Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease-associated anorectal and fistula cancers: systematic review and expert consensus.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease (PFCD)-associated anorectal and fistula cancers are rare but often devastating diagnoses. However, given the low incidence and consequent lack of data and clinical trials in the field, there is little to no guidance on screening and management of these cancers. To inform clinical practice, we developed consensus guidelines on PFCD-associated anorectal and fistula cancers by multidisciplinary experts from the international TOpClass consortium. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review by standard methodology, using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment tool. We subsequently developed consensus statements using a Delphi consensus approach. RESULTS: Of 561 articles identified, 110 were eligible, and 76 articles were included. The overall quality of evidence was low. The TOpClass consortium reached consensus on six structured statements addressing screening, risk assessment, and management of PFCD-associated anorectal and fistula cancers. Patients with longstanding (>10 years) PFCD should be considered at small but increased risk of developing perianal cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma of the anus(SCCA) and anorectal carcinoma. Risk factors for SCCA, notably human papilloma virus (HPV), should be considered. New, refractory, or progressive perianal symptoms should prompt evaluation for fistula cancer. There was no consensus on timing or frequency of screening in patients with asymptomatic perianal fistula. Multiple modalities may be required for diagnosis, including an exam under anesthesia (EUA) with biopsy. Multidisciplinary team efforts were deemed central to the management of fistula cancers. CONCLUSION: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) clinicians should be aware of the risk of PFCD-associated anorectal and fistula cancers in all patients with PFCD. The TOpClass consortium consensus statements outlined herein offer guidance in managing this challenging scenario.

Creation of an institutional preoperative checklist to support clinical risk assessment in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) considering ileoanal pouch surgery.

Background: Total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the most established restorative operative approach for patients with ulcerative colitis. It has associated morbidity and the potential for major repercussions on quality of life. As such, patient selection is crucial to its success. The main aim of this paper is to present an institutional preoperative checklist to support clinical risk assessment and patient selection in those considering IPAA. Methods: A literature review was performed to identify the risk factors associated with surgical complications, decreased functional outcomes/quality of life, and pouch failure after IPAA. Based on this, a preliminary checklist was devised and modified through an iterative process. This was then evaluated by a consensus group comprising the pouch multidisciplinary team (MDT) core members. Results: The final preoperative checklist includes assessment for risk factors such as gender, advanced age, obesity, comorbidities, sphincteric impairment, Crohn's disease and pelvic radiation therapy. In addition, essential steps in the decision-making process, such as pouch nurse counselling and discussion regarding surgical alternatives, are also included. The last step of the checklist is discussion at a dedicated pouch-MDT. Discussion: A preoperative checklist may support clinicians with the selection of patients that are suitable for pouch surgery. It also serves as a useful tool to inform the discussion of cases at the MDT meeting.

The development of a cryptoglandular anal fistula quality of life scale (AF-QoL).

AIM: Quality of life (QoL) is a crucial and core outcome in assessing the effectiveness of treatments for cryptoglandular anal fistula. Despite its extensive impact, there is a lack of patient-centred, disease-specific QoL measurement instruments of adequate quality. The aim of this study is to develop a disease-specific measurement instrument that can accurately measure QoL for patients with cryptoglandular anal fistula. METHOD: Semi-structured qualitative patient interviews and a systematic review of current instruments were used to generate items for the draft instrument. This underwent successive rounds of cognitive interviews to refine its wording and structure. Individual item and overall scale content validity were determined by asking experts to rate the relevance of each item and those deemed irrelevant were removed. The final instrument then underwent psychometric testing and test-retest analysis to determine its sensitivity and stability. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients were involved in item generation, scale development and psychometric testing. A 22-item measurement instrument has been developed; it is scored on a scale of 0-100, where 0 indicates the worst QoL and 100 demonstrates perfect QoL. The scale demonstrates excellent internal consistency (Cronbach-α = 0.927), strong content and construct validity [correlation with Perianal Disease Activity Index = -0.713, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Anxiety (-0.659) and Depression (-0.673) subscales and Short Form-12 physical (0.609) and mental (0.589) component scales] and strong reliability and responsiveness. CONCLUSION: We have developed a cryptoglandular Anal Fistula Quality of Life scale (AF-QoL), a comprehensive, disease-specific patient reported outcome measure assessing QoL in patients with cryptoglandular anal fistula.

Exploring methods of improving patient understanding and communication in a complex anal fistula clinic: results from a randomized controlled feasibility study.

AIM: Patient understanding of disease can guide decision-making in the management of anal fistula. This prospective feasibility study aimed to assess the acceptability and methods of assessing the impact of viewing realistic models on patients with anal fistula. METHODS: New referrals to a tertiary clinic participated in this single-centre, parallel-group randomized controlled study. Baseline characteristics, Decisional Conflict Scale and understanding of disease were assessed pre-consultation. Participants were randomized to a standard consultation, where disease and treatment options were explained using magnetic resonance images and drawn diagrams, or a similar consultation supplemented with an appropriate generic three-dimensional (3D) printed model. Understanding of disease and proposed surgery, Decisional Conflict Scale and ratings of visual aids were assessed post-consultation, along with 3D model feedback. RESULTS: All 52 patients who were approached agreed to be randomized (25 standard, 27 3D consultation). Understanding of disease increased post-consultation in both groups. Post-consultation decisional conflict (0, no; 100, high decisional conflict) was low (median 27 post-standard vs. 24 post-3D consultation). Patients scored highly on measures assessing understanding of proposed surgery. 3D models were rated highly, with 96% of patients wanting to see them again in future consultations. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional printed fistula models are a welcome addition to outpatient consultations with results suggesting that understanding of surgery is improved. A future trial should be powered to detect whether 3D models result in a significant improvement in understanding beyond traditional methods of explanation and explore the conditions in which models have their maximal utility. GOV REGISTRATION ID: This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04069728). Registered on 23 August 2019.

European Society of Coloproctology: Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of cryptoglandular anal fistula.

AIM: The primary aim of the European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP) Guideline Development Group (GDG) was to produce high-quality, evidence-based guidelines for the management of cryptoglandular anal fistula with input from a multidisciplinary group and using transparent, reproducible methodology. METHODS: Previously published methodology in guideline development by the ESCP has been replicated in this project. The guideline development process followed the requirements of the AGREE-S tool kit. Six phases can be identified in the methodology. Phase one sets the scope of the guideline, which addresses the diagnostic and therapeutic management of perianal abscess and cryptoglandular anal fistula in adult patients presenting to secondary care. The target population for this guideline are healthcare practitioners in secondary care and patients interested in understanding the clinical evidence available for various surgical interventions for anal fistula. Phase two involved formulation of the GDG. The GDG consisted of 21 coloproctologists, three research fellows, a radiologist and a methodologist. Stakeholders were chosen for their clinical and academic involvement in the management of anal fistula as well as being representative of the geographical variation among the ESCP membership. Five patients were recruited from patient groups to review the draft guideline. These patients attended two virtual meetings to discuss the evidence and suggest amendments. In phase three, patient/population, intervention, comparison and outcomes questions were formulated by the GDG. The GDG ratified 250 questions and chose 45 for inclusion in the guideline. In phase four, critical and important outcomes were confirmed for inclusion. Important outcomes were pain and wound healing. Critical outcomes were fistula healing, fistula recurrence and incontinence. These outcomes formed part of the inclusion criteria for the literature search. In phase five, a literature search was performed of MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, Embase (Ovid) and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews by eight teams of the GDG. Data were extracted and submitted for review by the GDG in a draft guideline. The most recent systematic reviews were prioritized for inclusion. Studies published since the most recent systematic review were included in our analysis by conducting a new meta-analysis using Review manager. In phase six, recommendations were formulated, using grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluations, in three virtual meetings of the GDG. RESULTS: In seven sections covering the diagnostic and therapeutic management of perianal abscess and cryptoglandular anal fistula, there are 42 recommendations. CONCLUSION: This is an up-to-date international guideline on the management of cryptoglandular anal fistula using methodology prescribed by the AGREE enterprise.

Multi-national observational study to assess quality of life and treatment preferences in patients with Crohn's perianal fistulas.

BACKGROUND: Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) are at risk of developing complications such as perianal fistulas. Patients with Crohn's perianal fistulas (CPF) are affected by fecal incontinence (FI), bleeding, pain, swelling, and purulent perianal discharge, and generally face a higher treatment burden than patients with CD without CPF. AIM: To gain insights into the burden of illness/quality of life in patients with CPF and their treatment preferences and satisfaction. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in patients with CD aged 21-90 years via a web-enabled questionnaire in seven countries (April-August 2021). Patients were recruited into three cohorts: Cohort 1 included patients without perianal fistulas; cohort 2 included patients with perianal fistulas without fistula-related surgery; and cohort 3 included patients with perianal fistulas and fistula-related surgery. Validated patient-reported outcome measures were used to assess quality of life. Drivers of treatment preferences were measured using a discrete choice experiment (DCE). RESULTS: In total, 929 patients were recruited (cohort 1, n = 620; cohort 2, n = 174; cohort 3, n = 135). Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire scores were worse for patients with CPF (cohorts 2 and 3) than for those with CD without CPF (cohort 1): Mean score 3.8 and 3.7 vs 4.1, respectively, (P < 0.001). Similarly, mean Revised FI and FI Quality of Life scores were worse for patients with CPF than for those with CD without CPF. Quality of Life with Anal Fistula scores were similar in patients with CPF with or without CPF-related surgery (cohorts 2 and 3): Mean score 41 and 42, respectively. In the DCE, postoperative discomfort and fistula healing rate were the most important treatment attributes influencing treatment choice: Mean relative importance 35.7 and 24.7, respectively. CONCLUSION: The burden of illness in CD is significantly higher for patients with CPF and patients rate lower postoperative discomfort and higher healing rates as the most desirable treatment attributes.

Where Are We and Where to Next?-The Future of Perianal Crohn's Disease Management.

Perianal fistulizing Crohn's Disease (pCD) affects about 25% of patients with Crohn's Disease (CD). It remains a difficult entity to manage with a therapeutic ceiling of treatment success despite improving medical and surgical management. The refractory nature of the disease calls for an imminent need to better understand its immunopathogenesis and classification to better streamline our treatment options. In this article, we overview the current state of pCD management and discuss where the future of its management may lie.

Cleft closure (the Bascom cleft lift) for 714 patients-treatment of choice for complex and recurrent pilonidal disease (a cohort study).

AIM: Pilonidal disease is a benign condition that affects mainly the young. In existing literature, there is no consensus for best treatment, with multiple operative techniques described, some complex, resulting in a high proportion of failure and/or morbidity. The cleft closure (or cleft lift) described by Bascom and Bascom (Arch Surg, 137, 2002, 1146-50), by comparison, is a simple operation, resulting in healing in the majority and good cosmesis. METHOD: This is a single surgeon series, with the aim of evaluating outcomes for consecutive patients who underwent cleft closure surgery at two centres (St Mark's Hospital, London, and Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth) between 1995 and 2021 for either extensive, complex or recurrent pilonidal disease. Primary study outcomes that were measured included rate of primary healing, time to complete healing and rate of recurrence. RESULTS: Some 714 patients had a cleft closure of whom 656 had documented follow-up. Primary healing occurred in 60.7% (n = 398) rising to 88.5% by 12 weeks (n = 562) and 91.8% by 16 weeks. The remaining patients healed over the following weeks with only 19 wounds failing to heal completely (3%), requiring further surgery to achieve healing. After complete healing 5.3% of patients developed recurrent disease at a median of 12 months. CONCLUSION: Cleft closure is an effective operation for pilonidal disease. Overall, 97% of patients healed without further surgery. A 3% failure rate and 5.3% recurrence rate were observed. This technique could be considered as an alternative procedure to complex flaps or midline excision, in extensive, recurrent and unhealed pilonidal disease.

DECIDE: Delphi Expert Consensus Statement on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Dysplasia Shared Management Decision-Making.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammatory bowel disease colitis-associated dysplasia is managed with either enhanced surveillance and endoscopic resection or prophylactic surgery. The rate of progression to cancer after a dysplasia diagnosis remains uncertain in many cases and patients have high thresholds for accepting proctocolectomy. Individualised discussion of management options is encouraged to take place between patients and their multidisciplinary teams for best outcomes. We aimed to develop a toolkit to support a structured, multidisciplinary and shared decision-making approach to discussions about dysplasia management options between clinicians and their patients. METHODS: Evidence from systematic literature reviews, mixed-methods studies conducted with key stakeholders, and decision-making expert recommendations were consolidated to draft consensus statements by the DECIDE steering group. These were then subjected to an international, multidisciplinary modified electronic Delphi process until an a priori threshold of 80% agreement was achieved to establish consensus for each statement. RESULTS: In all, 31 members [15 gastroenterologists, 14 colorectal surgeons and two nurse specialists] from nine countries formed the Delphi panel. We present the 18 consensus statements generated after two iterative rounds of anonymous voting. CONCLUSIONS: By consolidating evidence for best practice using literature review and key stakeholder and decision-making expert consultation, we have developed international consensus recommendations to support health care professionals counselling patients on the management of high cancer risk colitis-associated dysplasia. The final toolkit includes clinician and patient decision aids to facilitate shared decision-making.

SupportiNg operAtive Photographic documentation in ileocolonic CROHN's disease surgery: The SNAPCROHN study.

BACKGROUND: There are reported variations in the intraoperative management of Crohn's disease. This consensus statement aimed to develop a standardised protocol for photographic documentation of intraoperative findings and critical procedural steps in ileocolonic Crohn's disease surgery. METHODS: Colorectal surgeons with a specialist interest in minimally invasive surgery and inflammatory bowel disease were invited as committee members to develop a survey on the use of photo-documentation in Crohn's disease surgery. A 15 item survey was developed on ethical considerations and applications of photo-documentation in audit and quality control, research, and training. RESULTS: There was strong agreement on the potential application of intraoperative photo-documentation in Crohn's disease for training, research, quality control and tertiary referrals. Reviewers agreed that intraoperative staging required photo-documentation of strictures, skip lesions, perforations, fat wrapping and mesenteric disease. The necessary steps to be photo-documented were very specific to Crohn's disease surgery, such as views of anastomosis and strictureplasties, and extent of resection(s). CONCLUSIONS: Our consensus statement identified several items for appropriate intraoperative photo-documentation in Crohn's disease surgery, to be used as an adjunct to accurate annotation of intraoperative findings and procedures.

Do Patient-Reported Quality-of-Life (QoL) Scales Provide an Adequate Assessment of Patients with Cryptoglandular Anal Fistulae? A Systematic Review of Measurement Instruments and Their Content Validity.

BACKGROUND: Cryptoglandular anal fistulae can significantly affect patient quality of life (QoL), making it essential to ensure that any study of fistula treatment assesses the impact on QoL. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the content validity of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) that assess QoL in patients with a fistula. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched and studies assessing the content validity of patient-reported QoL measurement instruments, or PROM development studies in patients with cryptoglandular anal fistulae, were included. Data were extracted from eligible studies to determine the instruments' relevance, comprehensiveness, and comprehensibility, and their quality was assessed according to COnsensus-based Standards for the Selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN). RESULTS: Two PROM development studies were identified, both of which described the development of a disease-specific QoL measurement instrument for patients with cryptoglandular anal fistulae. The overall content validity of these instruments was inconsistent and supported by very low-quality evidence. There were no studies assessing the content validity of established QoL measurement instruments in patients with fistulae. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review could not establish the content validity of the available QoL PROMs for patients with anal fistulae, due either to the absence of designated content validity studies or a lack of comprehensiveness of the available PROMs. This highlights an important gap in the literature that needs to be addressed to ensure high-quality outcome assessment in patients with fistulae.

The development of a minimum dataset for MRI reporting of anorectal fistula: a multi-disciplinary, expert consensus process.

There are a range of sphincter-preserving procedures available to treat anorectal fistula, some of which can be precluded, or rendered more optimal by specific features of fistula anatomy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard modality for assessing anorectal fistula. To maximise clinical utility, the MRI report should accurately describe these clinically relevant features. We aimed to develop a minimum dataset for reporting MRI of anorectal fistula, in order to improve the assessment and management of these patients. A longlist of 70 potential items for the minimum dataset was generated through systematic review of the literature. This longlist was presented to radiologists, surgeons and gastroenterologists in an online survey to understand the features that shape current clinical practice. The longlist and survey results were then presented to an expert consensus panel to generate the final minimum dataset through discussion and anonymous voting. The final minimum dataset details the general characteristics, features of the internal and external openings, path of the fistula through the sphincters and any associated extensions and collections that should be described in all MRI reports for anal fistula. Additional surgical and perianal Crohn's disease subsets were developed to indicate the features that aid decision-making for these patients, in addition to a minimum dataset for the clinical request. This study represents a multi-disciplinary approach to developing a minimum dataset for MRI reporting of anal fistula, highlighting the most important features to report that can assist in clinical decision-making. KEY POINTS: • This paper recommends the minimum features that should be included in all MRI reports for the assessment of anal fistula, including Parks classification, number of tracts, features of the internal and external opening, path of the tract through the sphincters, the presence and features of extensions and collections. • Additional features that aid decision-making for surgery or in the presence of Crohn's disease have been identified. • The items that should be included when requesting an MRI are specified.

Classifying perianal fistulising Crohn's disease: an expert consensus to guide decision-making in daily practice and clinical trials.

Perianal fistulising Crohn's disease is an aggressive disease phenotype that can have a substantial detrimental impact on patients' quality of life. Current biological understanding of perianal fistulising Crohn's disease remains inadequate and previous classification systems have not provided clear guidance on therapy in clinical practice nor on defining patient cohorts within clinical trials. We propose a new classification system for perianal fistulising Crohn's disease that was developed through a modified nominal group technique expert consensus process. The classification identifies four groups of patients. Key elements include stratification according to disease severity as well as disease outcome; synchronisation of patient and clinician goals in decision making, with a proactive, combined medical and surgical approach, on a treat to patient goal basis; and identification of indications for curative fistula treatment, diverting ostomy, and proctectomy. The new classification retains an element of flexibility, in which patients can cycle through different classes over time. Furthermore, with each specific class comes a paired treatment strategy suggestion and description of clinical trial suitability. The proposed classification system is the first of its kind and is an important step towards tailored standardisation of clinical practice and research in patients with perianal fistulising Crohn's disease.

Living with cryptoglandular anal fistula: a qualitative investigation of the patient's experience through semi-structured patient interviews.

PURPOSE: Cryptoglandular anal fistula continues to be a subject of extensive surgical research due to the lack of effective and enduring treatments, some of which incur risks to continence and quality of life. However, the patient experience of disease has seldom been reported. The aims of this study are to understand the impact of living with a fistula and the treatment outcomes that are valued by patients. METHODS: Patients with cryptoglandular anal fistula were recruited using purposive sampling from two tertiary referral centres in the UK and the Netherlands. Patients underwent semi-structured interviews that were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Dutch transcripts were translated into English and underwent independent, thematic analysis using open coding by two study team members to identify common themes and sub-themes. RESULTS: Twenty interviews were conducted before saturation was reached (11 male, median age 49, Interquartile range 39-55 years). Four broad themes emerged, covering the physical symptoms of fistula, the patient journey towards understanding the condition, life impact, and treatment. Several inter-related sub-themes were found, reflecting the extensive impact and adjustment that the disease entails. CONCLUSION: The impact of cryptoglandular anal fistula extends beyond the physical symptoms of pain and discharge, requires significant readjustment, and often negatively impacts psycho-social wellbeing. These aspects of disease should receive greater attention in future assessment of treatment and quality of life.

Lack of anti-TNF drugs levels in fistula tissue - a reason for nonresponse in Crohn's perianal fistulating disease?

INTRODUCTION: Anti-TNF therapy is recommended as treatment for patients with Crohn´s perianal fistulas. However, a significant proportion of patients have a sub-optimal response to anti-TNF therapy. Higher serum levels of anti-TNF agents have been associated with improved outcomes in perianal Crohn's disease. Currently, it is unknown whether anti-TNF agent levels can be detected in tissue from fistula tracts themselves and whether this is associated with response. AIMS AND METHODS: We undertook a pilot study to measure fistula tissue levels of anti-TNF medication (infliximab and adalimumab). We used a previously validated targeted proteomic technique, employing ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, to detect/quantify anti-TNF drugs. Biopsies were obtained from fistula tracts of patients with Crohn's disease on maintenance treatment; with idiopathic (cryptoglandular) fistula tissues used as negative controls as well as positive controls (by spiking the latter tissues with anti-TNF drugs). RESULTS: Tissue was sampled from the fistula tracts of seven patients with Crohn's perianal disease (five patients were on adalimumab and two patients were on infliximab). The anti-TNF drugs, infliximab and adalimumab, were not detected in fistula samples from any of the Crohn's patients despite detection in 'spiked' positive control samples. CONCLUSION: Absence of detection of the anti-TNF drugs in fistula tissue raises the question on the role of tissue penetrance of anti-TNF drugs in response to therapy. Further work is required in a larger number of patients to validate the findings observed and investigate if any correlation exists between tissue and serum levels of anti-TNF and clinical outcome. SUMMARY: Predicting response in Crohn's fistula patients on biologic therapy is difficult with no reliable biomarkers. This pilot study uses targeted proteomics to investigate the potential role of tissue drug levels in acting as a biomarker of treatment response.

Anterior Resection Syndrome and Quality of Life With Long-term Follow-up After Rectal Cancer Resection.

BACKGROUND: Surgical and systemic therapies continue to advance, enabling restorative resections for distal rectal cancer. These operations are associated with low anterior resection syndrome. Recent studies with methodological and size limitations have investigated the incidence of low anterior resection syndrome after anterior resection. However, the long-term trajectory of low anterior resection syndrome and its effect on health-related quality of life remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of anterior resection and reversal of ileostomy on long-term health-related quality of life and low anterior resection syndrome. DESIGN: Patient demographics were analyzed alongside low anterior resection syndrome and health-related quality-of-life qualitative scores (EORTC-QLQ-C30) obtained through cross-sectional postal questionnaires. SETTING: Patients who underwent anterior resection of the rectum for cancer with defunctioning ileostomy between 2003 and 2016 at 2 high-volume centers in the United Kingdom were identified, excluding those experiencing anastomotic leakage. PATIENTS: Among 478 eligible patients, 311 (65.1%) participated at a mean of 6.5 ± 0.2 years after anterior resection. Demographics and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy rates were similar ( p > 0.05) between participants and nonparticipants. RESULTS: The percentage of patients who experienced major low anterior resection syndrome was 53.4% (166/311). Health-related quality-of-life functional domain scores improved in the years after reversal of ileostomy, with significant changes in constipation ( p = 0.01), social function ( p = 0.03), and emotional scores ( p = 0.02), as well as a reduction in the prevalence of major low anterior resection syndrome ( p = 0.003). LIMITATIONS: The main limitation of this study was that the data collected were cross-sectional rather than longitudinal, and that nonresponders may have had worse cancer symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: In this first large-scale study assessing long-term function after anterior resection and reversal of ileostomy, there is a linear improvement in major low anterior resection syndrome beyond 6 years, alongside improvements in key quality-of-life measures. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B825 . SEGUIMIENTO A LARGO PLAZO DEL SNDROME DE RESECCIN ANTERIOR BAJA Y LA CALIDAD DE VIDA POR CNCER DE RECTO: ANTECEDENTES:Los tratamientos tanto quirúrgicos como sistémicos continúan evolucionando día a día, así éstos permiten resecciones restaurativas por cáncer de recto distal. Estas operaciones están asociadas con el síndrome de resección anterior baja. Estudios recientes con limitaciones tanto metodológicas como de talla han estudiado la incidencia del síndrome de resección anterior bajo post-quirúrgico. Sin embargo, la evolución a largo plazo del síndrome de resección anterior baja y su acción sobre la calidad de vida relacionadas con la salud siguen sin estar claros.OBJETIVO:Evaluar el impacto de la resección anterior baja y el cierre de la ileostomía en la calidad de vida relacionadas con la salud a largo plazo y el síndrome post-resección anterior.AJUSTE:Se incluyeron todos los pacientes sometidos a una reseccción anterior baja de recto por cáncer asociada a una ileostomía de protección entre 2003 y 2016 en dos centros de gran volumen en el Reino Unido, se excluyeron los pacientes que presentaron fuga anastomótica.DISEÑO:Se revisaron los datos demográficos de todos los pacientes que presentaban el síndrome de resección anterior baja, se revisaron las puntuaciones de la calidad de vida relacionadas con el estado general de salud (EORTC-QLQ-C30) obtenidas a través de cuestionarios transversales enviados por correo.PACIENTES:478 pacientes fueron escogidos, 311 (65,1%) participaron del estudio en una media de 6,5 ± 0,2 años después de la resección anterior. Las tasas demográficas y de radio-quimioterapia neoadyuvante fueron similares (p > 0,05) entre los participantes y los no participantes.RESULTADOS:El porcentaje de pacientes que experimentaron síndrome de resección anterior baja mayor fue del 53,4% (166/311).PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Las puntuaciones funcionales en la calidad de vida relacionadas con estado general de salud mejoraron en los años posteriores al cierre de la ileostomía de protección, los cambios fueron significativos con relación al estreñimiento (p = 0,01), con relación a la actividad social (p = 0,03) y con las puntuaciones emocionales (p = 0,02), así como con la reducción de la prevalencia del síndrome de resección anterior baja mayor (p = 0,003).LIMITACIONES:La principal limitación del presente estudio mostró que los datos recopilados fueron transversales y no longitudinales, y que los pacientes no respondedores pueden haber tenido peores síntomas relacionados con el cáncer.CONCLUSIONES:Este primer estudio a gran escala, evalúa la función a largo plazo después de la resección anterior baja y el cierre de la ileostomía, demuestra una mejoría lineal en el síndrome de resección anterior baja de grado importante, más allá de los 6 años, asociado con la mejoría en las medidas clave de calidad de vida. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B825 . (Traducción-Dr. Xavier Delgadillo ).

Distal feeding-bowel stimulation to treat short-term or long-term pathology: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Distal feeding (DF) describes the insertion of a feeding tube into a fistula or stoma to administer a liquid feed into the distal bowel. It is currently used clinically in patients who are unable to absorb enough nutrition orally. This systematic review investigates DF as a therapeutic measure across a spectrum of patients with stomas and fistulae. METHODS: A total of 2825 abstracts and 44 full-text articles were screened via OVID. Fifteen papers were included for analysis. Randomised controlled trials, cohort and observational studies investigating DF as a therapeutic measure were included. RESULTS: Three feeds were used across the studies-reinfusion of effluent, infusion of prebiotic or a mixture. The studies varied the length of feeding between 24 hours and 61 days, and the mode of feeding, bolus or continuous varied.DF was demonstrated to effectively wean patients from parenteral nutrition in two papers. Two papers demonstrated a significant reduction in stoma output. Three papers demonstrated improved postoperative complication rates with distal feeding regimens, including ileus (2.85% vs 20% in unfed population, p=0.024). One paper demonstrated a reduction in postoperative stool frequency. CONCLUSIONS: This review was limited by study heterogeneity and the lack of trial data, and in the patient groups involved, the variability in diet and length of regimen. These studies suggest that DF can significantly reduce stoma output and improve renal and liver function; however, the mechanism is not clear. Further mechanistic work on the immunological and microbiological action of DF would be important.

Current review of the management of fistulising perianal Crohn's disease.

Perianal manifestations of Crohn's disease constitute a distinct disease phenotype commonly affecting patients and conferring an increased risk of disability and disease burden. Much research has gone into management of fistulising manifestations, with biological therapy changing the landscape of treatment. In this article, we discuss the up-to-date surgical and medical management of perianal fistulas, highlighting current consensus management guidelines and the evidence behind them, as well as future directions in management.