RESUMEN
As potent financial instruments channeling capital into climate and environmental projects, green bonds' issuance is frustrated by myriad obstacles. Therefore, this study aims to explore the critical barriers to green bond issuance in Vietnam. This study elucidates the salient barriers by utilizing an integrated multi-criteria decision-making methodology synthesizing the Fuzzy set theory-based Delphi, Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), and DEMATEL-based Analytic Network Process (DANP). An extensive literature review of green bonds delineates five key dimensions related to impediments: Policy, Market, Financial, Capacity, and Awareness, with 38 discrete indicators representing potential obstacles. Firstly, employing a Fuzzy Delphi survey of 16 experts, 32 indicators are distilled for further analysis. Then, Fuzzy DEMATEL modeling evaluates the interrelationships and interactions among barriers. Finally, DANP is applied to obtain the relative importance of key barriers. Results unveil the five most formidable barriers as a weak regulatory framework and infrastructure (PO1), Limited availability of green bond issuance guidelines and templates (PO2), Insufficient incentives or tax benefits for green bond issuers (PO3), Limited coordination and alignment with international green bond standards (PO5), Lack of investor confidence in the quality and credibility of green projects (AW4), and Capacity constraints among issuers, particularly in smaller organisations or government agencies (CA1). The research contributes to the broader literature on green finance and offers valuable insights for promoting sustainable finance practices in Vietnam and other developing economies.
RESUMEN
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest tumors, characterized by its aggressive tumor biology and poor prognosis. While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) play a major part in the treatment algorithm of various solid tumors, there is still no evidence of clinical benefit from ICI in patients with metastatic PDAC (mPDAC). This might be due to several reasons, such as the inherent low immunogenicity of pancreatic cancer, the dense stroma-rich tumor microenvironment that precludes an efficient migration of antitumoral effector T cells to the cancer cells, and the increased proportion of immunosuppressive immune cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), facilitating tumor growth and invasion. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of ICIs in mPDAC, report on the biological rationale to implement ICIs into the treatment strategy of pancreatic cancer, and discuss preclinical studies and clinical trials in this field. Additionally, we shed light on the challenges of implementing ICIs into the treatment strategy of PDAC and discuss potential future directions.
