The impact of right atrial pressure on outcomes in patients undergoing TIPS, an ALTA group study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Single-center studies in patients undergoing TIPS suggest that elevated right atrial pressure (RAP) may influence survival. We assessed the impact of pre-TIPS RAP on outcomes using the Advancing Liver Therapeutic Approaches (ALTA) database. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Total 883 patients in ALTA multicenter TIPS database from 2010 to 2015 from 9 centers with measured pre-TIPS RAP were included. Primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes were 48-hour post-TIPS complications, post-TIPS portal hypertension complications, and post-TIPS inpatient admission for heart failure. Adjusted Cox Proportional hazards and competing risk model with liver transplant as a competing risk were used to assess RAP association with mortality. Restricted cubic splines were used to model nonlinear relationship. Logistic regression was used to assess RAP association with secondary outcomes.Pre-TIPS RAP was independently associated with overall mortality (subdistribution HR: 1.04 per mm Hg, 95% CI, 1.01, 1.08, p =0.009) and composite 48-hour complications. RAP was a predictor of TIPS dysfunction with increased odds of post-90-day paracentesis in outpatient TIPS, hospital admissions for renal dysfunction, and heart failure. Pre-TIPS RAP was positively associated with model for end-stage liver disease, body mass index, Native American and Black race, and lower platelets. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-TIPS RAP is an independent risk factor for overall mortality after TIPS insertion. Higher pre-TIPS RAP increased the odds of early complications and overall portal hypertensive complications as potential mechanisms for the mortality impact.

North American Practice-Based Recommendations for Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts in Portal Hypertension.

Complications of portal hypertension, including ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic hydrothorax, and hepatic encephalopathy, are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite few high-quality randomized controlled trials to guide therapeutic decisions, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation has emerged as a crucial therapeutic option to treat complications of portal hypertension. In North America, the decision to perform TIPS involves gastroenterologists, hepatologists, and interventional radiologists, but TIPS creation is performed by interventional radiologists. This is in contrast to other parts of the world where TIPS creation is performed primarily by hepatologists. Thus, the successful use of TIPS in North America is dependent on a multidisciplinary approach and technical expertise, so as to optimize outcomes. Recently, new procedural techniques, TIPS stent technology, and indications for TIPS have emerged. As a result, practices and outcomes vary greatly across institutions and significant knowledge gaps exist. In this consensus statement, the Advancing Liver Therapeutic Approaches group critically reviews the application of TIPS in the management of portal hypertension. Advancing Liver Therapeutic Approaches convened a multidisciplinary group of North American experts from hepatology, interventional radiology, transplant surgery, nephrology, cardiology, pulmonology, and hematology to critically review existing literature and develop practice-based recommendations for the use of TIPS in patients with any cause of portal hypertension in terms of candidate selection, procedural best practices and, post-TIPS management; and to develop areas of consensus for TIPS indications and the prevention of complications. Finally, future research directions are identified related to TIPS for the management of portal hypertension.

Safety and Efficacy of Segmental Yttrium-90 Radioembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate safety and efficacy of segmental yttrium-90 (Y90) radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement. The hypothesis was liver sparing segmental Y90 for HCC after TIPS would provide high antitumor response with a tolerable safety profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-arm retrospective study included 39 patients (16 women, 23 men) with ages 49-81 years old who were treated with Y90. Child-Pugh A/B liver dysfunction was present in 72% (28/39) with a median Model for End-stage Liver Disease score of 18 (95% confidence interval, 16.4-19.4). Primary outcomes were clinical and biochemical toxicities and antitumor imaging response by World Health Organization (WHO) and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) criteria. Secondary outcomes were orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), time to progression (TTP), and overall survival (OS) estimates by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality was 0%. Grade 3+ clinical adverse events and grade 3+ hyperbilirubinemia occurred in 5% (2/39) and 0% (0/39), respectively. Imaging response was achieved in 58% (22/38, WHO criteria) and 74% (28/38, EASL criteria), respectively. Median TTP was 16.1 months for any cause and 27.5 months for primary index lesions. OLT was completed in 88% (21/24) of listed patients at a median time of 6.1 months (range, 0.9-11.7 months). Median OS was 31.6 months and 62.9 months censored and uncensored to OLT, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Segmental Y90 for HCC appears safe and efficacious in patients after TIPS. Preserved transplant eligibility suggests that Y90 is a useful tool for bridging these patients to liver transplantation.

Perceptions of Quality in Interventional Oncology.

PURPOSE: To inductively characterize perceptions of quality in interventional oncology (IO) based on values and experiences of patients and referring providers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Brief ethnographic interviews were completed with referring providers and patients before and after a variety of liver-directed procedures about their experiences, concerns, and perceptions of IO services at a single institution. Constructivist grounded theory was used to systematically analyze interview transcripts for themes until thematic saturation was achieved. All transcripts were analyzed by a reviewer with 3-years of experience performing such analyses, and 50% were randomly selected to be coded by 2 additional blinded reviewers. Interreviewer agreement was assessed via Cohen κ. RESULTS: Interviews with 22 patients (mean age, 65 y ± 13; 9 women) and 12 providers (mean age, 54 y ± 9; 6 women) were required to reach and confirm thematic saturation. Interreviewer agreement for interview themes was excellent (κ = 0.78; P < .001). Perceptions of high-quality IO care relied on interventional radiologists being responsive, friendly, and open; engaging in multidisciplinary collaboration; having thoughtful, dedicated support staff; and facilitating well-coordinated care after procedures and follow-up more than technical expertise and periprocedural comfort. Patient and provider perceptions of quality differed, but disjointed care after procedures was the most common critique among both groups. CONCLUSIONS: An inductive qualitative approach effectively characterized specific aspects of perceptions of high-quality IO care among patients and referring providers.

Inferior Vena Cava Filter-Related Thrombus/Deep Vein Thrombosis: Data and Management.

Recurrent deep venous thrombosis and inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis are well-described complications following IVC filter placement. IVC thrombosis ranges in severity of clinical presentation, but can lead to significant morbidity and mortality with incidence rates depending on patient population and type of filter used. Endovascular therapies such as catheter-directed thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, balloon venoplasty, and stenting are safe and effective in restoration of venous patency.

Casopitant: a new warrior in the antiemetic crusade.

The effective treatment of emetic complications of cancer therapies has remained a challenging task for cancer patients and their cancer care providers. Despite striking advances in antiemetic interventions, the need for more personalized targeted treatments in those who fail to response to the currently available antiemetic agents are yet to be met. Casopitant, a potent selective inhibitor of neurokinin-1 receptors, is a product of the increasingly heightened interest in this particular subset of cancer patients. The current review examines the emerging data about the benefits and safety of casopitant for treatment of chemotherapy-induced acute and delayed emesis, as well as the postoperative nausea/vomiting. Although preclinical studies promoted the notion of a potential superiority of casopitant over the already approved aprepitant in enhancing food and fluid intake, the limited comparison in clinical settings have yet to affirm a demonstratable meaningful superiority. The prevailing view from the published prospective studies supports a single 100 or 150 mg dose schedule of casopitant, orally or intravenously, as an effective and safe prophylaxis for acute and delayed emesis. The relative inferior outcomes of "nausea" control, as compared to a more impressive "vomiting" prevention, are similarly shared by both casopitant and aprepitant. This repeated and disappointing observation has challenged the precision and accuracy of our current understandings about the exact fabric of the "emesis axis." The future efforts should be directed to identify more effective agents for managing nausea and anticipatory emesis equally in both genders.

Transposable elements as a significant source of transcription regulating signals.

Transposable elements (TEs) are major components of eukaryotic genomes, contributing about 50% to the size of mammalian genomes. TEs serve as recombination hot spots and may acquire specific cellular functions, such as controlling protein translation and gene transcription. The latter is the subject of the analysis presented. We scanned TE sequences located in promoter regions of all annotated genes in the human genome for their content in potential transcription regulating signals. All investigated signals are likely to be over-represented in at least one TE class, which shows that TEs have an important potential to contribute to pre-transcriptional gene regulation, especially by moving transcriptional signals within the genome and thus potentially leading to new gene expression patterns. We also found that some TE classes are more likely than others to carry transcription regulating signals, which can explain why they have different retention rates in regions neighboring genes.