Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Down/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/genética , Adolescente , California/epidemiología , California/etnología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Cromosomas Humanos Par 21/genética , Síndrome de Down/complicaciones , Síndrome de Down/etnología , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Guatemala/epidemiología , Guatemala/etnología , Haplotipos , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/complicaciones , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/etnología , Análisis de Componente Principal , Factores de Riesgo , Regulador Transcripcional ERG/genéticaRESUMEN
The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of a member of the PRACTICAL Consortium, Manuela Gago-Dominguez, which was incorrectly given as Manuela Gago Dominguez. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article. Furthermore, in the original HTML version of this Article, the order of authors within the author list was incorrect. The PRACTICAL consortium was incorrectly listed after Richard S. Houlston and should have been listed after Nora Pashayan. This error has been corrected in the HTML version of the Article; the PDF version was correct at the time of publication.
RESUMEN
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have advanced our understanding of susceptibility to B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL); however, much of the heritable risk remains unidentified. Here, we perform a GWAS and conduct a meta-analysis with two existing GWAS, totaling 2442 cases and 14,609 controls. We identify risk loci for BCP-ALL at 8q24.21 (rs28665337, P = 3.86 × 10-9, odds ratio (OR) = 1.34) and for ETV6-RUNX1 fusion-positive BCP-ALL at 2q22.3 (rs17481869, P = 3.20 × 10-8, OR = 2.14). Our findings provide further insights into genetic susceptibility to ALL and its biology.
Asunto(s)
Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/genética , Niño , Preescolar , Subunidad alfa 2 del Factor de Unión al Sitio Principal/genética , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Glicosiltransferasas/genética , Antígenos HLA/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/inmunología , Pronóstico , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided strong evidence for inherited predisposition to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) identifying a number of risk loci. We have previously shown common SNPs at 9p21.3 influence ALL risk. These SNP associations are generally not themselves candidates for causality, but simply act as markers for functional variants. By means of imputation of GWAS data and subsequent validation SNP genotyping totalling 2,177 ALL cases and 8,240 controls, we have shown that the 9p21.3 association can be ascribed to the rare high-impact CDKN2A p.Ala148Thr variant (rs3731249; Odds ratio = 2.42, P = 3.45 × 10(-19)). The association between rs3731249 genotype and risk was not specific to particular subtype of B-cell ALL. The rs3731249 variant is associated with predominant nuclear localisation of the CDKN2A transcript suggesting the functional effect of p.Ala148Thr on ALL risk may be through compromised ability to inhibit cyclin D within the cytoplasm.
Asunto(s)
Cromosomas Humanos Par 9/genética , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/epidemiología , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/epidemiología , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/genética , Niño , Preescolar , Exones/genética , Variación Genética/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Reino Unido/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
This study was performed to identify the potential role of Alpha-2 Heremans Schmid Glycoprotein (AHSG) in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) tumorigenesis using an HNSCC cell line model. HNSCC cell lines are unique among cancer cell lines, in that they produce endogenous AHSG and do not rely, solely, on AHSG derived from serum. To produce our model, we performed a stable transfection to down-regulate AHSG in the HNSCC cell line SQ20B, resulting in three SQ20B sublines, AH50 with 50% AHSG production, AH20 with 20% AHSG production and EV which is the empty vector control expressing wild-type levels of AHSG. Utilizing these sublines, we examined the effect of AHSG depletion on cellular adhesion, proliferation, migration and invasion in a serum-free environment. We demonstrated that sublines EV and AH50 adhered to plastic and laminin significantly faster than the AH20 cell line, supporting the previously reported role of exogenous AHSG in cell adhesion. As for proliferative potential, EV had the greatest amount of proliferation with AH50 proliferation significantly diminished. AH20 cells did not proliferate at all. Depletion of AHSG also diminished cellular migration and invasion. TGF-ß was examined to determine whether levels of the TGF-ß binding AHSG influenced the effect of TGF-ß on cell signaling and proliferation. Whereas higher levels of AHSG blunted TGF-ß influenced SMAD and ERK signaling, it did not clearly affect proliferation, suggesting that AHSG influences on adhesion, proliferation, invasion and migration are primarily due to its role in adhesion and cell spreading. The previously reported role of AHSG in potentiating metastasis via protecting MMP-9 from autolysis was also supported in this cell line based model system of endogenous AHSG production in HNSCC. Together, these data show that endogenously produced AHSG in an HNSCC cell line, promotes in vitro cellular properties identified as having a role in tumorigenesis.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/genética , alfa-2-Glicoproteína-HS/fisiología , Unión Competitiva/efectos de los fármacos , Unión Competitiva/genética , Carcinogénesis/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Adhesión Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Adhesión Celular/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Movimiento Celular/genética , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/patología , Humanos , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/metabolismo , ARN Interferente Pequeño/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , alfa-2-Glicoproteína-HS/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The expression of annexin A6 (AnxA6) in AnxA6-deficient non-invasive tumor cells has been shown to terminate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation and downstream signaling. However, as a scaffolding protein, AnxA6 may stabilize activated cell-surface receptors to promote cellular processes such as tumor cell motility and invasiveness. In this study, we investigated the contribution of AnxA6 in the activity of EGFR in invasive breast cancer cells and examined whether the expression status of AnxA6 influences the response of these cells to EGFR-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and/or patient survival. RESULTS: We demonstrate that in invasive BT-549 breast cancer cells AnxA6 expression is required for sustained membrane localization of activated (phosho-Y1068) EGFR and consequently, persistent activation of MAP kinase ERK1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathways. Depletion of AnxA6 in these cells was accompanied by rapid degradation of activated EGFR, attenuated downstream signaling and as expected enhanced anchorage-independent growth. Besides inhibition of cell motility and invasiveness, AnxA6-depleted cells were also more sensitive to the EGFR-targeted TKIs lapatinib and PD153035. We also provide evidence suggesting that reduced AnxA6 expression is associated with a better relapse-free survival but poorer distant metastasis-free and overall survival of basal-like breast cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: Together this demonstrates that the rapid degradation of activated EGFR in AnxA6-depleted invasive tumor cells underlies their sensitivity to EGFR-targeted TKIs and reduced motility. These data also suggest that AnxA6 expression status may be useful for the prediction of the survival and likelihood of basal-like breast cancer patients to respond to EGFR-targeted therapies.
Asunto(s)
Anexina A6/genética , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Quinazolinas/farmacología , Anexina A6/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama/mortalidad , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular , Proliferación Celular , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Receptores ErbB/antagonistas & inhibidores , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Lapatinib , Lisosomas/metabolismo , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , ProteolisisRESUMEN
The enduring suspicion that infections and immunologic response may play a role in the etiology of childhood leukemia, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), is now supported, albeit still indirectly, by numerous epidemiological studies. The cumulative evidence includes, for example, descriptive observations of a peculiar peak incidence at age 2-5 years for ALL in economically developed countries, clustering of cases in situations of population mixing associated with unusual patterns of personal contacts, associations with various proxy measures for immune modulatory exposures early in life, and genetic susceptibility conferred by variation in genes involved in the immune system. In this review, our focus is the extended major histocompatibility complex (MHC), an approximately 7.6 Mb region that is well-known for its high-density of expressed genes, extensive polymorphisms exhibiting complex linkage disequilibrium patterns, and its disproportionately large number of immune-related genes, including human leukocyte antigen (HLA). First discovered through the role they play in transplant rejection, the classical HLA class I (HLA-A, -B, and -C) and class II (HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DP) molecules reside at the epicenter of the immune response pathways and are now the targets of many disease susceptibility studies, including those for childhood leukemia. The genes encoding the HLA molecules are only a minority of the over 250 expressed genes in the xMHC, and a growing number of studies are beginning to evaluate other loci through targeted investigations or utilizing a mapping approach with a comprehensive screen of the entire region. Here, we review the current epidemiologic evidence available to date regarding genetic variation contained within this highly unique region of the genome and its relationship with childhood ALL risk.
RESUMEN
Childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP ALL) is usually initiated in utero and is thought to progress to overt leukemia under the influence of delayed exposure to a common infection. Based on the hypothesis that polymorphic HLA-DP variants can restrict T-cell responses to infection, we previously compared DP supertype frequencies in BCP ALL patients with that of unrelated newborn controls. We reported that the DP2 supertype was associated with susceptibility, whereas DP1 was associated with protection. However, the association of genetic variants in children with early-onset diseases such as ALL may be a proxy for parental effects. Here we examine whether maternal DP1 and DP2 are associated with BCP ALL by fitting log-linear models in a combined series of family triads (both parents and case child) and dyads (1 parent and case child; n = 571) in comparison with similar models in non-BCP leukemia (n = 198). We report no evidence of maternal DP1 or DP2 associations with BCP ALL, but we did identify suggestive evidence of maternal undertransmission of the infrequent supertypes DP11 and DP15. Although these results require confirmation, they suggest that DP11 and DP15 may be protective or that there is transmission ratio distortion of these supertypes in BCP ALL.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos B/química , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Antígenos HLA-DP/genética , Patrón de Herencia/genética , Modelos Genéticos , Polimorfismo Genético/inmunología , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/genética , Adolescente , Edad de Inicio , Linfocitos B/citología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Genotipo , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Padres , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/diagnóstico , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/epidemiología , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/inmunología , Proyectos de Investigación , Reino UnidoAsunto(s)
Antígenos HLA-A/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/genética , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Niño , Preescolar , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Pronóstico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Mammals are able to rapidly produce red blood cells in response to stress. The molecular pathways used in this process are important in understanding responses to anaemia in multiple biological settings. Here we characterise the novel gene Claudin 13 (Cldn13), a member of the Claudin family of tight junction proteins using RNA expression, microarray and phylogenetic analysis. We present evidence that Cldn13 appears to be co-ordinately regulated as part of a stress induced erythropoiesis pathway and is a mouse-specific gene mainly expressed in tissues associated with haematopoietic function. CLDN13 phylogenetically groups with its genomic neighbour CLDN4, a conserved tight junction protein with a putative role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition, suggesting a recent duplication event. Mechanisms of mammalian stress erythropoiesis are of importance in anaemic responses and expression microarray analyses demonstrate that Cldn13 is the most abundant Claudin in spleen from mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense. In mice prone to anaemia (C57BL/6), its expression is reduced compared to strains which display a less severe anaemic response (A/J and BALB/c) and is differentially regulated in spleen during disease progression. Genes clustering with Cldn13 on microarrays are key regulators of erythropoiesis (Tal1, Trim10, E2f2), erythrocyte membrane proteins (Rhd and Gypa), associated with red cell volume (Tmcc2) and indirectly associated with erythropoietic pathways (Cdca8, Cdkn2d, Cenpk). Relationships between genes appearing co-ordinately regulated with Cldn13 post-infection suggest new insights into the molecular regulation and pathways involved in stress induced erythropoiesis and suggest a novel, previously unreported role for claudins in correct cell polarisation and protein partitioning prior to erythroblast enucleation.