensity interval training (HIIT) (g = -0.61; 95%CI = -1.11, -0.10; p < .018), but there was no significant difference between these modes for effects during exercise. Subgroup analyses revealed that moderate, and not high intensity, CT, compared to HIIT, resulted in significantly greater positive affective responses (g = -1.09; 95%CI = -1.88, -0.30; p < .006). In contrast, enjoyment was greater for HIIT, compared to CT (g = 0.75; 95%CI = 0.17, -1.13; p = .010), but CT intensity did not influence this result. Among chronic studies, there was greater enjoyment following HIIT compared to CT, but these studies were too few to permit meta-analysis. We concluded that an acute bout of moderate intensity CT is more pleasurable, when measured post exercise than HIIT, but enjoyment is greater following HIIT, perhaps due to an interaction between effort, discomfort, time efficiency and constantly changing stimuli.

Efeitos do treinamento de força com intensidade autosselecionada em paciente pós cirurgia bariátrica: um estudo de caso / Strenght training with self-selected intensity on a pacient post bariatric surgery

A prescrição de exercícios físicos em intensidades moderada e alta, para indivíduos obesos, pode induzir maiores percepções de desconforto/desprazer e, consequentemente, desencorajá-los a aderir a uma rotina de exercícios físicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos de um programa de treinamento de força com intensidade autosselecionada, na composição corporal, hipertrofia e qualidade do sono de uma voluntária recémsubmetida a cirurgia bariátrica (idade: 28 anos; altura: 158cm; peso: 69 kg; índice de massa corporal: 27,64). A voluntária realizou um programa de treinamento de força com intensidade autosselecionada, pelo período de oito semanas (2 sessões semanais). Foi avaliada a qualidade de sono, por meio do questionário Pittsburgh sleep quality index; a composição corporal, por absorciometria de feixe duplo; e, a espessura muscular e do tecido adiposo, por ultrassonografia; antes e após a intervenção. Antes e após as sessões de treinamento, a percepção de prazer/desprazer foi mensurada com o auxílio de uma escala de valência afetiva. O programa de exercícios com intensidade autosselecionada resultou em uma diminuição de 2% no percentual de gordura, e de 7% na massa corporal total; sem modificação para a massa livre de gordura. Houve redução de 22% na espessura do tecido adiposo, e de 11% na espessura muscular do bíceps braquial; de 28% na espessura do tecido adiposo, e de 4% na espessura muscular do vasto lateral. A voluntária reportou percepção de prazer/desprazer positiva na maioria das sessões. No entanto, não houve diferença significativa entre os resultados para qualidade de sono. O treinamento com intensidade autosselecionada promoveu respostas positivas, relacionadas à percepção de prazer/desprazer, além de favorecer uma tendência à perda significativa de massa corporal total, sem prejuízos para a massa magra.(AU)

The prescription of physical exercise in moderate and high intensities for obese individuals may induce greater perceptions of discomfort/displeasure, consequently, decline adherence to a physical exercise routine. The objective of this study was investigate the effects of a strength training program with self-selected intensity, body composition, hypertrophy and sleep quality of a participant recently bariatric surgery (age: 28 years; height: 158cm; weight: 69 kg; body mass index: 27.64). The participant performed a strength training program with self-selection intensity, for a period of eight weeks (2 weekly sessions). Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index questionnaire; body composition, by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, muscle and adipose tissue thickness by ultrasound. Each measure was before and after the intervention. Before and after the training sessions, the perception of pleasure/displeasure was measured with the affective valence scale. The exercise program with self-selected intensity resulted in a 2% decrease in fat percentage, and 7% in total body mass; without modification to the fat-free mass. Yet, there was a reduction of 22% in the thickness of adipose tissue, and 11% in the muscle thickness of the brachial biceps; 28% in the thickness of adipose tissue, and 4% in the muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis. The participant reported a perception of positive pleasure in most sessions. However, there was no significant difference between the results for sleep quality. The training with self-selected intensity promoted positive responses, related to the perception of pleasure/displeasure, besides promote a tendency to significant loss of total body mass, without damage to lean mass. (AU)

Pre-stretching of the Hamstrings Before Squatting Acutely Increases Biceps Femoris Thickness Without Impairing Exercise Performance.

Background: Bilateral squat exercise is widely used in resistance training (RT) programs to increase lower limb strength and muscle mass, but this exercise does not result in significant hypertrophy of the hamstrings. It has been speculated that stretching between sets with a certain degree of tension results in muscle hypertrophy, while acute stretching could decrease performance during maximal contractions. Objective: This study investigated the acute effects of hamstring stretching before bilateral squatting on muscle thickness (MT), electromyography (EMG), and total training volume (TTV) on exercise performance. Methods: Fourteen resistance-trained young men, with ∼7.5 years of RT experience, performed the 10 repetition maximum (RM) for the barbell squat in two sessions (test-retest) separated by period after 48 h. Participants engaged in two resistance exercise conditions separated by a 1 week recovery interval: one session employed hamstrings stretching and the other did not include hamstrings stretching. Before and after each resistance exercise session, the thickness of the quadriceps muscles and biceps femoris long head were obtained by ultrasound imaging. Moreover, the EMG amplitudes for the quadriceps muscles, biceps femoris, and iliocostalis muscles were recorded during back squat performance. The TTV was also evaluated for each exercise session. Results: A significant increase in MT was observed after every set in both conditions for the evaluated quadriceps muscles (all p < 0.05), while for the biceps femoris, this effect was found only in the stretching condition (p < 0.05). EMG activity increased in the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis for the stretching condition. For the non-stretching condition, activity only increased in the vastus lateralis and medialis. There was no difference in EMG activity for the biceps femoris and iliocostalis in both conditions. Conclusion: Stretching the hamstrings immediately before each set of the back squat can be used to acutely increase biceps femoris thickness without impairing squat performance.

The Effect of Resistance Exercise Movement Tempo on Psychophysiological Responses in Novice Men.

Tavares, VDdO, Agrícola, PMD, Nascimento, PHD, Oliveira Neto, L, Elsangedy, HM, and Machado, DGS. The effect of resistance exercise movement tempo on psychophysiological responses in novice men. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1264-1273, 2020-This study aimed to compare the effects of movement tempo in resistance exercise (RE) on psychophysiological responses in novice men. Seventeen novice men (24.5 ± 3.2 years; 79.3 ± 8.22 kg; 1.76 ± 0.06 m) performed the 10 repetition maximum (10RM) test for bench press and knee extension in 2 sessions (test-retest) and 2 RE training sessions with different movement tempos in a random and counterbalanced order (4 sets of 10 repetitions). The low tempo RE (LTRE) session was performed using 50% 10RM with 3-0-3-0 seconds (concentric, pause, eccentric, and pause, respectively). The moderate tempo RE (MTRE) session was performed using 80% 10RM with 1-0-1-0 seconds (concentric, pause, eccentric, and pause, respectively). Affective valence (Feeling Scale), perceived activation (FAS), attentional focus, and ratings of perceived exertion (Borg 6-20) were reported after each set. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures showed only a significant main effect of the set (all ps < 0.05), indicating changes between sets but not between LTRE and MTRE. In addition, a paired-samples t-test did not find significant differences between LTRE and MTRE, on average, in any psychophysiological responses (all ps > 0.16). Thus, for the protocol tested, there is no psychophysiological advantage to using either LTRE or MTRE in novice men. From a practical perspective, for psychophysiological responses, the present results suggest that it is up to the trainer/coach to decide which RE movement tempo to use, which will depend on the purpose of the training period, specificity, client tolerance of and preference for exercise intensity, and movement tempo.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Predicts Greater Vagal Autonomic Activity in Drug Users Under Stress.

While drug use has been shown to impair cardiac autonomic regulation, exercise might overcome some of the damage. Herein, we describe how individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) have their heart rate variability (HRV) and drug-related behaviors negatively affected in response to a stressor. However, we show how cardiorespiratory fitness may attenuate those impairments in autonomic control. Fifteen individuals with SUD were matched with 15 non-SUD individuals by age, weight, height, and fitness level, and had their HRV responses under stress induced by the Cold Pressor Test (CPT). The SUD group had lower mean of R-R intervals before and after the CPT when compared with the non-SUD group. In addition, in individuals with SUD, higher cardiorespiratory fitness level predicted greater vagal activity before, during, and after CPT. Moreover, for individuals with SUD, days of abstinence predicted greater mean of R-R intervals during recovery from the CPT. Finally, years of drug use negatively predicted mean of R-R intervals during recovery. Thus, our results suggest that chronic drug use impairs cardiac autonomic regulation at rest and after a physical stress. However, cardiorespiratory fitness might attenuate these impairments by increasing vagal autonomic activity.