Exploring Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Aquatic Fauna of Lake Trasimeno (Italy): Insights from a Low-Anthropized Area.

This study investigated the concentrations and profiles of 19 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the muscle and liver of four freshwater species from Lake Trasimeno (Italy): Anguilla anguilla (European eel), Carassius auratus (goldfish), Perca fluviatilis (European perch), and Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish). In livers, the amount of PFASs ranged from 3.1 to 10 µg kg-1, significantly higher than that in muscle (0.032-1.7 µg kg-1). The predominant PFASs were perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and long-chain carboxylic acids (C8-C14). Short-chain compounds (C4-C5), as well as the long-chain sulfonic acids (C9-C12), were not quantified. The contamination patterns were similar among species with few differences, suggesting the influence of species-specific accumulation. The PFAS concentrations in livers were comparable among species, while in muscle, the higher values were measured in European eel, followed by goldfish, European perch, and red swamp crayfish. The levels were generally lower than those reported for fish from Northern Italian lakes and rivers. The concentrations of regulated PFASs were lower than the maximum limits set by Regulation EU 2023/915 and did not exceed the Environmental Quality Standards (PFOS in biota). This study provides the first valuable insights on PFASs in freshwater species from Lake Trasimeno.

Carassius auratus as a bioindicator of the health status of Lake Trasimeno and risk assessment for consumers.

Fish are good bio-indicators of the health status of the aquatic environment and can be used as biomarkers to assess the aquatic behavior of environmental pollutants, the exposure of aquatic organisms, and the health risk for consumers. Goldfish are a significant bioindicator in the Lake Trasimeno aquatic system (Umbria, Italy). This study aimed to characterize the health status and the chemical and biotic contamination of Lake Trasimeno to define its anthropogenic and natural pressures and the risk associated with consuming its fishery products. 114 determinations were performed on Carassius auratus samples from 2018 to 2020, and the occurrence of brominated flame retardants, non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, heavy metals, and microplastics was analytically investigated. Dietary exposure assessment, risk characterization, and benefit-risk evaluation were performed for schoolchildren from 3 to 10 years old. Flame-retardants registered high levels of non-detects (99% for polybrominated diphenyl ether and 76% for hexabromocyclododecanes), while polychlorinated biphenyls were found in all samples with a maximum level of 56.3 ng/g. Traces of at least one heavy metal were found in all samples, though always below the regulatory limit. Microplastics were found with a 75% frequency of fish ingesting at least one particle. Dietary exposure and risk characterization reveal negligible contributions to the reference values of all contaminants, except for mercury, which reached up to 25% of admissible daily intake. The benefit- risk assessment highlighted that the benefits of freshwater fish intake outweigh the associated risks. The examination of goldfish as indicator fish reveals the quality of Lake Trasimeno's aquatic environment and the safety of its products.

Brominated flame retardants (PBDEs and HBCDs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from Central Italy.

Twenty-six samples of wild boar liver and muscle from the Central Apennine Mountain (Italy) were analysed for 19 perfluoro-alkyl substances (PFASs), 10 polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and 3 hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). All samples were analysed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for PBDEs and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for PFASs and HBCDs, using an in-house developed analytical procedure. The brominated flame retardants (BFR) levels in livers were negligible: Σ10PBDEs reached a maximum value of 0.079 µg/kg, whereas HBCDs were not quantified in almost all of the samples analysed. BFR concentrations in muscles were higher, but not significantly therefore, for Σ10PBDEs lower bound, a mean value of 0.045 µg/kg (0.005-0.155 µg/kg range) was measured, while α-HBCD was quantified with a maximum of 0.084 µg/kg in 9 of the samples. Only two muscles contained all 3 HBCD isomers at concentrations of approximately 0.200 µg/kg. Σ19PFAS in the 26 wild boar livers was in the range 31.9-228 µg/kg, with a mean value of 87.7 µg/kg, reaching levels significantly higher than in muscles, which exhibited a mean concentration of 3.08 µg/kg (0.59-9.12 µg/kg range). Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most prevalent compound in all liver samples, accounting for more than half of the total PFASs contamination, confirming that the liver is the primary target organ for PFOS exposure Perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA), which accounts for 25-30-% of the total contamination, was the most abundant compound in the muscle, followed by PFOS. The estimated daily intake (EDIs) of BFRs remained below the estimated chronic human daily dietary intake (Dr,h) defined from European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Furthermore, the exposure to PFASs in muscle was 7.7 times lower than the EFSA's tolerable daily intake (TDI). In contrast, exposure due to liver consumption was significant: the EDI exceeded the EFSA's 2020 TDI by approximately 7 times.

A High Throughput Screening HPLC-FLD Method for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) Enabling Effective Official Control.

Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) are marine biotoxins, primarily produced by dinoflagellates of the genera Gymnodinium spp., Alexandrium spp. They can accumulate in shellfish and, through the food chain, be assimilated by humans, giving rise to Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning. The maximum permitted level for PSTs in bivalves is 800 µg STX·2HCl eqv/kg (Reg. EC N° 853/2004). Until recently, the reference analytical method was the Mouse Bioassay, but Reg. EU N° 1709/2021 entered into force on 13 October 2021 and identified in the Standard EN14526:2017 or in any other internationally recognized validated method not entailing the use of live animals as official methods. Then the official control laboratories had urgently to fulfill the new requests, face out the Mouse Bioassay and implement instrumental analytical methods. The "EURLMB SOP for the analysis of PSTs by pre-column HPLC-FLD according to OMA AOAC 2005.06" also introduced a simplified semiquantitative approach to discriminate samples above and below the regulatory limit. The aim of the present paper is to present a new presence/absence test with a cut-off at 600 µg STX·2HCl eqv/kg enabling the fast discrimination of samples with very low PSTs levels from those to be submitted to the full quantitative confirmatory EN14526:2017 method. The method was implemented, avoiding the use of a large number of certified reference standards and long quantification procedures, resulting in an efficient, economical screening instrument available for official control laboratories. The protocol was fully validated, obtaining good performances in terms of repeatability (<11%) and recovery (53−106%) and accredited according to ISO/IEC 17025. The method was applied to mollusks collected from March 2021 to February 2022 along the Marche region in the frame of marine toxins official control.

A Hotspot of TTX Contamination in the Adriatic Sea: Study on the Origin and Causative Factors.

Tetrodotoxins (TTXs), the pufferfish venom traditionally associated with Indo-Pacific area, has been reported during last decades in ever wider range of marine organisms and ever more geographical areas, including shellfish in Europe. Wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) grown in the Marche Region (N Adriatic Sea, Italy) were shown to be prone to TTX contamination during the warm season, with a suspected role of Vibrio alginolyticus characterized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase (PKS)-encoding genes. This work aimed to deepen the knowledge about the toxin's origin and the way through which it accumulates in mussels. A two-year study (spring-summer 2020-2021) confirmed the recurrent presence of TTX (11-68 µg kg-1) in the official monitored natural mussel beds of the Conero Riviera. During 2021, a supplementary nonroutine monitoring of a natural mussel bed in the same area was carried out weekly from June until August for TTXs and/or the presence of V. alginolyticus. Biotic (mussels, mesozooplankton, worms and phytoplankton); abiotic (water and sediment) matrices and phytoplankton assemblage characterizations were studied. Mussels showed relevant TTX contamination levels (9-296 µg kg-1) with extremely rapid TTX accumulation/depletion rates. The toxin presence in phytoplankton and its distribution in the different mussel tissues supports its possible exogenous origin. The V. alginolyticus count trend overlaps that of TTX contamination in mussels, and similar trends were reported also for some phytoplankton species. The role of V. alginolyticus carrying NRPS or PKS genes as a possible TTX source and of phytoplankton as a "potential vector" should therefore be further investigated.

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): An optimized LC-MS/MS procedure for feed analysis.

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are extremely stable highly fluorinated aliphatic compounds, widely used in chemical and industrial applications since 1950s. They are ubiquitously detected in the environment and diet is the main route for human exposure. To ensure human safety, it is necessary to follow the whole food production chain, including animal feed. Still PFASs are not regulated as undesirable substances in feed, although several studies have shown they can be transferred from feed to livestock and thereafter to food. This paper describes the development, optimization and the full validation of a sensitive and reliable analytical protocol enabling the quantification of 19 PFASs in animal feeds by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method was optimized, assessing the possible matrix interferences, and submitted to comprehensive validation (55 independent spiking experiments). Validation experiments were conducted on blank fish feed samples (natural levels of PFASs < 0.10 ng g-1) spiked at five different concentrations (0.10, 0.50, 1.0, 5.0 and 10 ng g-1). Apparent recoveries (R%) were generally between 88 and 111%; R% < 80% were obtained only at the lower validation levels for those molecules not having the corresponding labelled analogues. Relative standard deviations in repeatability conditions (RSDr) and within-lab reproducibility conditions (RSDwR) were lower or equal to 11% and 22% respectively. Limits of quantification were set for most of the analytes at 0.10 ng g-1 (LOQs) and verified with repeated analysis on fortified samples (0.10 ng g-1). Limits of detection (LODs) were calculated as 1/3 LOQ. Finally the method was applied to 23 feed samples of different type (compound feed, vegetable feed material, complementary feed, pre-mixture and mineral feed) and all of them did not show PFAS above LOQ.

Risk Characterization and Benefit-Risk Assessment of Brominated Flame Retardant in Commercially Exploited Freshwater Fishes and Crayfish of Lake Trasimeno, Italy.

Among brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were the most widely used in past decades. BFRs not being chemically bonded to polymers means they can easily leach from the products into the environment and bioaccumulate. Humans are exposed to flame retardants mainly through food consumption, especially fish and fish products. In the present study, the occurrence of PBDEs and HBCDs in freshwater fishes and crayfish from Lake Trasimeno (Umbria region, central Italy) was assessed according to monitoring plans recommended by European competent authorities. The dietary exposure of the central Italian population to such molecules was calculated, and the risk characterization and the benefit-risk evaluation were also assessed. A total of 90 samples were analyzed by means of gas and liquid chromatography associated with triple quadrupole mass spectroscopy. A total of 51% of samples were found positive for at least one of the congeners; the most frequently found molecule was BDE-47. The data on dietary exposure ranged from 0.138 to 1.113 pg/kg body weight/day for ∑PBDE and from 0.805 to 0.868 pg/kg body weight/day for ∑HBCD. The data show no health risks for the central Italian population consuming freshwater fish products from Lake Trasimeno in relation to exposure to PBDE and HBCD.

Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) and Vibrio alginolyticus in Mussels from Central Adriatic Sea (Italy): Are They Closely Related?

Tetrodotoxins (TTXs), potent neurotoxins, have become an increasing concern in Europe in recent decades, especially because of their presence in mollusks. The European Food Safety Authority published a Scientific Opinion setting a recommended threshold for TTX in mollusks of 44 µg equivalent kg-1 and calling all member states to contribute to an effort to gather data in order to produce a more exhaustive risk assessment. The objective of this work was to assess TTX levels in wild and farmed mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) harvested in 2018-2019 along the coastal area of the Marche region in the Central Adriatic Sea (Italy). The presence of Vibrio spp. carrying the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, which are suspected to be involved in TTX biosynthesis, was also investigated. Out of 158 mussel samples analyzed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS), 11 (7%) contained the toxins at detectable levels (8-26 µg kg-1) and 3 (2%) contained levels above the EFSA safety threshold (61-76 µg kg-1). Contaminated mussels were all harvested from natural beds in spring or summer. Of the 2019 samples, 70% of them contained V. alginolyticus strains with the NRPS and/or PKS genes. None of the strains containing NRPS and/or PKS genes showed detectable levels of TTXs. TTXs in mussels are not yet a threat in the Marche region nor in Europe, but further investigations are surely needed.

Inorganic Elements in Mytilus galloprovincialis Shells: Geographic Traceability by Multivariate Analysis of ICP-MS Data.

The international seafood trade is based on food safety, quality, sustainability, and traceability. Mussels are bio-accumulative sessile organisms that need regular control to guarantee their safe consumption. However, no well-established and validated methods exist to trace mussel origin, even if several attempts have been made over the years. Recently, an inorganic multi-elemental fingerprint coupled to multivariate statistics has increasingly been applied in food quality control. The mussel shell can be an excellent reservoir of foreign inorganic chemical species, allowing recording long-term environmental changes. The present work investigates the multi-elemental composition of mussel shells, including Al, Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn, Cd, Co, U, Ba, Ni, Pb, Mg, Sr, and Ca, determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry in Mytilus galloprovincialis collected along the Central Adriatic Coast (Marche Region, Italy) at 25 different sampling sites (18 farms and 7 natural banks) located in seven areas. The experimental data, coupled with chemometric approaches (principal components analysis and linear discriminant analysis), were used to create a statistical model able to discriminate samples as a function of their production site. The LDA model is suitable for achieving a correct assignment of >90% of individuals sampled to their respective harvesting locations and for being applied to counteract fraud.

Heavy metal spatial and temporal trends (2008-2018) in clams and mussel from Adriatic Sea (Italy): Possible definition of forecasting models.

In 2008-2018, 1458 georeferenced samples of clams and 343 of mussels were harvested in Italy from classified areas along Marche coast and analyzed within food-safety monitoring plans. Pb, Cd, V, Ni, Cr, and As median levels (mg kg-1) were 0.09, 0.08, 0.29, 0.77, 0.35, and 2.35 in clams and 0.16, 0.15, 0.46, 0.48, 0.25, and 3.34 in mussels. The reported levels were comparable with the published ones, and Hg always fell below LOQ (0.025 mg kg-1). Pb and Cd datasets, based on quarterly results, show a decreasing trend in clams and constant baseline value for mussels. Time-trends and forecasting models represent an asset to predict emerging food safety/security risks. The metal levels in mussels and clams from the same area allow environmental safety assessment and thus enable the evaluation of contaminants in both water column and sediment. Monitoring of elements that are not regulated may help in preserving food and environmental safety.

BFRs (PBDEs and HBCDs) in freshwater species from Lake Trasimeno (Italy): The singular case of HBCDs in red swamp crayfish.

Eighty-six samples belonging to five different species (crucian carp, Carassius carassius; European perch, Perca fluviatilis; tench, Tinca tinca; eel, Anguilla anguilla; red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii) collected from Lake Trasimeno (Italy) were analyzed to assess polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) contamination. The Trasimeno is the largest Italian peninsular lake located in Umbria (Central Italy), in a rural area with low anthropogenic impact. All the samples were analyzed by an in-house developed analytical procedure involving a single sample preparation with dual detection: Gas- and Liquid-Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS for PBDEs and LC-MS/MS for HBCDs). BFRs levels in crucian carp, tench and European perch were negligible and mostly below quantification limits (LOQs). In eel, the species with the higher fat content, PBDE sum (15 congeners) ranged from 0.269 to 0.916 ng/g w.w. BDE-47, -100 and -154 accounted for roughly 57%, 16% and 11% of the PBDE sum, respectively, while BDE-99 (usually one of the most abundant congeners in biota), only for 3%. HBCDs (sum of α-, ß-, γ-isomers) were found between 0.157 and 1.14 ng/g w.w. with α- as predominant isomer (92% of the sum), followed by γ- (5%) and ß- (2%). Peculiar was the contamination in red swamp crayfish characterized by negligible PBDEs and very high HBCDs levels with a singular contamination pattern. In female pools (n = 9) the mean HBCDs sum was 0.150 ng/g w.w., while in males higher concentrations were measured (mean = 2.77 ng/g w.w.). A significant correlation seems to exist between the contamination level and the seasonal cycle only in male crayfish. Interestingly, among the HBCDs, the γ-isomer was the highest (67% of the total) while α- contributes only for 20%.

Cyclic Imines (CIs) in Mussels from North-Central Adriatic Sea: First Evidence of Gymnodimine A in Italy.

Cyclic imines (CIs) are emerging marine lipophilic toxins (MLTs) occurring in microalgae and shellfish worldwide. The present research aimed to study CIs in mussels farmed in the Adriatic Sea (Italy) during the period 2014-2015. Twenty-eight different compounds belonging to spirolides (SPXs), gymnodimines (GYMs), pinnatoxins (PnTXs) and pteriatoxins (PtTXs) were analyzed by the official method for MLTs in 139 mussel samples collected along the Marche coast. Compounds including 13-desmethyl spirolide C (13-desMe SPX C) and 13,19-didesmethyl spirolide C (13,19-didesMe SPX C) were detected in 86% of the samples. The highest levels were generally reported in the first half of the year reaching 29.2 µg kg-1 in January/March with a decreasing trend until June. GYM A, for the first time reported in Italian mussels, was found in 84% of the samples, reaching the highest concentration in summer (12.1 µg kg-1). GYM A and SPXs, submitted to tissue distribution studies, showed the tendency to accumulate mostly in mussel digestive glands. Even if SPX levels in mussels were largely below the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference of 400 µg SPXs kg-1, most of the samples contained CIs for the large part of the year. Since chronic toxicity data are still missing, monitoring is surely recommended.

Single sample preparation for brominated flame retardants in fish and shellfish with dual detection: GC-MS/MS (PBDEs) and LC-MS/MS (HBCDs).

An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in fish, shellfish and muscle of terrestrial animals was developed as an extension of a previously validated method for PBDE analysis. A single sample preparation based on QuEChERS-like extraction and a two-step clean-up, followed by a dual instrumental detection, was implemented. GC-MS/MS was used for PBDEs and LC-MS/MS for HBCDs. The method allows the quantification of fifteen PBDEs (28, 47, 49, 66, 77, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, 183, 197, 206, 209) and three HBCD isomers (α, ß and γ), reaching 10 pg/g LOQs for all the analytes except BDE 206 and 209 (100 pg/g LOQ). The validated method was applied to the analysis of 12 fish and shellfish species (sole, spiny dogfish, smooth-hound, mackerel, swordfish, grey mullet, cod, anchovy, red mullet, Atlantic horse mackerel, tuna fish and mussel) collected in central Italian markets accounting for a total of 44 samples. Generally, ΣPBDEs showed higher concentration than ΣHBCDs except in the case of mussels in which ΣHBCDs > ΣPBDEs. Cod and smooth-hound are the least contaminated species among those analysed in the present study, whereas the highest brominated flame retardant (BFR) levels were found in spiny dogfish samples. The measured contamination levels were generally comparable to or lower than those already published in European studies. Literature data for HBCDs in European fish and shellfish were hard to find; therefore, PBDE and HBCD levels were also compared with European Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) in biota (Directive 2013/39/EU). EQSs for HBCDs are six orders of magnitude higher than those for PBDEs; therefore, while no exceedance was observed for the first, almost all the samples analysed for PBDEs were above EQSs. The presented preliminary data on PBDEs and HBCDs are among the first published in marine fish and shellfish commercialised in Central Italy. Graphical abstrac.

Biological Effects of the Azaspiracid-Producing Dinoflagellate Azadinium dexteroporum in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Mediterranean Sea.

Azaspiracids (AZAs) are marine biotoxins including a variety of analogues. Recently, novel AZAs produced by the Mediterranean dinoflagellate Azadinium dexteroporum were discovered (AZA-54, AZA-55, 3-epi-AZA-7, AZA-56, AZA-57 and AZA-58) and their biological effects have not been investigated yet. This study aimed to identify the biological responses (biomarkers) induced in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis after the bioaccumulation of AZAs from A. dexteroporum. Organisms were fed with A. dexteroporum for 21 days and subsequently subjected to a recovery period (normal diet) of 21 days. Exposed organisms accumulated AZA-54, 3-epi-AZA-7 and AZA-55, predominantly in the digestive gland. Mussels' haemocytes showed inhibition of phagocytosis activity, modulation of the composition of haemocytic subpopulation and damage to lysosomal membranes; the digestive tissue displayed thinned tubule walls, consumption of storage lipids and accumulation of lipofuscin. Slight genotoxic damage was also observed. No clear occurrence of oxidative stress and alteration of nervous activity was detected in AZA-accumulating mussels. Most of the altered parameters returned to control levels after the recovery phase. The toxic effects detected in M. galloprovincialis demonstrate a clear biological impact of the AZAs produced by A. dexteroporum, and could be used as early indicators of contamination associated with the ingestion of seafood.

A fit-for-purpose method to monitor 16 European Union PAHs in food: results of five years of official food control in two Italian regions.

A gas-chromatographic single-quadrupole analytical method for the analysis of the 16 priority European Union (EU) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food is presented. The method fulfils the request of Regulation EU 836/2011 for an analytical procedure to be used for official control of PAHs in food in EU member states. The sample preparation involves a pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) with an in-cell clean-up step followed by a lipid removal using solid-phase extraction (SPE) on a styrene divinylbenzene stationary phase (SDVB) and a final gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) step. To reach a better sensitivity for all the analytes, including the heaviest last eluting PAHs, 3 µl of the purified extract were injected in solvent vent mode using a programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) injector. The isobaric PAH isomers were successfully separated using an Agilent Technologies DB-17MS (20 m × 0.18 mm × 0.18 µm) column. The method was fully validated using an in-house approach and the sensitivity, accuracy and precision obtained were satisfactory. The method expanded uncertainty was estimated and it was verified that it was below the maximum standard measurement uncertainty. Moreover, the results of 347 samples of meat and meat products, fish and fish products and mussels collected from January 2012 to December 2016 in the Marche and Umbria regions of Italy are reported. None of the samples exceed the maximum levels fixed by EU Regulation 835/2011, and clams turned out to be the most contaminated among the food matrices analysed. Finally, an estimate of the sum of four marker PAHs (benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene) as indicator of the PAHs contamination was done by comparison with the 16 carcinogenic PAHs sum.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected from Central Adriatic Sea.

One-hundred and thirty-four samples of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected along Central Adriatic Sea in 2013 were examined to determine the levels of fifteen congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The purified samples were analysed by gas-chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) applying the isotopic dilution. Only four congeners (PBDE 47, PBDE 99, PBDE 49 and PBDE 100) were present above the established limits of quantification with mean concentrations equal to 73, 30, 19 and 18 pg g(-1), respectively. The concentrations of PBDEs (sum) ranged from 27 to 386 pg g(-1), with the highest levels around the coastal area of Ancona town. The here found levels were comparable to those measured in mussels collected along Southern Adriatic Sea.

High-throughput histamine analysis approach in an official control laboratory: analytical methods and four years fish products results.

A highly practical two-tier approach involving a screening and a confirmatory method was set up to efficiently test histamine in fish products in the frame of official controls. After their validation, the routine management of the two procedures was simplified as far as possible ensuring a strict quality data control and maximizing the cost-effectiveness. Accordingly five hundred and ninety batches of fish products (3129 determinations) sampled from the Italian authorities were successfully analyzed over a four year period (2008-2012). Only a small percentage of analysed batches (4.9%) was judged non-compliant. The examination of irregular cases (fish species, processing technology and storage practices) suggests important considerations in order to minimise the histamine risk for consumers.

Temporal trends of PCBs in feed and dietary influence in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

As a rainbow trout producer, Italy is accounted as fifth in the world and second in continental Europe. In this study, the levels of the eighteen PCBs in feed and in trout, showed a statistical significant difference (p<0.01) throughout the years, with a declining trend from 2005 to 2010. This trend shows effectively that quality and safety of trout feeds has greatly improved during the last years and, as a consequence, also the PCBs values in muscle trout, showed a decreasing trend. Moreover, feed Σ18PCBs showed a statistical significant difference (p<0.01) among the analysed brands and was positively correlated (p<0.01 and r=0.451) with the rainbow trout muscle Σ18PCBs. These results showed that the presence of PCBs in trout muscle is directly linked to the chemical quality of aquaculture feed. The most commonly detected PCBs congeners were congeners PCB 153 and PCB 138 in all the three compared brands.

PCB concentrations in freshwater wild brown trouts (Salmo trutta trutta L) from Marche rivers, Central Italy.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the degree of PCBs contamination of wild brown trouts (Salmo trutta trutta L) caught in Marche Region rivers and to study the percentage contribution of the sum of the six indicators PCBs with respect to the sum of eighteen congeners in wild brown trouts. The determination of eighteen PCBs was made on the edible portion (fillets) of trouts by GC-ECD analysis. Fish samples were collected from fourteen rivers, selected to represent the fluvial pollution in the Marche Region. The total sum of eighteen congener concentrations was 8.2±0.9 ng/g wet weight. All the analysed samples showed a high variability of their congener profile even though the six PCBs indicators stood for 49.8% of the total PCBs. In the muscle of brown trout the Σ eighteen PCB and the Σ six PCB concentrations were not statistically correlated with the length and the body mass of specimens. Total PCB (Σ eighteen PCBs and Σ six PCBs) concentrations measured in the different sampling sites showed significant statistical differences among districts and, in the same district, among rivers (p<0.01). In particular, the lowest PCB levels (p<0.01) were detected in fish caught in Pesaro-Urbino Province rivers with the mean total PCB concentrations of 102.4±6.3 ng/g fat weight while the highest PCB levels were measured in specimens coming from Macerata Province rivers (1147.8±456.6 ng/g fat weight).