Plain language summary of isatuximab plus carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for the treatment of people with high-risk newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

What is this summary about? This is a summary of a publication about the GMMG-CONCEPT study that was published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology in September 2023. The study tested if a combination of cancer drugs (isatuximab plus carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone, or Isa-KRd for short) was a safe treatment for people with high­risk newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. The GMMG-CONCEPT study included participants who had not been treated before and were eligible to receive a procedure called autologous stem cell transplant, as well as participants who were not eligible to receive transplants.How was the study in this summary conducted? This report looked at a total of 125 participants; 99 were transplant-eligible and 26 were transplant-non-eligible. All participants were treated with Isa-KRd. The researchers measured the proportion of people who had 'no detectable levels' of myeloma cells in their body left while on treatment (called minimal residual disease negativity, or MRD negativity for short). The researchers measured the progression-free survival, or the average length of time it took between the participants joining the study until their cancer got worse or they died. The researchers also measured overall survival, which is the total amount of time people lived during the study, even if their cancer got worse. The researchers also monitored for side effects of Isa-KRd in all participants that received at least one treatment.What were the results of the study? At the end of the consolidation therapy (intensified therapy that happens after initial therapy), MRD negativity was observed in the majority of transplant-eligible and transplant non-eligible patients. For many patients, this effect lasted 6 or more months. After more than 3 years in transplant eligible participants and 2 years and 9 months for transplant non-eligible participants, most participants were alive and their disease did not get worse. In both groups, the most common side effects of Isa-KRd treatment were low blood cell counts and infections. Overall, most of the side effects did not last long or were easily treated.What were the main conclusions reported by the researchers? In the GMMG-CONCEPT study, Isa-KRd treatment reduced the number of myeloma cells to no detectable levels in more than two thirds of the participants with high-risk newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03104842 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Isatuximab, Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for the Treatment of High-Risk Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma.

PURPOSE: The GMMG-CONCEPT trial investigated isatuximab, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (Isa-KRd) in transplant-eligible (TE) and transplant-noneligible (TNE) patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) with exclusively high-risk disease for whom prospective trials are limited, aiming to induce minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity. METHODS: This academic, investigator-initiated, multicenter, phase II trial enrolled patients with high-risk NDMM (HRNDMM) defined by mandatory International Staging System stage II/III combined with del17p, t(4;14), t(14;16), or more than three 1q21 copies as high-risk cytogenetic aberrations (HRCAs). Patients received Isa-KRd induction/consolidation and Isa-KR maintenance. TE patients received high-dose melphalan. TNE patients received two additional Isa-KRd cycles postinduction. This prespecified interim analysis (IA) reports the primary end point, MRD negativity (<10-5, next-generation flow), at the end of consolidation. The secondary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: Among 125 patients with HRNDMM (TE-intention-to-treat [ITT]-IA, 99; TNE-ITT, 26) of the IA population for the primary end point, the median age was 58 (TE-ITT-IA) and 74 (TNE-ITT) years. Del17p was the most common HRCA (TE, 44.4%; TNE, 42.3%); about one third of evaluable TE/TNE patients presented two or more HRCAs, respectively. The trial met its primary end point with MRD negativity rates after consolidation of 67.7% (TE) and 54.2% (TNE) of patients. Eighty-one of 99 TE-ITT-IA patients reached MRD negativity at any time point (81.8%). MRD negativity was sustained for ≥1 year in 62.6% of patients. With a median follow-up of 44 (TE) and 33 (TNE) months, median PFS was not reached in either arm. CONCLUSION: Isa-KRd effectively induces high rates of sustainable MRD negativity in the difficult-to-treat HRNDMM population, regardless of transplant status, translating into a median PFS that was not yet reached after 44/33 months.

Addition of isatuximab to lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone as induction therapy for newly diagnosed, transplantation-eligible patients with multiple myeloma (GMMG-HD7): part 1 of an open-label, multicentre, randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies have consistently shown increased efficacy when added to standard of care for patients with multiple myeloma. We aimed to assess the efficacy of isatuximab in addition to lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed transplantation-eligible multiple myeloma. METHODS: This open-label, multicentre, randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial was done at 67 academic and oncology practice centres in Germany. This study is ongoing and divided into two parts; herein, we report results from part 1. Eligible patients were aged 18-70 years; had a confirmed diagnosis of untreated multiple myeloma requiring systemic treatment and a WHO performance status of 0-2; and were eligible for induction therapy, high-dose melphalan and autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, and maintenance treatment. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive three 42-day cycles of induction therapy either with isatuximab plus lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (isatuximab group) or lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone alone (control group) using a web-based system and permuted blocks. Patients in both groups received lenalidomide (25 mg orally on days 1-14 and 22-35), bortezomib (1·3 mg/m2 subcutaneously on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 22, 25, 29, and 32), and dexamethasone (20 mg orally on days 1-2, 4-5, 8-9, 11-12, 15, 22-23, 25-26, 29-30, and 32-33). Isatuximab was given as 10 mg/kg intravenously on days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 of cycle 1 and on days 1, 15, and 29 of cycles 2 and 3. The primary endpoint was minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity assessed by flow cytometry, in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03617731. FINDINGS: Between Oct 23, 2018, and Sep 22, 2020, 660 patients were included in the ITT analysis (331 in the isatuximab group and 329 in the control group). 654 (99%) patients were White, two were African, one was Arabic, and three were Asian. 250 (38%) were women and 410 (62%) were men. The median age was 59 years (IQR 54-64). MRD negativity after induction therapy was reached in 166 (50%) patients in the isatuximab group versus 117 (36%) in the control group (OR 1·82 [95% CI 1·33-2·48]; p=0·00017). Median follow-up time from start to end of induction therapy was 125 days (IQR 125-131) versus 125 days (125-132). At least one grade 3 or 4 adverse event occurred in 208 (63%) of 330 patients versus 199 (61%) of 328 patients. Neutropenia of grade 3 or 4 occurred in 77 (23%) versus 23 (7%) patients and infections of grade 3 or 4 occurred in 40 (12%) versus 32 (10%) patients. Among 12 deaths during induction therapy, one death due to septic shock in the isatuximab group and four deaths (one cardiac decompensation, one hepatic and renal failure, one cardiac arrest, and one drug-induced enteritis) in the control group were considered treatment-related. INTERPRETATION: Addition of isatuximab to lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for induction therapy improved rates of MRD negativity with no new safety signals in patients with newly diagnosed transplantation-eligible multiple myeloma. FUNDING: Sanofi and Bristol Myers Squibb (Celgene).

Prognostic Impact of Serum Free Light Chain Ratio Normalization in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Treated within the GMMG-MM5 Trial.

We investigated the prognostic impact of time-dependent serum free light chain ratio (FLCr) normalization in 590 patients with secretory multiple myeloma (MM) during first-line treatment within the German-Speaking Myeloma Multicenter Group MM5 trial. Serum free light chains (sFLC) were assessed by the Freelite test at baseline, after induction, mobilization, autologous blood stem cell transplantation, consolidation and every three months during maintenance or follow up within two years after the start of maintenance. The proportion of patients with a normal or normalized FLCr increased from 3.6% at baseline to 23.2% after induction and 64.7% after consolidation. The achievement of FLCr normalization at any one time before the start of maintenance was associated with significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) (p < 0.01, hazard ratio (HR) = 0.61, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.47-0.79) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.02, HR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.48-0.93) in multivariable time-dependent Cox regression analyses. Furthermore, reaching immune reconstitution, defined as the normalization of uninvolved immunoglobulins, before maintenance was associated with superior PFS (p = 0.04, HR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.60-0.99) and OS (p = 0.01, HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.41-0.86). We conclude that FLCr normalization during therapy is an important favorable prognostic factor in MM. Therefore, we recommend serial measurements of sFLC during therapy until achieving FLCr normalization, even in patients with secretory MM.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis or Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Support in Multiple Myeloma Patients Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation.

We compare, in this manuscript, antibiotic prophylaxis versus granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) support as anti-infective strategies, in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), undergoing high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT/ASCT). At our institution, antibiotic prophylaxis after HDT/ASCT in MM was stopped in January 2017 and replaced by G-CSF support in March 2017. Consecutive MM patients who received HDT/ASCT between March 2016 and July 2018 were included in this single-center retrospective analysis. In total, 298 patients and 353 individual cases of HDT/ASCT were evaluated. In multivariate analyses, G-CSF support was associated with a significantly shortened duration of severe leukopenia < 1/nL (p < 0.001, hazard ratio (HR) = 16.22), and hospitalization (estimate = -0.19, p < 0.001) compared to antibiotic prophylaxis. Rates of febrile neutropenia, need of antimicrobial therapy, transfer to intensive care unit, and death, were similar between the two groups. Furthermore, antibiotic prophylaxis was associated with a significantly increased risk for the development of multidrug resistant bacteria especially vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium compared to G-CSF support (odds ratio (OR) = 17.38, p = 0.01). Stop of antibiotic prophylaxis as an anti-infective strategy was associated with a reduction in overall resistance rates of bacterial isolates. These results indicate that G-CSF support should be the preferred option in MM patients undergoing HDT/ASCT.

Measured Multipoint Ultra-High b-Value Diffusion MRI in the Assessment of MRI-Detected Prostate Lesions.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess quantitative ultra-high b-value (UHB) diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived parameters in comparison to standard clinical apparent diffusion coefficient (SD-ADC-2b-1000, SD-ADC-2b-1500) for the prediction of clinically significant prostate cancer, defined as Gleason Grade Group greater than or equal to 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-three patients who underwent 3-T prostate MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging acquired at b = 50/500/1000/1500s/mm2 and b = 100/500/1000/1500/2250/3000/4000 s/mm2 were included. Magnetic resonance lesions were segmented manually on individual sequences, then matched to targeted transrectal ultrasonography/MRI fusion biopsies. Monoexponential 2-point and multipoint fits of standard diffusion and of UHB diffusion were calculated with incremental b-values. Furthermore, a kurtosis fit with parameters Dapp and Kapp with incremental b-values was obtained. Each parameter was examined for prediction of clinically significant prostate cancer using bootstrapped receiver operating characteristics and decision curve analysis. Parameter models were compared using Vuong test. RESULTS: Fifty of 73 men (age, 66 years [interquartile range, 61-72]; prostate-specific antigen, 6.6 ng/mL [interquartile range, 5-9.7]) had 64 MRI-detected lesions. The performance of SD-ADC-2b-1000 (area under the curve, 0.82) and SD-ADC-2b-1500 (area under the curve, 0.82) was not statistically different (P = 0.99), with SD-ADC-2b-1500 selected as reference. Compared with the reference model, none of the 19 tested logistic regression parameter models including multipoint and 2-point UHB-ADC, Dapp, and Kapp with incremental b-values of up to 4000 s/mm2 outperformed SD-ADC-2b-1500 (all P's > 0.05). Decision curve analysis confirmed these results indicating no higher net benefit for UHB parameters in comparison to SD-ADC-2b-1500 in the clinically important range from 3% to 20% of cancer threshold probability. Net reduction analysis showed no reduction of MR lesions requiring biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Despite evaluation of a large b-value range and inclusion of 2-point, multipoint, and kurtosis models, none of the parameters provided better predictive performance than standard 2-point ADC measurements using b-values 50/1000 or 50/1500. Our results suggest that most of the diagnostic benefits available in diffusion MRI are already represented in an ADC composed of one low and one 1000 to 1500 s/mm2 b-value.

Response-adapted lenalidomide maintenance in newly diagnosed myeloma: results from the phase III GMMG-MM5 trial.

The MM5 trial aimed at demonstrating a progression-free survival (PFS) difference in continued vs. response-adapted (in case of complete response, CR) lenalidomide (LEN) maintenance therapy (MT) in newly diagnosed, transplant-eligible multiple myeloma (MM). Patients were equally randomized to receive induction therapy with PAd (bortezomib/doxorubicin/dexamethasone) or VCD (bortezomib/cyclophosphamide/dexamethasone), high-dose melphalan and autologous blood stem cell transplantation, and LEN consolidation, followed by either LEN MT for a fixed duration of 2 years (LEN-2Y) or until achievement of CR (LEN-CR, intention-to-treat population n = 502): arms A1:PAd + LEN-2Y (n = 125), B1:PAd + LEN-CR (n = 126), A2:VCD + LEN-2Y (n = 126), B2:VCD + LEN-CR (n = 125). In the LEN-CR group (B1 + B2), n = 88/17.5% patients did not start or discontinued LEN MT due to CR. There was no PFS (p = 0.60, primary endpoint) nor overall survival (OS) (p = 0.15) difference between the four study arms. On pooled LEN MT strategies, OS (hazard ratio, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.42, p = 0.03) but not PFS (HR = 1.15, p = 0.20) was shorter in LEN-CR (B1 + B2) vs. LEN-2Y (A1 + A2) groups. PFS was shortened on landmark analyses from the start of LEN MT in patients being in CR in the LEN-CR group (LEN-CR vs. LEN-2Y, HR = 1.84, p = 0.02). OS from first progression was shortened in the LEN-CR vs. LEN-2Y group (HR = 1.60, p = 0.01). LEN MT should be applied beyond CR for at least 2 years.

Performance Evaluation of MHC Class-I Binding Prediction Tools Based on an Experimentally Validated MHC-Peptide Binding Data Set.

Knowing whether a protein can be processed and the resulting peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is highly important for immunotherapy design. MHC ligands can be predicted by in silico peptide-MHC class-I binding prediction algorithms. However, prediction performance differs considerably, depending on the selected algorithm, MHC class-I type, and peptide length. We evaluated the prediction performance of 13 algorithms based on binding affinity data of 8- to 11-mer peptides derived from the HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins to the most prevalent human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types. Peptides from high to low predicted binding likelihood were synthesized, and their HLA binding was experimentally verified by in vitro competitive binding assays. Based on the actual binding capacity of the peptides, the performance of prediction algorithms was analyzed by calculating receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and the area under the curve (AROC). No algorithm outperformed others, but different algorithms predicted best for particular HLA types and peptide lengths. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of decision thresholds were calculated. Commonly used decision thresholds yielded only 40% sensitivity. To increase sensitivity, optimal thresholds were calculated, validated, and compared. In order to make maximal use of prediction algorithms available online, we developed MHCcombine, a web application that allows simultaneous querying and output combination of up to 13 prediction algorithms. Taken together, we provide here an evaluation of peptide-MHC class-I binding prediction tools and recommendations to increase prediction sensitivity to extend the number of potential epitopes applicable as targets for immunotherapy.

Experimental design and data analysis of Ago-RIP-Seq experiments for the identification of microRNA targets.

The identification of microRNA (miRNA) target genes is crucial for understanding miRNA function. Many methods for the genome-wide miRNA target identification have been developed in recent years; however, they have several limitations including the dependence on low-confident prediction programs and artificial miRNA manipulations. Ago-RNA immunoprecipitation combined with high-throughput sequencing (Ago-RIP-Seq) is a promising alternative. However, appropriate statistical data analysis algorithms taking into account the experimental design and the inherent noise of such experiments are largely lacking.Here, we investigate the experimental design for Ago-RIP-Seq and examine biostatistical methods to identify de novo miRNA target genes. Statistical approaches considered are either based on a negative binomial model fit to the read count data or applied to transformed data using a normal distribution-based generalized linear model. We compare them by a real data simulation study using plasmode data sets and evaluate the suitability of the approaches to detect true miRNA targets by sensitivity and false discovery rates. Our results suggest that simple approaches like linear regression models on (appropriately) transformed read count data are preferable.

Complete bladder neck preservation promotes long-term post-prostatectomy continence without compromising midterm oncological outcome: analysis of a randomised controlled cohort.

PURPOSE: The only RCT available on complete bladder neck preservation (cBNP) during radical prostatectomy reported superior continence and QoL outcomes in the first 12 months after cBNP. We provide the first data on long-term urinary continence, QoL and biochemical recurrence (BCR) after complete bladder neck preservation in a randomised controlled cohort. METHODS: After approval by IRB, 199 men recruited for the randomised, controlled single-blind Heidelberger cBNP Study had prostatectomy performed with (cBNP) or without (noBNP) complete bladder neck preservation. Only men with renewed consent for this follow-up were evaluated for continence, QoL outcomes and BCR by ICIQ-SF self-assessment questionnaire, Pad-use/day and PSA levels. Students-t test, Pearson´s Chi-square, Fishers exact test and multiple logistic regression analyses were applied. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was approx. 4 years. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between responders/non-responders or between study groups. We noted significantly higher continence rates (p = 0.004), less pad-use (p < 0.001), reduced frequency (p = 0.023) and amount (p = 0.009) of urine loss, and higher QoL outcomes (p = 0.012) after cBNP. A younger age positively influenced continence (OR = 0.91), but the multivariate analysis found cBNP to be the only independent predictor of continence (p = 0.008; OR = 8.1). pT stage was the only predictor for positive surgical margins (PSM; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in pT stage (p = 0.23) or BCR (p = 0.63) between study groups and also no significant correlation between BCR and presence (p = 0.26) or localisation (p = 0.11) of PSM, nerve sparing (p = 0.70), surgeon (p = 0.41), preoperative PSA (p = 0.53) or pT stage (p = 0.17). No cancer-related death was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this first follow-up on a prospective randomised controlled cohort demonstrate that cBNP is associated with significantly higher continence and QoL outcomes without compromising cancer control making cBNP a novel objective during radical prostatectomy.

Body fat composition as predictive factor for treatment response in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma - subgroup analysis of the prospective GMMG MM5 trial.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: Obesity is a well-known risk factor for malignant tumors and increased body mass index (BMI) is correlated to the risk of developing multiple myeloma (MM). The correlation of body fat composition with disease activity, adverse events and treatment response of MM patients has not been investigated yet. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A subgroup of 108 patients from a single institution enrolled in the prospective GMMG-MM5 trial, who received a whole-body low-dose computed tomography (WBLDCT) before induction therapy, were included in this study. Body fat composition was measured in WBLDCT for each patient, divided in the compartments abdomen, pelvis, thigh and further categorized in subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). The correlation of these parameters with disease activity (M protein, plasma cell count, LDH, CRAB-criteria), adverse cytogenetics, adverse events and treatment response were evaluated. RESULTS: Significant reciprocal correlation was found between adverse cytogenetics and VAT of the abdomen and pelvis, respectively (gain 1q21: p=0.009 and p=0.021; t(4;14): p=0.038 and p=0.042). No correlation of VAT or SAT with adverse events was observed. Significant reciprocal correlation was observed between abdominal (p=0.03) and pelvic (p=0.035) VAT and treatment response. Abdominal VAT remains significant (p=0.034) independently of revised ISS stage and treatment. The BMI did not show a significant correlation with treatment response or investigated cytogenetics. CONCLUSION: Based on the clinically relevant difference in treatment outcome depending on VAT and SAT, excessive body fat of abdomen and pelvis might be a predictive factor for poor treatment response. Further influences in this context should be considered as well, e.g. chemotherapy dosing and body fat metabolism. Further studies are necessary to investigate this hypothesis.

Diffusion-weighted MRI treatment monitoring of primary hypofractionated proton and carbon ion prostate cancer irradiation using raster scan technique.

PURPOSE: To investigate parametric changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) at multiple timepoints during and after completion of primary proton and carbon ion irradiation of prostate cancer (PCa) as compared with normal-appearing prostate parenchyma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In all, 92 patients with histologically confirmed PCa received either proton or carbon ion hypofractionated radiotherapy (RT). All were prospectively evaluated with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI-MRI) at five timepoints: baseline, day 10 during therapy and 6 weeks, 6 months, and 18 months after treatment. Linear mixed models (LMM) were used to evaluate the effects of radiation, antihormonal therapy, time, and type of particle irradiation on manual ADC measurements. ADC differences related to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse according to PSA thresholds and to Vancouver rules and Phoenix criteria were examined using LMM and unpaired Student's t-test. RESULTS: A measurable and continuous increase of tumor ADC measurements from baseline (1.194 × 10-3 mm2 /s) during (1.350 × 10-3 mm2 /s, day 10, P = 0.006) and after treatment (1.355/1.430/1.490 × 10-3 mm2 /s, week 6 / month 6 / month 18, P = 0.001/<0.001/<0.001) was found. ADC values of normal-appearing control tissue remained unchanged. Androgen deprivation (P ≥ 0.320), different PSA thresholds (P = 0.634), and PSA relapse criteria according to Vancouver rules (P ≥ 0.776) had no effect. A weak association between 18-month measurements and Phoenix criteria (P = 0.046) was found. CONCLUSION: ADC parametric changes were distinct in tumor tissue, highlighting the ability of diffusion MRI to evaluate different aspects of the microscopic pathophysiology. Although promising, their use as noninvasive imaging biomarkers requires further validation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:850-860.

Prediction of malignancy by a radiomic signature from contrast agent-free diffusion MRI in suspicious breast lesions found on screening mammography.

PURPOSE: To assess radiomics as a tool to determine how well lesions found suspicious on breast cancer screening X-ray mammography can be categorized into malignant and benign with unenhanced magnetic resonance (MR) mammography with diffusion-weighted imaging and T2 -weighted sequences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From an asymptomatic screening cohort, 50 women with mammographically suspicious findings were examined with contrast-enhanced breast MRI (ceMRI) at 1.5T. Out of this protocol an unenhanced, abbreviated diffusion-weighted imaging protocol (ueMRI) including T2 -weighted, (T2 w), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and DWI with background suppression (DWIBS) sequences and corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were extracted. From ueMRI-derived radiomic features, three Lasso-supervised machine-learning classifiers were constructed and compared with the clinical performance of a highly experienced radiologist: 1) univariate mean ADC model, 2) unconstrained radiomic model, 3) constrained radiomic model with mandatory inclusion of mean ADC. RESULTS: The unconstrained and constrained radiomic classifiers consisted of 11 parameters each and achieved differentiation of malignant from benign lesions with a .632 + bootstrap receiver operating characteristics (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) of 84.2%/85.1%, compared to 77.4% for mean ADC and 95.9%/95.9% for the experienced radiologist using ceMRI/ueMRI. CONCLUSION: In this pilot study we identified two ueMRI radiomics classifiers that performed well in the differentiation of malignant from benign lesions and achieved higher performance than the mean ADC parameter alone. Classification was lower than the almost perfect performance of a highly experienced breast radiologist. The potential of radiomics to provide a training-independent diagnostic decision tool is indicated. A performance reaching the human expert would be highly desirable and based on our results is considered possible when the concept is extended in larger cohorts with further development and validation of the technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:604-616.

Ago-RIP-Seq identifies Polycomb repressive complex I member CBX7 as a major target of miR-375 in prostate cancer progression.

Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease. MiR-375 is a marker for prostate cancer progression, but its cellular function is not characterized. Here, we provide the first comprehensive investigation of miR-375 in prostate cancer. We show that miR-375 is enriched in prostate cancer compared to normal cells. Furthermore, miR-375 enhanced proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and induced tumor growth and reduced survival in vivo showing that miR-375 has oncogenic properties in prostate cancer. On the molecular level, we provide the targetome and genome-wide transcriptional changes of miR-375 expression by applying a generalized linear model for Ago-RIP-Seq and RNA-Seq, and show that miR-375 is involved in tumorigenic networks and Polycomb regulation. Integration of tissue and gene ontology data prioritized miR-375 targets and identified the tumor suppressor gene CBX7, a member of Polycomb repressive complex 1, as a major miR-375 target. MiR-375-mediated repression of CBX7 was accompanied by increased expression of its homolog CBX8 and activated transcriptional programs linked to malignant progression in prostate cancer cells. Tissue analysis showed association of CBX7 loss with advanced prostate cancer. Our study indicates that miR-375 exerts its tumor-promoting role in prostate cancer by influencing the epigenetic regulation of transcriptional programs through its ability to directly target the Polycomb complex member CBX7.

Clinical parameters outweigh diffusion- and perfusion-derived MRI parameters in predicting survival in newly diagnosed glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the relevance of clinical data, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) from dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion and the volume transfer constant (ktrans) from dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) perfusion for predicting overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in newly diagnosed treatment-naïve glioblastoma patients. METHODS: Preoperative MR scans including standardized contrast-enhanced T1 (cT1), T2 - fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), ADC, DSC, and DCE of 125 patients with subsequent histopathologically confirmed glioblastoma were performed on a 3 Tesla MRI scanner. ADC, DSC, and DCE parameters were analyzed in semiautomatically segmented tumor volumes on contrast-enhanced (CE) cT1 and hyperintense signal changes on T2 FLAIR (ED). Univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses including age, sex, extent of resection (EOR), and KPS were performed to assess the influence of each parameter on OS and PFS. RESULTS: Univariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated a significant association of age, KPS, and EOR with PFS and age, KPS, EOR, lower ADC, and higher rCBV with OS. Multivariable analysis showed independent significance of male sex, KPS, EOR, and increased rCBVCE for PFS, and age, sex, KPS, and EOR for OS. CONCLUSIONS: MRI parameters help to predict OS in a univariate Cox regression analysis, and increased rCBVCE is associated with shorter PFS in the multivariable model. In summary, however, our findings suggest that the relevance of MRI parameters is outperformed by clinical parameters in a multivariable analysis, which limits their prognostic value for survival prediction at the time of initial diagnosis.

Targeting atypical protein kinase C iota reduces viability in glioblastoma stem-like cells via a notch signaling mechanism.

In a previous study, Protein Kinase C iota (PRKCI) emerged as an important candidate gene for glioblastoma (GBM) stem-like cell (GSC) survival. Here, we show that PKCι is overexpressed and activated in patient derived GSCs compared with normal neural stem cells and normal brain lysate, and that silencing of PRKCI in GSCs causes apoptosis, along with loss of clonogenicity and reduced proliferation. Notably, PRKCI silencing reduces tumor growth in vivo in a xenograft mouse model. PKCι has been intensively studied as a therapeutic target in non-small cell lung cancer, resulting in the identification of an inhibitor, aurothiomalate (ATM), which disrupts the PKCι/ERK signaling axis. However, we show that, although sensitive to pharmacological inhibition via a pseudosubstrate peptide inhibitor, GSCs are much less sensitive to ATM, suggesting that PKCι acts along a different signaling axis in GSCs. Gene expression profiling of PRKCI-silenced GSCs revealed a novel role of the Notch signaling pathway in PKCι mediated GSC survival. A proximity ligation assay showed that Notch1 and PKCι are in close proximity in GSCs. Targeting PKCι in the context of Notch signaling could be an effective way of attacking the GSC population in GBM.

Acute Toxicity and Quality of Life in Patients With Prostate Cancer Treated With Protons or Carbon Ions in a Prospective Randomized Phase II Study--The IPI Trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare safety and feasibility of proton therapy with that of carbon ion therapy in hypofractionated raster-scanned irradiation of the prostate, in a prospective randomized phase 2 trial. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this trial, 92 patients with localized prostate cancer were enrolled. Patients were randomized to receive either proton therapy (arm A) or carbon ion therapy (arm B) and treated with a total dose of 66 Gy(relative biological effectiveness [RBE]) administered in 20 fractions (single dose of 3.3 Gy[RBE]). Patients were stratified by the use of antihormone therapy. Primary endpoint was the combined assessment of safety and feasibility. Secondary endpoints were specific toxicities, prostate-specific antigen progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and quality of life (QoL). RESULTS: Ninety-one patients completed therapy and have had a median follow-up of 22.3 months. Among acute genitourinary toxicities, grade 1 cystitis rates were 34.1% (39.1% in A; 28.9% in B) and 17.6% grade 2 (21.7% in A; 13.3% in B). Seven patients (8%) required urinary catheterization during treatment due to urinary retention, 5 of whom were in arm A. Regarding acute gastrointestinal toxicities, 2 patients treated with protons developed grade 3 rectal fistulas. Grade 1 radiation proctitis occurred in 12.1% (13.0% in A; 11.1% in B) and grade 2 in 5.5% (8.7% in A; 2.2% in B). No statistically significant differences in toxicity profiles between arms were found. Reduced QoL was evident mainly in fatigue, pain, and urinary symptoms during therapy and 6 weeks thereafter. All European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 and -PR25 scores improved during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Hypofractionated irradiation using either carbon ions or protons results in comparable acute toxicities and QoL parameters. We found that hypofractionated particle irradiation is feasible and may be safe. Due to the occurrence of gel in the rectal wall and the consecutive occurrence of 2 rectal fistulas, we stopped using the insertion of spacer gel. Longer follow-up is necessary for evaluation of PFS and OS. (Ion Prostate Irradiation (IPI); NCT01641185; ClinicalTrials.gov.).

Restoration of miR-127-3p and miR-376a-3p counteracts the neoplastic phenotype of giant cell tumor of bone derived stromal cells by targeting COA1, GLE1 and PDIA6.

Although generally benign, giant cell tumors of bone (GCTB) display an aggressive behavior associated with significant bone destruction and lung metastasis in rare cases. This and the very high recurrence rate observed after surgical resection ranging from 20 to 55% necessitates the development of more effective treatment strategies. To identify valuable therapeutic targets, we screened a previously identified microRNA signature consisting of 23 microRNAs predominantly down-regulated in GCTB. We preselected eight candidate microRNAs and analyzed the impact of their restored expression on the neoplastic phenotype of GCTB stromal cells (GCTSC). A consistent and significant inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, colony formation and spheroid formation could be induced by transfection of primary GCTSC cell lines with miR-127-3p and miR-376a-3p, respectively. Genome wide expression analysis of miR-127-3p and miR-376a-3p transfected cells revealed four novel target genes for each microRNA. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated direct interactions of miR-127-3p with COA1 and direct interaction of miR-376a-3p with GLE1 and PDIA6, suggesting a pivotal role of these genes in the molecular etiology of GTCB. Interestingly, both microRNAs are located within a chromosomal region frequently silenced in GCTB and many other types of cancers, indicating that these microRNAs and their target genes are valuable therapeutic targets for the treatment of GCTB and possibly other tumor entities.