Glutamate imbalance in key structure of the default mode network in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The default mode network (DMN) is atypically active in patients with ADHD, likely contributing to the inattention patterns observed in patients with the disorder. Nonetheless, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies have rarely targeted the posterior cingulate cortex, a key DMN region, and little is known about the biochemical setting within this network in patients with ADHD. We aimed to assess the differences in metabolite profiles of the posterior cingulate cortex-a key region of the DMN-between patients with ADHD and controls. Five brain metabolites-glutamate, inositol, N-acetyl aspartate, choline, and creatine-were measured through MRS in the posterior cingulate cortex of patients and controls in a 3.0 T scanner. Between-group comparison of neurometabolite concentrations in PCC was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance. A total of 88 patients and 44 controls were included in the analysis. Patients with ADHD showed lower levels of glutamate in the posterior cingulate cortex compared to controls (p = 0.003). Lower concentrations of glutamate in the posterior cingulate cortex suggest that a glutamatergic imbalance within the posterior cingulate cortex might play a role in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Further understanding of the causes and consequences of such glutamate decrease might help explain how some glutamate-related drug effects impact on ADHD symptomatology.

Dissecting the cross-trait effects of the FOXP2 GWAS hit on clinical and brain phenotypes in adults with ADHD.

The Forkhead box P2 (FOXP2) encodes for a transcription factor with a broad role in embryonic development. It is especially represented among GWAS hits for neurodevelopmental disorders and related traits, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder, neuroticism, and risk-taking behaviors. While several functional studies are underway to understand the consequences of FOXP2 variation, this study aims to expand previous findings to clinically and genetically related phenotypes and neuroanatomical features among subjects with ADHD. The sample included 407 adults with ADHD and 463 controls. Genotyping was performed on the Infinium PsychArray-24 BeadChip, and the FOXP2 gene region was extracted. A gene-wide approach was adopted to evaluate the combined effects of FOXP2 variants (n = 311) on ADHD status, severity, comorbidities, and personality traits. Independent risk variants presenting potential functional effects were further tested for association with cortical surface areas in a subsample of cases (n = 87). The gene-wide analyses within the ADHD sample showed a significant association of the FOXP2 gene with harm avoidance (P = 0.001; PFDR = 0.015) and nominal associations with hyperactivity symptoms (P = 0.026; PFDR = 0.130) and antisocial personality disorder (P = 0.026; PFDR = 0.130). An insertion/deletion variant (rs79622555) located downstream of FOXP2 was associated with the three outcomes and nominally with the surface area of superior parietal and anterior cingulate cortices. Our results extend and refine previous GWAS findings pointing to a role of FOXP2 in several neurodevelopment-related phenotypes, mainly those involving underlying symptomatic domains of self-regulation and inhibitory control. Taken together, the available evidence may constitute promising insights into the puzzle of the FOXP2-related pathophysiology.

The course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder through midlife.

The course of ADHD from childhood up to young adulthood has been characterized in several studies. However, little is known about the course of symptoms into middle age and beyond. This study aims to evaluate predictors of ADHD trajectories in midlife based on three assessments. The follow-up sample comprised 323 adults with ADHD, evaluated at baseline and seven and thirteen years later, from the average ages of 34 up to 47 years old. ADHD status at reassessments was used to characterize trajectories. Demographics, ADHD features, comorbidities, and polygenic scores for ADHD and genetically correlated psychiatric disorders were evaluated to predict ADHD trajectories. Study retention rate was 67% at T2 (n = 216) and 62% at T3 (n = 199). Data from patients evaluated three times showed that 68.8% coursed stable, 25.5% unstable, and 5.7% remission trajectory of ADHD. Women, individuals with more severe syndromes, higher frequency of comorbidities at reassessments, and genetic liability to depression present a higher probability of a stable trajectory. Our findings shed light on midlife ADHD trajectories and their gender, genomic and clinical correlates.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation vs Sham for the Treatment of Inattention in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The TUNED Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may improve symptoms of inattention in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, previous trials are characterized by small sample sizes, heterogeneous methodologies, and short treatment periods using clinic-based tDCS. Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of home-based tDCS in treating inattention symptoms in adult patients with ADHD. Design, Setting, and Participants: Randomized, double-blind, parallel, sham-controlled clinical trial (tDCS for the Treatment of Inattention Symptoms in Adult Patients With ADHD [TUNED]), conducted from July 2019 through July 2021 in a single-center outpatient academic setting. Of 277 potential participants screened by phone, 150 were assessed for eligibility on site, and 64 were included. Participants were adults with ADHD, inattentive or combined subtype. Exclusion criteria included current stimulant drug treatment, current moderate to severe symptoms of depression or anxiety, diagnosis of bipolar disorder with a manic or depressive episode in the last year, diagnosis of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder; 55 of participants completed follow-up after 4 weeks. Interventions: Thirty-minute daily sessions of home-based tDCS for 4 weeks, 2 mA anodal-right and cathodal-left prefrontal stimulation with 35-cm2 carbon electrodes. Main Outcomes and Measures: Inattentive scores in the clinician-administered version of the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale version 1.1 (CASRS-I). Results: Included in this trial were 64 participants with ADHD (31 [48%] inattentive presentation and 33 [52%] combined presentation), with a mean (SD) age of 38.3 (9.6) years. Thirty participants (47%) were women and 34 (53%) were men. Fifty-five finished the trial. At week 4, the mean (SD) inattention score, as measured with CASRS-I, was 18.88 (5.79) in the active tDCS group and 23.63 (3.97) in the sham tDCS group. Linear mixed-effects models revealed a statistically significant treatment by time interaction for CASRS-I (ßinteraction = -3.18; 95% CI, -4.60 to -1.75; P < .001), showing decreased symptoms of inattention in the active tDCS group over the 3 assessments compared to the sham tDCS group. Mild adverse events were more frequent in the active tDCS group, particularly skin redness, headache, and scalp burn. Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, daily treatment with a home-based tDCS device over 4 weeks improved attention in adult patients with ADHD who were not taking stimulant medication. Home-based tDCS could be a nonpharmacological alternative for patients with ADHD. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04003740.

Identifying posttraumatic stress disorder staging from clinical and sociodemographic features: a proof-of-concept study using a machine learning approach.

This proof-of-concept study aimed to investigate the viability of a predictive model to support posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) staging. We performed a naturalistic, cross-sectional study at two Brazilian centers: the Psychological Trauma Research and Treatment (NET-Trauma) Program at Universidade Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, and the Program for Research and Care on Violence and PTSD (PROVE), at Universidade Federal of São Paulo. Five supervised machine-learning algorithms were tested: Elastic Net, Gradient Boosting Machine, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and C5.0, using clinical (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale version 5) and sociodemographic features. A hundred and twelve patients were enrolled (61 from NET-Trauma and 51 from PROVE). We found a model with four classes suitable for the PTSD staging, with best performance metrics using the C5.0 algorithm to CAPS-5 15-items plus sociodemographic features, with an accuracy of 65.6% for the train dataset and 52.9% for the test dataset (both significant). The number of symptoms, CAPS-5 total score, global severity score, and presence of current/previous trauma events appear as main features to predict PTSD staging. This is the first study to evaluate staging in PTSD with machine learning algorithms using accessible clinical and sociodemographic features, which may be used in future research.

Da vivência no campo analítico até a formulação da interpretação / From the experience in the analytical field to the formulation of interpretation

INTRODUÇÃO: A interpretação segue sendo uma valiosa ferramenta para o processo de mudança psíquica no tratamento psicanalítico. A clínica atual pretende desenvolver uma nova experiência emocional, ampliar das capacidades do self, além de acompanhar os movimentos culturais vigentes. Entretanto, eleger o conteúdo da interpretação e o modo como ela será transmitida para que o paciente compreenda segue sendo um desafio. MÉTODO: A revisão da literatura partiu de uma busca nas principais bases de pesquisa de artigos, acrescida das referências de leituras obrigatórias do conteúdo programático da formação psicanalítica na SPPA. Após, foi realizada uma seleção de artigos e capítulos de livros que contivessem o tema de como formular uma interpretação psicanalítica incluindo o referencial a partir das vivências no campo analítico. RESULTADOS: Destaca-se a atitude analítica como fundamental para desenvolver a experiência emocional e compreender as vivências no campo analítico. A partir delas, é possível formular uma interpretação com o objetivo de ampliar as capacidades do self. O artigo traz parâmetros de como eleger o conteúdo, o modo e o momento de transmitir a interpretação ao paciente. CONCLUSÃO: A formulação da interpretação ocorre a partir da vivência emocional de algo incompreensível vivido pela dupla no campo analítico. O processo analítico, ancorado na teoria, desenvolve um novo significado da fantasia inconsciente vivenciada pela dupla que deve ser interpretado. Este novo significado, que tecerá progressivamente a nova rede simbólica do paciente, pode ser transmitido por intervenções verbais e não verbais.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Interpretation remains a valuable tool for the process of psychic change in psychoanalytic treatment. The current clinic intends to develop a new emotional experience, expand the capacities of the self, and accompany the current cultural movements. However, choosing the content of the interpretation and how it will be transmitted to the patient remains challenging. METHOD: The literature review started from a search in the main research bases of articles and added to the references of mandatory readings of the programmatic content of psychoanalytic training at SPPA. Afterward, a selection of articles and book chapters was carried out that contained the theme of how to formulate a psychoanalytic interpretation, including the reference from the experiences in the analytical field. RESULTS: The analytical attitude is highlighted as fundamental to developing the emotional experience and understanding the experiences in the analytical field. From them, it is possible to formulate an interpretation to expand the capacities of the self. The article provides parameters for choosing the contente, the way, and the timing of transmitting the interpretation to the patient. CONCLUSION: The formulation of the interpretation takes place from the emotional experience of something incomprehensible experienced by the pair in the analytical field. The analytical process, anchored in theory, develops a new meaning of the unconscious fantasy experienced by the pair that must be interpreted. This new meaning, progressively weaving the patients new symbolic network, can be transmitted through verbal and non-verbal interventions.(AU)

INTRODUCCIÓN: La interpretación sigue siendo una herramienta valiosa para el proceso de cambio psique en el tratamiento psicoanalítico. La clínica actual pretende desarrollar una nueva experiencia emocional, ampliar las capacidades del yo, además de seguir los movimientos culturas actuales. Sin embargo, elegir el contenido de la interpretación y la forma en que se transmitir para que el paciente entienda sigue siendo un desafío. MÉTODO: La revisión bibliográfica partió de una búsqueda en las principales bases de investigación de artículos, además de referencias a lecturas obligatorias del programa de estudios del formación psicoanalítica en la SPPA. Posteriormente, se realizó una selección de artículos y capítulos de libros. que contenía el tema de cómo formular una interpretación psicoanalítica incluyendo la referencial a partir de las experiencias en el campo analítico. RESULTADOS: La actitud analítica se destaca como fundamental para desarrollar la experiencia. emocional y comprender las experiencias en el campo analítico. A partir de ellos, es posible formular una interpretación dirigida a expandir las capacidades del yo. El artículo trae parámetros. cómo elegir el contenido, modo y momento de transmitir la interpretación al paciente. CONCLUSIÓN: La formulación de la interpretación se da a partir de la experiencia emocional de algo experiencia incomprensible vivida por el dúo en el campo analítico. El proceso analítico, anclado en la teoría, desarrolla un nuevo significado de la fantasía inconsciente experimentada por la pareja que debe ser interpretado. Este nuevo sentido, que irá tejiendo progresivamente la nueva red simbólico del paciente, puede ser transmitido por intervenciones verbales y no verbales.(AU)

A implementação de psicoterapia on-line em um programa de residência médica em psiquiatria durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / The implementation of online psychotherapy in a medical residency program in psychiatry during the COVID-19 pandemic

O impacto da pandemia de SARS-CoV2 e as recomendações de reduzir a circulação de pessoas produziu uma série de mudanças no nosso cotidiano. Tratamentos tradicionalmente realizados face-a-face de forma presencial as psicoterapias sofreram forte impacto com riscos de abandono e interrupção. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um relato de experiência sobre o processo de implementação de psicoterapia on-line no ambulatório de psicoterapias do Serviço de Psiquiatria de um hospital escola durante a pandemia de SARS-CoV2, exibindo as principais adaptações realizadas nos procedimentos de comunicação, protocolos de atendimento e registros das sessões de psicoterapia. Tendo como foco a garantia da manutenção dos atendimentos durante períodos de distanciamento social foram criadas diretrizes para a realização de psicoterapia on-line com a elaboração de um manual norteador (Material suplementar) de procedimentos para continuidade dos atendimentos dentro dos parâmetros éticos e técnicos estabelecidos pelo serviço. O manual foi elaborado a partir da discussão entre supervisores e residentes, de forma que refletisse a realidade e as demandas comumente atendidas. As adaptações realizadas no ambulatório foram norteadas por quatro grandes objetivos: 1) manutenção e continuidade dos atendimentos; 2) diminuição de barreiras de comunicação entre psicoterapeuta-paciente; 3) manutenção de reuniões on-line e web conferência entre todos os membros da equipe e manutenção dos estudos e; 4) normatização de procedimentos durante as sessões de psicoterapia.(AU)

The impact of the SARS-CoV2 pandemic and the recommendations to reduce the movement of people and agglomerations produced a series of changes in our daily lives, changing the way various health services were provided. Treatments traditionally performed face-to-face such as psychotherapies suffered a strong impact with risks of abandonment and interruption. This paper is an experience report about the process online psychotherapy implementation in a Psychiatry School Hospital Service during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic, showing the adaptations in communication procedures, care protocols and records of psychotherapy sessions. With a focus on ensuring the maintenance of care during periods of social distancing, guidelines were created for online psychotherapy based on the preparation of a guiding manual (Supplementary material) of procedures so that care was performed within the parameters ethical and technical established by the service. The manual was created from the discussion between supervisors and residents, so that it reflected the reality and demands commonly met. The adaptations were guided by four major objectives: 1) maintenance and continuity of care, 2) reduction of communication barriers between psychotherapist-patient, 3) maintenance of online meetings and web conferences between all team members and maintenance of studies and 4) standardization of procedures during psychotherapy sessions.(AU)

El impacto de la pandemia de SARS-CoV2 y las recomendaciones para reducir el movimiento de personas ha producido una serie de cambios en nuestra vida cotidiana. Los tratamientos tradicionalmente realizados en psicoterapias presenciales sufrieron un fuerte impacto con riesgos de abandono e interrupción. El propósito de este artículo es presentar un informe de experiencia sobre el proceso de implementación de la psicoterapia online en el ambulatorio de psicoterapia del Servicio de Psiquiatría de un hospital escuela durante la pandemia de SARSCoV2, mostrando las principales adaptaciones realizadas en los procedimientos de comunicación, protocolos asistenciales y registros de sesiones de psicoterapia. Con el foco en asegurar el mantenimiento de la atención durante los períodos de distanciamiento social, se crearon pautas para la realización de la psicoterapia en línea a partir de la elaboración de un manual guía (Material Complementario) de procedimientos para que las exploraciones asistenciales se realizaran dentro de los parámetros éticos y técnicos establecidos por el servicio. Las adaptaciones realizadas en el ambulatorio se basaron en cuatro objetivos principales: 1) mantenimiento y continuidad de la atención; 2) reducción de las barreras de comunicación entre psicoterapeuta-paciente; 3) mantenimiento de reuniones en línea y conferencias web entre todos los miembros del equipo y mantenimiento de estudios y; 4) estandarización de los procedimientos durante las sesiones de psicoterapia.(AU)

TDAH hackathon: inovação em saúde: app para auxiliar pacientes com transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade para a adesão ao tratamento / ADHD hackathon: health innovation: app to assist patients with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity to treatment adherence

Este artigo apresenta o processo de ideação e prototipação de um aplicativo para auxílio de pacientes com TDAH no autogerenciamento de hábitos diários para uma maior adesão ao tratamento e no gerenciamento de tempo, agregando assim muito valor à sociedade. Este processo foi proposto na primeira edição do evento "Experiência HCPA ­ TDAH Hackathon". O método usado foi a pesquisa de campo com pacientes com TDAH e validação de hipóteses. Justifica-se pela necessidade de uma ferramenta confiável, permitindo que os pacientes com TDAH possam centralizar as ações em apenas um aplicativo no celular: seus compromissos, lembretes de medicação e gerenciamento de tempo, entre outras facilidades, sendo o meio mais viável e efetivo para a adesão ao tratamento. (AU)

This article presents the process of ideation and prototyping of an application to helppatients with ADHD in self-management of daily habits to a greater adherence to treatment and time management, thus adding a lot of value to society. This process was proposed in the first edition of the HCPA Experience ­ ADHD Hackathon event. The method used was field research of patients with ADHD and validation of hypotheses. The need for a reliable tool is justified, where ADHD patients will be able to centralize their appointments, medication reminders, time management, among other facilities in just one mobile application, being the most viable and effective means of adhering to treatment. (AU)

Trauma-related disorders in a low- to middle-income country: A four-year follow-up of outpatient trauma in Brazil.

Acute stress disorder (ASD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are developed from exposure to traumatic events including war, interpersonal violence and natural disasters. We investigated prevalence and trauma-related information in patients from an outpatient psychiatric unit in Brazil among 2014-2017. A prevalence of ASD/PTSD of 40.8% was found in 179 patients. Female, Caucasian, married, mostly educated during 10-12 years long and employed patients composed a main profile. The presence of any previous trauma in adulthood and childhood were related to ASD/PTSD with longer follow-up time. This study provides evidence of stress-related disorders in a heterogeneous environment.

Interaction structures in the psychodynamic psychotherapy of a patient with chronic diseases and somatic symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify and analyze the interaction structures (ISs) (patterns of reciprocal interaction between the patient-therapist dyad) that characterize the process of a successful long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (28 months) of a patient with chronic diseases (lupus and fibromyalgia) and somatic symptoms. METHODS: The 113 sessions were videotaped and analyzed alternately (n = 60) by independent judges using the Psychotherapy Process Q-Set. Inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.60 to 0.90, with a mean of r = 0.71 (Pearson's correlation). Through a principal component exploratory factor analysis, four ISs were identified. RESULT: The patterns of interaction between patient and therapist showed clinical validity (i.e., they were easily interpretable in the context of the case under study). The ISs were non-linear and more or less prominent across different treatment sessions and stages. Some ISs were similar to those in other studies, and others were probably unique to the present process. In addition, some ISs were independent, whereas others were interrelated over time. CONCLUSION: Process studies, such as the present one, seek to address questions about the characteristics of the interaction between patient and therapist as well as to identify particular patterns of interaction that are most prominent with a specific patient at a specific condition or time. Therefore, these studies can provide some support in establishing knowledge for clinical practice, assisting in the training of therapists, as well as in the elaboration of general guidelines for the technical management of patients with specific characteristics.

What is the appropriate time to measure outcome and process factors in psychodynamic psychotherapy?

INTRODUCTION: Different instruments and methods for measuring factors related to the progress and effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDT) have been widely discussed in the literature. However, there are no established guidelines on the most appropriate time to perform these measurements. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to problematize what is the appropriate time to measure the initial outcomes (symptoms, interpersonal relationships, quality, and social role) and process factors (alliance) in the early stages of PDT. METHODS: A naturalistic cohort study was conducted, following 304 patients during the first six months of psychotherapy. The therapeutic alliance was evaluated after four sessions; symptoms, interpersonal relationships, and social role were evaluated at intake and after 12 and 24 sessions. RESULTS: Our results indicate that four sessions were sufficient to measure the bond dimension of the therapeutic alliance, while more time is probably needed to adequately measure other aspects of the therapeutic alliance, such as tasks and goals. However, 12 sessions of treatment proved sufficient to detect improvements in all dimensions of the outcome instruments with moderate effect sizes, and those gains were stable at the 24th session. CONCLUSION: According to our findings, 12 sessions seem to be sufficient to assess initial gains in PDT, although more studies are needed to evaluate the appropriate time to assess all aspects of the therapeutic alliance. Further studies are also required to evaluate the appropriate time to assess intermediate and long-term progress with regard to symptoms, interpersonal relations, social role and personality reorganization.

Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adult critical care survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: As more patients are surviving intensive care, mental health concerns in survivors have become a research priority. Among these, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can have an important impact on the quality of life of critical care survivors. However, data on its burden are conflicting. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prevalence of PTSD symptoms in adult critical care patients after intensive care unit (ICU) discharge. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Web of Science, PsycNET, and Scopus databases from inception to September 2018. We included observational studies assessing the prevalence of PTSD symptoms in adult critical care survivors. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data. Studies were meta-analyzed using a random-effects model to estimate PTSD symptom prevalence at different time points, also estimating confidence and prediction intervals. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool and the GRADE approach. RESULTS: Of 13,267 studies retrieved, 48 were included in this review. Overall prevalence of PTSD symptoms was 19.83% (95% confidence interval [CI], 16.72-23.13; I2 = 90%, low quality of evidence). Prevalence varied widely across studies, with a wide range of expected prevalence (from 3.70 to 43.73% in 95% of settings). Point prevalence estimates were 15.93% (95% CI, 11.15-21.35; I2 = 90%; 17 studies), 16.80% (95% CI, 13.74-20.09; I2 = 66%; 13 studies), 18.96% (95% CI, 14.28-24.12; I2 = 92%; 13 studies), and 20.21% (95% CI, 13.79-27.44; I2 = 58%; 7 studies) at 3, 6, 12, and > 12 months after discharge, respectively. CONCLUSION: PTSD symptoms may affect 1 in every 5 adult critical care survivors, with a high expected prevalence 12 months after discharge. ICU survivors should be screened for PTSD symptoms and cared for accordingly, given the potential negative impact of PTSD on quality of life. In addition, action should be taken to further explore the causal relationship between ICU stay and PTSD, as well as to propose early measures to prevent PTSD in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO, CRD42017075124 , Registered 6 December 2017.

What is the appropriate time to measure outcome and process factors in psychodynamic psychotherapy? / Qual o tempo apropriado pata medir fatores de resultado e processo em psicoterapia psicodinâmica?

Abstract Introduction Different instruments and methods for measuring factors related to the progress and effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDT) have been widely discussed in the literature. However, there are no established guidelines on the most appropriate time to perform these measurements. Objectives The aim of this study is to problematize what is the appropriate time to measure the initial outcomes (symptoms, interpersonal relationships, quality, and social role) and process factors (alliance) in the early stages of PDT. Methods A naturalistic cohort study was conducted, following 304 patients during the first six months of psychotherapy. The therapeutic alliance was evaluated after four sessions; symptoms, interpersonal relationships, and social role were evaluated at intake and after 12 and 24 sessions. Results Our results indicate that four sessions were sufficient to measure the bond dimension of the therapeutic alliance, while more time is probably needed to adequately measure other aspects of the therapeutic alliance, such as tasks and goals. However, 12 sessions of treatment proved sufficient to detect improvements in all dimensions of the outcome instruments with moderate effect sizes, and those gains were stable at the 24th session. Conclusion According to our findings, 12 sessions seem to be sufficient to assess initial gains in PDT, although more studies are needed to evaluate the appropriate time to assess all aspects of the therapeutic alliance. Further studies are also required to evaluate the appropriate time to assess intermediate and long-term progress with regard to symptoms, interpersonal relations, social role and personality reorganization.

Resumo Introdução Diferentes instrumentos e formas de medir fatores relacionados ao progresso e à efetividade da psicoterapia psicodinâmica (PDT) têm sido amplamente discutidos na literatura. No entanto, não há diretrizes estabelecidas sobre o tempo apropriado para que essas medidas sejam realizadas. Objetivos O objetivo deste estudo é problematizar qual o momento apropriado para medir resultados iniciais (sintomas, relações interpessoais e papel social) e fatores de processo (aliança) nos estágios iniciais da PDT. Métodos Realizou-se estudo de coorte naturalista que acompanhou 304 pacientes durante os primeiros seis meses de psicoterapia. A aliança terapêutica foi avaliada após quatro sessões; sintomas, relações interpessoais e papel social foram avaliados na entrevista de entrada e após 12 e 24 sessões. Resultados Nossos resultados indicam que quatro sessões foram suficientes para medir a dimensão do vínculo da aliança terapêutica, enquanto que é necessário mais tempo para medir adequadamente outros aspectos da aliança terapêutica, como tarefas e objetivos. No entanto, 12 sessões de tratamento revelaram-se suficientes para detectar melhora em todas as dimensões dos instrumentos de resultados com tamanhos de efeito moderados, e esses ganhos se mostraram estáveis na 24ª sessão. Conclusão De acordo com nossos achados, 12 sessões parecem ser suficientes para acessar os ganhos iniciais na PDT, porém mais estudos são necessários para avaliar o tempo apropriado de medir todos os aspectos da aliança terapêutica. São necessários mais estudos para avaliar o tempo apropriado para avaliar os ganhos intermediários e de longo prazo em relação a sintomas, função interpessoal e função social.

Interaction structures in the psychodynamic psychotherapy of a patient with chronic diseases and somatic symptoms / Estruturas de interação na psicoterapia psicodinâmica de uma paciente com doenças crônicas e sintomas somáticos

Abstract Objective This study aimed to identify and analyze the interaction structures (ISs) (patterns of reciprocal interaction between the patient-therapist dyad) that characterize the process of a successful long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (28 months) of a patient with chronic diseases (lupus and fibromyalgia) and somatic symptoms. Methods The 113 sessions were videotaped and analyzed alternately (n = 60) by independent judges using the Psychotherapy Process Q-Set. Inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.60 to 0.90, with a mean of r = 0.71 (Pearson's correlation). Through a principal component exploratory factor analysis, four ISs were identified. Result The patterns of interaction between patient and therapist showed clinical validity (i.e., they were easily interpretable in the context of the case under study). The ISs were non-linear and more or less prominent across different treatment sessions and stages. Some ISs were similar to those in other studies, and others were probably unique to the present process. In addition, some ISs were independent, whereas others were interrelated over time. Conclusion Process studies, such as the present one, seek to address questions about the characteristics of the interaction between patient and therapist as well as to identify particular patterns of interaction that are most prominent with a specific patient at a specific condition or time. Therefore, these studies can provide some support in establishing knowledge for clinical practice, assisting in the training of therapists, as well as in the elaboration of general guidelines for the technical management of patients with specific characteristics.

Resumo Objetivo Este estudo objetivou identificar e analisar as estruturas de interação (interaction structures [ISs]) (padrões de interação recíproca entre a dupla paciente-terapeuta) que caracterizam o processo de uma psicoterapia psicodinâmica de longa duração (28 meses) de uma paciente com doenças crônicas (lúpus e fibromialgia) e sintomas somáticos. Métodos As 113 sessões foram filmadas e analisadas alternadamente (n = 60) por juízes independentes usando o Psychotherapy Process Q-Set. A confiabilidade entre avaliadores variou de 0.60 a 0.90, com média de r = 0.71 (correlação de Pearson). Por meio de uma análise fatorial exploratória do componente principal, foram identificadas quatro ISs. Resultados Os padrões de interação entre paciente e terapeuta mostraram validade clínica (ou seja, foram facilmente interpretáveis no contexto do caso em estudo). As ISs foram não lineares e mais ou menos proeminentes em diferentes sessões e etapas do tratamento. Algumas ISs foram semelhantes às de outros estudos, e outras provavelmente foram exclusivas do presente processo. Além disso, algumas ISs eram independentes, enquanto outras estavam inter-relacionadas ao longo do tempo. Conclusão Estudos de processo como o presente procuram abordar questões sobre as características da interação entre paciente e terapeuta, bem como identificar padrões particulares de interação que são mais proeminentes com um determinado paciente em condições ou momentos específicos. Portanto, esses estudos podem fornecer suporte ao estabelecimento de conhecimentos para a prática clínica, auxiliando na formação de terapeutas, bem como na elaboração de diretrizes gerais para o manejo técnico de pacientes com características específicas.

Brazilian Portuguese translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and apparent validation of the Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale.

OBJECTIVE: This article concerns the translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and apparent validation of the Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale (TABS), an instrument used to assess the psychological effects of traumatic life experiences and vicarious trauma. METHODS: This study involved literature review and evaluation of conceptual and item equivalences involving expert discussion groups focused on the existence and pertinence of the underlying theoretical concepts and corresponding items in a Brazilian context. Two translations and respective back-translations were performed during the evaluation of semantic equivalence, as well as an evaluation considering the referential and general equivalences between the original TABS and each version. Twenty-eight psychiatrists and psychologists completed a pretest. The final version was tested for reliability through the Cronbach's alpha and for verbal comprehension through the adapted verbal-numeric scale (ranging from 0 [I didn't understand anything] to 5 [I understood perfectly and I had no doubt]) in another 64 health professionals. RESULTS: The cross-cultural adaptation demonstrated high semantic equivalence for both the general (>95.0%) and the referential (>90.0%) meaning. The total Cronbach's alpha was 0.9173. All 84 items were maintained, and they favorably contributed to the internal consistency of the scale. The mean values of the adapted verbal-numeric scale for verbal comprehension obtained from health professionals varied from 4.2 to 4.9. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of the TABS demonstrated high-quality conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence with the original instrument, as well as high acceptability, internal consistency, and verbal comprehension. The scale is now available for use.

Brazilian Portuguese translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and apparent validation of the Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale / Tradução para o Português brasileiro, adaptação transcultural e validação aparente da Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale

Abstract Objective This article concerns the translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and apparent validation of the Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale (TABS), an instrument used to assess the psychological effects of traumatic life experiences and vicarious trauma. Methods This study involved literature review and evaluation of conceptual and item equivalences involving expert discussion groups focused on the existence and pertinence of the underlying theoretical concepts and corresponding items in a Brazilian context. Two translations and respective back-translations were performed during the evaluation of semantic equivalence, as well as an evaluation considering the referential and general equivalences between the original TABS and each version. Twenty-eight psychiatrists and psychologists completed a pretest. The final version was tested for reliability through the Cronbach's alpha and for verbal comprehension through the adapted verbal-numeric scale (ranging from 0 [I didn't understand anything] to 5 [I understood perfectly and I had no doubt]) in another 64 health professionals. Results The cross-cultural adaptation demonstrated high semantic equivalence for both the general (>95.0%) and the referential (>90.0%) meaning. The total Cronbach's alpha was 0.9173. All 84 items were maintained, and they favorably contributed to the internal consistency of the scale. The mean values of the adapted verbal-numeric scale for verbal comprehension obtained from health professionals varied from 4.2 to 4.9. Conclusion The Brazilian version of the TABS demonstrated high-quality conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence with the original instrument, as well as high acceptability, internal consistency, and verbal comprehension. The scale is now available for use.

Resumo Objetivo Este artigo se refere à tradução, adaptação transcultural e validação aparente da Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale (TABS), instrumento utilizado para avaliar os efeitos psicológicos das experiências de vida traumáticas e do trauma vicário. Métodos Este estudo envolveu uma revisão de literatura e avaliação da equivalência conceitual e dos itens, empregando grupos de discussão de especialistas, focando na existência e pertinência dos conceitos teóricos subjacentes e na correspondência dos itens dentro de um contexto brasileiro. Duas traduções e respectivas retrotraduções foram realizadas durante a avaliação da equivalência semântica, bem como foi feita uma avaliação considerando a equivalência referencial e geral entre a TABS original e cada versão. Vinte e oito psiquiatras e psicólogos completaram um pré-teste. A versão final foi testada para confiabilidade através do alfa de Cronbach e para compreensão verbal através de uma escala verbal-numérica adaptada [variando de 0 (Eu não entendi nada) a 5 (Eu entendi perfeitamente e não tive qualquer dúvida)] em outros 64 profissionais de saúde. Resultados A adaptação transcultural demonstrou alta equivalência semântica, tanto para o significado geral (>95,0%) quanto referencial (>90,0%). O alfa de Cronbach total foi de 0,9173. Todos os 84 itens foram mantidos e contribuíram favoravelmente para a consistência interna da escala. Os valores médios da escala verbal-numérica adaptada para a compreensão verbal obtidos dos profissionais de saúde variaram de 4,2 a 4,9. Conclusão A versão brasileira da TABS demonstrou equivalência conceitual, de itens e semântica de alta qualidade com o instrumento original, bem como elevada aceitabilidade, consistência interna e compreensão verbal. A escala está atualmente disponível para uso.

Association between resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder among Brazilian victims of urban violence: a cross-sectional case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the association between resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Brazilian victims of urban violence. It also compared defense mechanisms, parental bonding, and childhood trauma between those who developed PTSD and those who did not. METHODS: This cross-sectional case-control study included 66 adult subjects exposed to recent urban violence in southern Brazil - 33 with PTSD and 33 healthy controls matched by sex and age - who were administered the Resilience Scale, Defense Style Questionnaire, Parental Bonding Instrument, and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The statistical tests used were the McNemar test for categorical variables, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for continuous asymmetric variables, and the paired Student t-test for continuous symmetric variables. RESULTS: The PTSD group showed lower total Resilience Scale scores compared with controls (128.4±20.7 vs. 145.8±13.1, respectively; p = 0.01), along with a lower ability to solve situations and lower personal values that give meaning to life (p = 0.019). They also had lower rates of mature defense mechanisms (p < 0.001) and higher rates of emotional (p = 0.001) and physical (p = 0.003) abuse during childhood. CONCLUSION: Lower levels of resilience, especially the ability to solve situations and having personal values that give meaning to life, immature defense mechanisms, and emotional and physical abuse in childhood are associated with PTSD in adult Brazilian victims of urban violence.

Association between resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder among Brazilian victims of urban violence: a cross-sectional case-control study / Associação entre resiliência e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático em vítimas de violência urbana no Brasil: estudo transversal de caso e controle

Abstract Introduction This study investigated the association between resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Brazilian victims of urban violence. It also compared defense mechanisms, parental bonding, and childhood trauma between those who developed PTSD and those who did not. Methods This cross-sectional case-control study included 66 adult subjects exposed to recent urban violence in southern Brazil - 33 with PTSD and 33 healthy controls matched by sex and age - who were administered the Resilience Scale, Defense Style Questionnaire, Parental Bonding Instrument, and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The statistical tests used were the McNemar test for categorical variables, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for continuous asymmetric variables, and the paired Student t-test for continuous symmetric variables. Results The PTSD group showed lower total Resilience Scale scores compared with controls (128.4±20.7 vs. 145.8±13.1, respectively; p = 0.01), along with a lower ability to solve situations and lower personal values that give meaning to life (p = 0.019). They also had lower rates of mature defense mechanisms (p < 0.001) and higher rates of emotional (p = 0.001) and physical (p = 0.003) abuse during childhood. Conclusion Lower levels of resilience, especially the ability to solve situations and having personal values that give meaning to life, immature defense mechanisms, and emotional and physical abuse in childhood are associated with PTSD in adult Brazilian victims of urban violence.

Resumo Introdução Este estudo investigou a associação entre resiliência e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) entre vítimas brasileiras de violência urbana. Comparou os mecanismos de defesa, vínculos parentais e trauma infantil entre vítimas que desenvolveram TEPT e vítimas que não desenvolveram o transtorno. Métodos Estudo de caso-controle transversal que incluiu 66 sujeitos adultos expostos à violência urbana no sul do Brasil. Foram avaliados 33 pacientes com TEPT e 33 controles saudáveis pareados por sexo e idade, que responderam a Escala de Resiliência, Questionário do Estilo Defensivo, Instrumento de Ligação Parental e Questionário sobre Traumas Infantis. Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram o teste de McNemar para variáveis categóricas, teste Wilcoxon para variáveis assimétricas contínuas e teste tde Student pareado para variáveis simétricas contínuas. Resultados O grupo que desenvolveu TEPT apresentou escores totais da Escala de Resiliência mais baixos em relação aos controles (128,4±20,7 versus145,8±13,1, respectivamente; p = 0,01), juntamente com uma menor capacidade em resolver situações e menores índices de valores pessoais que dão sentido à vida (p = 0,019). Também apresentaram taxas mais baixas de uso de mecanismos de defesas maduros (p < 0,001) e maiores taxas de abuso emocional (p = 0,001) e físico (p = 0,003) durante a infância. Conclusão Níveis mais baixos de resiliência, especialmente a capacidade de resolver situações e ter valores pessoais que dão sentido à vida, mecanismos imaturos de defesa e abuso físico e emocional na infância estão associados ao TEPT em adultos vítimas de violência urbana no Brasil.

Indicações de tratamento psicoterápico individual no Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático / Indications of individual psychotherapeutic treatment in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar as principais recomendações de tratamento psicoterápico individual em adultos para o Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT), permitindo uma melhor avaliação clínica para a adequação do mesmo de acordo com as características do paciente. A revisão foi realizada na base de dados PubMed com estudos de revisão e recomendações reconhecidas internacionalmente. São descritas as abordagens psicoterápicas individuais e seus níveis de evidência. A descrição é complementada com uma avaliação clínica para auxiliar o terapeuta na escolha entre as possíveis intervenções psicoterápicas para o TEPT. Visto que vários tratamentos psicológicos são eficazes para adultos com TEPT, esta revisão pode ser um guia na decisão terapêutica usando parâmetros clínicos e de evidência científica.(AU)

The purpose of the study was to review the main individual psychotherapeutic treatment recommendations for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), aiming a better clinical assessment of its adequacy according to the patient characteristics. The review was conducted on the PubMed database with study reviews and internationally recognized guidelines. We describe the individual psychotherapeutic approaches and their levels of evidence. The description is supplemented by a clinical evaluation to assist the therapist in choosing among the possible psychotherapeutic interventions for PTSD. Since various psychological treatments are effective for adults with PTSD, this review may be a guide to the therapeutic decision using clinical and scientific evidence parameters.(AU)

Countertransference and therapeutic alliance in the early stage of adult psychodynamic psychotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationship between countertransference (CT) and therapeutic alliance (TA) during the early stages of psychodynamic psychotherapy. A secondary objective is to assess associations between CT and variables related to therapist and patient and between CT and other patient variables investigated, which were defense mechanisms, symptomology and functionality. METHODOLOGY: This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 30 patients treated by 17 different therapists at the psychotherapy clinics of two psychiatry centers. Assessments of each patient-therapist pair were conducted between their fourth and 10th sessions. RESULTS: The CT distance domain exhibited a moderate negative correlation with TA, particularly its sub-dimension representing the patient's capacity for work in therapy. Moderate positive correlations were observed between CT distance and the splitting defense mechanism and between CT closeness and suppression defenses, in addition to moderate negative correlation between CT indifference and the fantasy defense mechanism. Another finding was higher scores for CT indifference in association with socioeconomic classes D and E. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of CT may provide a source of information about TA. A high degree of CT distance represents a low level of TA, particularly with relation to the patient's working capacity, although presence of the splitting defense mechanism can affect CT, to the extent that it constitutes a confounding variable. The concept of CT is useful to psychotherapists, providing a source of information about the patient's internal world and about certain elements of therapy, such as the quality of TA, which is important for good treatment results.