[Protein toxins of Staphylococcus aureus].

Main scientific-research studies regarding protein bacterial toxins of the most widespread bacteria that belong to Staphylococcus spp. genus and in particular the most pathogenic species for humans--Staphylococcus aureus, are analyzed. Structural and biological properties of protein toxins that have received the name of staphylococcus pyrogenic toxins (PTSAg) are presented. Data regarding genetic regulation of secretion and synthesis of these toxins and 3 main regulatory genetic systems (agr--accessory gene regulator, xpr--extracellular protein regulator, sar--staphylococcal accessory regulator) that coordinate synthesis of the most important protein toxins and enzymes for virulence of S. aureus, are presented.

[Algorithm for the coproscopic diagnosis of human intestinal parasites].

The purpose of the study was to elaborate a detection algorithm for human intestinal helminth eggs. There is a broad spectrum ofcoproscopic methods recommended for the detection of Opisthorchis eggs in man and animals; these include Fulleborn's method, formalin-ether method, Goryachev's, Katoh's, Kalantaryan's, Shcherbovich's, and Kotelnikov-Varenichev methods. Combined coproscopic methods are significantly more effective in detecting the causative agents of enteric parasitoses than is Katoh's method. Among the considered coproscopic techniques for the diagnosis of human ascariasis, it is most rational to use a combined method for fecal examination, the basis for which is a multicomponent flotation system (such as the author's one). The Kotelnikov-Varenichev method is optimal for diagnosing opisthorchiasis. It is optimal to use 2-3 methods of different groups simultaneously for the screening diagnosis of intestinal parasitoses.

[Bacterial proteases and bacterial resistance against human innate immunity factors].

The molecular and cell-mediated mechanisms that are developed by certain opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria and were obtained over the course of evolution to preserve resistance against principal components of human body innate immunity are summarized.

[Antibacterial and antimycotic activity of chitosan: mechanisms of action and role of the structure].

Chitosan biopolymer obtained by deacetylation of chitin has antibacterial and antimycotic action. Known data about mechanisms of biocide effect of chitosan are described in the review. Role of chemical structure--molecular weight, level of deacetylation and presence of nanoparticles--in the expression of antibacterial and antimycotic activity is discussed.

[Role of pathogenicity factors of Staphylococcus aureus in development of atopic dermatitis].

Factors of pathogenicity of staphylocci and their key role in pathologic process are discussed. Staphylococcus aureus is the leading etiological agent infecting skin of the patients with atopic dermatitis. Development of atopic eczema in patients infected by Staphylococcus aureus is in much determined by wide spectrum of virulence factors inherent to this type of staphylococci. Among those, the more important are proteinases, destroying antimicrobial peptides of derma, toxins, superantigens, which can cause and support of inflammatory reaction in derma during this disease. It was specially noted that pathogenicity factors should be studied as complex system, which formed as a result of long joint evolution of opportunistic microflora and immune system of the host.

[Clinical and diagnostic importance of the evaluation of the Ig proteases activity in children with intestinal dysbacteriosis]. / Kliniko-diagnosticheskoe znachenie otsenki aktivnosti Ig-proteaz u detei s disbakteriozom kishechnika.

The specific activity of serine, metal dependent and thiolic Ig proteases in the coprofiltrates of children with manifestations of intestinal dysbacteriosis was determined by the enzyme immunoassay. 56 children with pronounced symptoms of intestinal disorders (37 children aged up to 1 year and 19 children over 1 year) were examined. A group of 25 clinically healthy children was used as control. Simultaneously with protease activity of coprofiltrates, there was detected the level of Ig-degrading activity of the opportunistic bacteria islolates of different taxonomic groups from feces of children with dysbacteriosis of different severity (as determined by the classical bacteriological method). The evaluation of the Ig-proteolytic activity of fecal supernatants, associated with the presence of serine, metal-dependent and thiolic proteases in the intestine, as well as detection of such proteases in microbial isolates, seems to be highly important for the diagnosis of intestinal disorders in children and is recommended for screening of intestinal dysbacteriosis.

[The spectrum and activity of urinary Ig-proteinases as a marker of chronic pyelonephritis]. / Spektr i aktivnost' Ig-proteinaz mochi kak marker khronicheskoge pielonefrita.

AIM: To study the activity of Ig-splitting proteinases of various classes in the urine in patients with chronic pyelonephritis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical, device and laboratory examinations were made in 50 patients (age 20-60 years). Admission and dynamic measurements were also made of the activity of serin, metal-dependent and thiol Ig-splitting proteinases in the urine. RESULTS: Total proteolytic activity in the urine of the patients was higher than in healthy subjects. Thiol proteinase activity was detected in 98% cases. This activity was 100 times higher in the patients than in healthy subjects. Significant differences were registered in the activity of serin proteinases. After the treatment the level of serin proteinases approached the normal value while thiol proteinase activity decreased significantly (2-fold, on the average) but remained high. If this activity was high, the patients (70%) had 1-2 exacerbations annually, in low activity exacerbations were absent. CONCLUSION: The activity of Ig-splitting proteinases of different classes is an important diagnostic and prognostic laboratory criterion of chronic pyelonephritis and can serve a criterion of treatment efficacy.