Arthroscopic Treatment of the Septic Ankle.

Ankle joint sepsis is a relatively rare but potentially devastating pathologic process of the lower extremity that requires expeditious identification and management. Establishing the diagnosis of ankle joint sepsis is often challenging as it may present with concomitant pathologies and often lacks consistency in regard to classic clinical characteristics. Once a diagnosis has been established, prompt management is imperative to minimize the potential for long-term sequelae. The purpose of this chapter is to address the diagnosis and management of the septic ankle with a focus on arthroscopic treatment.

85-Year-Old Postsurgical Complex Patient Successfully Managed Remotely at the Novel Mayo Clinic's Hospital at Home.

An 85-year-old male presented to the podiatry clinic following a 1st to 5th left toe amputation as a complication of severe peripheral arterial disease and nonhealing wound despite endovascular intervention with an angiogram. At the visit, cellulitis with gangrene of the surgical site was noted. The patient was admitted to the brick and mortar (BAM) hospital and taken to surgery for a transmetatarsal amputation of the left limb. In the immediate postoperative period, the incisional margins appeared dusky creating concern for flap viability. The medical team recommended a vascular bypass versus a below-knee amputation. However, given the age, comorbidities, and nutritional status, the family refused further surgical intervention. As such, Mayo Clinic's home hospital program, Advanced Care at Home (ACH), was consulted for continued nonsurgical acute management at home. The patient was transferred to ACH and transported home three days after BAM admission to continue IV antibiotic therapy and wound care. Discharge from ACH occurred 11 days after admission to the BAM hospital. This case highlights the importance of developing health care alternatives to traditional hospitalization and demonstrates that ACH can manage highly complex, elder postoperative patients from the comfort of their homes.

Cheilectomy Combined With First Tarsometatarsal Joint Arthrodesis for Surgical Treatment of Midstage Hallux Rigidus Complicated by Medial Column Insufficiency: Prospective Evaluation of Outcomes.

The role of metatarsus primus elevatus and first ray hypermobility is under scrutiny with regard to the pathoanatomy of hallux rigidus. Regardless of the underlying biomechanical cause, there is a subset of patients with hallux limitus present with concomitant insufficiency of the medial column identified on clinical exam and lateral imaging as dorsal divergence of the first compared with the second metatarsal. While cheilectomy and decompression metatarsal osteotomy are commonly used to mitigate retrograde forces at the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) level, traditional hallux limitus procedures do not address more proximal deformity of the medial column. Although the authors prefer to treat this complex condition with cheilectomy combined with tarsometatarsal joint arthrodesis, there is a paucity of literature on this approach. A prospective cohort study of consecutive patients was therefore performed to assess outcomes. Ten patients (3 males, 7 females) and 11 feet (8 right and 3 left) met the inclusion criteria. Mean follow-up was 21.9 months (range 12 to 52). Average age was 50.4 years (range 28 to 61). The average preoperative ACFAS score of 49.6 (range 29 to 61) improved to 78 (range 51 to 92) at 10 weeks postoperatively and 85.4 (range 60 to 100) at 1 year postoperatively. By 1 year postsurgery, 9 of 10 patients (90%) described their satisfaction level as very satisfied, and 1 (10%) was somewhat satisfied.

Incidence and Clinical Significance of Heterotopic Ossification After Partial Ray Resection.

Heterotopic bone growth is a common finding after partial foot amputation that can predispose to recurrent wounds, osteomyelitis, and reamputation. Heterotopic ossification is the formation of excessive mature lamellar bone in the soft tissues adjacent to bone that is exacerbated by trauma or surgical intervention. The relevance of heterotopic ossification is dependent on its anatomic location. Its occurrence as a sequela of partial foot amputation can lead to prominence on the plantar aspect of the foot that can predispose the patient to recurrent neuropathic ulceration or preclude appropriate wound healing. Reulceration puts the high-risk patient who has already undergone local amputation at greater risk of recurrent infection and further amputation. The present study aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors for heterotopic ossification to further evaluate its role in partial foot amputation. A retrospective analysis of 72 consecutive patients who had undergone partial metatarsal resection was performed, with 90% of the cohort having peripheral neuropathy and 88% diabetes mellitus. Our findings revealed a heterotopic ossification incidence of 75% diagnosed radiographically. The initial onset of heterotopic ossification was not appreciated >10 weeks postoperatively. Ten patients (18.5%) exhibited heterotopic ossification-associated ulceration. The incidence of heterotopic ossification was 30% less in patients with peripheral vascular disease. These results indicate that heterotopic ossification is a common sequela of partial ray resection in an already high-risk patient population. The perioperative use of pharmacologic or radiation prophylaxis in an attempt to minimize amputation-related morbidity should be considered.

Two-Pin Fixation of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Fusion for Hammertoe Correction.

Single-pin external Kirschner wire (K-wire) fixation has traditionally been a mainstay in proximal interphalangeal joint fusion for central hammertoe repair. Concerns over cosmesis, inconvenience, pin tract infection, hardware failure, nonunion, and early hardware removal have led to the development of implantable internal fixation devices. Although numerous implantable devices are now available and represent viable options for hammertoe repair, they are costly and often pose a challenge in the event removal becomes necessary. An alternative fixation option not typically used is a 2-pin K-wire fixation technique. The perceived advantage of obtaining 2 points of fixation compared with 1 across the fusion site is improved stability against the rotational and bending forces, thus decreasing the potential for pin-related complications. A retrospective assessment of 91 consecutive hammertoe repairs consisting of proximal interphalangeal joint fusion with 2-pin fixation in 60 patients was performed. The K-wires were removed at 6 weeks postoperatively, and the overall postoperative follow-up duration was 28.56 (range 1.40 to 86.83) months. Of the 91 digits, 89 (98%) did not encounter a complication postoperatively and 2 (2.20%) had sustained loosened or broken hardware. No postoperative infection was encountered. The low incidence of complications observed supports the 2-pin K-wire fixation technique as a low-cost and viable construct for proximal interphalangeal joint fusion hammertoe repair.

Radiation therapy for recurrent heterotopic ossification prophylaxis after partial metatarsal amputation.

The formation of heterotopic ossification is a relatively common, yet rarely discussed, cause of re-ulceration after previous partial metatarsal amputation. Excessive bone growth at the amputation site has the potential to create an unwanted prominence on the weightbearing surface of the foot, intuitively increasing plantar pressure and placing the neuropathic patient at greater risk of re-ulceration and limb loss. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of single-dose radiation therapy in preventing recurrent heterotopic ossification. The inclusion criteria consisted of a history of clinically relevant heterotopic ossification formation after partial metatarsal amputation with subsequent partial metatarsal amputation for heterotopic ossification resection, followed by prophylactic single-dose radiation therapy. Eleven consecutive patients meeting the inclusion criteria were identified for the present study. Before the intervention, 10 (91%) patients demonstrated formation of mid- to high-grade heterotopic ossification, and 9 (82%) patients exhibited an associated neuropathic ulceration. On follow-up at least 6 weeks after intervention, 2 (18%) patients exhibited low-grade heterotopic ossification reformation that was not clinically relevant and 9 (82%) did not show signs of heterotopic recurrence. Single-dose radiation therapy can help prevent the formation of heterotopic ossification in high-risk patients, acting as an effective adjunct to surgery in minimizing the risk of re-ulceration and re-amputation in the neuropathic patient.

Combined medial column primary arthrodesis, middle column open reduction internal fixation, and lateral column pinning for treatment of Lisfranc fracture-dislocation injuries.

Lisfranc fracture-dislocation can be a devastating injury with significant long-term sequelae, including degenerative joint disease, progressive arch collapse, and chronic pain that can be potentiated if not effectively treated. We present a case to demonstrate our preferred surgical approach, consisting of combined medial column primary arthrodesis, middle column open reduction internal fixation, and lateral column pinning, with the primary goal of minimizing common long-term complications associated with Lisfranc injuries. We present the case of a typical patient treated according to this combined surgical approach to highlight our patient selection criteria, rationale, surgical technique, and operative pearls. A 36-year-old male who had sustained a homolateral Lisfranc fracture-dislocation injury after falling from a height initially underwent fasciotomy for foot compartment syndrome. The subsequent repair 16 days later involved primary first tarsometatarsal joint fusion, open reduction internal fixation of the second and third tarsometatarsal joints, and temporary pinning of the fourth and fifth tarsometatarsal joints. He progressed well postoperatively, exhibiting an American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons forefoot score of 90 of 100 at 1 year after surgery with no need for subsequent treatment. Lisfranc fracture-dislocations often exhibit primary dislocation to the medial column and are conducive to arthrodesis to stabilize the tarsometatarsal complex. The middle column frequently involves comminuted intra-articular fractures and will often benefit from less dissection required for open reduction internal fixation instead of primary fusion. We propose that this surgical approach is a viable alternative technique for primary treatment of Lisfranc fracture-dislocation injuries.

Partial foot amputations for salvage of the diabetic lower extremity.

Lower extremity infections are a common yet unfortunate complication of diabetes-related ulcers often requiring surgical intervention. The main goals of surgical treatment consist of selecting the appropriate procedure to effectively eradicate nonsalvageable tissue, achieve primary healing, and maximize subsequent dynamic functionality. An overview of each partial foot amputation procedure is discussed with a focus on procedure selection as well as standard and advanced surgical techniques. The effective application of partial foot amputations in the high-risk diabetic population can act to minimize the need for major proximal lower limb amputations.

Arthroscopic management of the septic ankle joint: case report of a stage-guided treatment.

Ankle joint sepsis is a serious pathologic entity that, if not effectively treated, can lead to significant dysfunction and morbidity. Minimal published data are available to guide the frequency and extent of surgical irrigation and debridement in patients with ankle joint sepsis. We report on a surgical treatment protocol used at our institution based on intraoperative joint staging. We present the case of a 68-year-old female with well-controlled diabetes who presents with ankle joint sepsis. She represents a typical patient treated by our standard approach. At approximately 1 year postoperatively, the patient reported minimal residual pain and had returned to near previous activity levels, despite an advanced stage of joint sepsis at the initial presentation. The treatment protocol provides supplemental guidance to assist regular clinical judgment in managing the septic ankle joint.