Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome related to immunotherapy.

Paraneoplastic syndromes such as dermatomyositis, often emerge as the initial clinical manifestation across various cancer types and are characterized by the development of B-cell responses targeting cancer-cell antigens that cross-react with normal skin and muscle cells. While these syndromes may alleviate following antineoplastic intervention, their response to immunotherapy remains elusive due to the exclusion of patients with autoimmune phenomena from clinical trials. In this report, we present the case of a female patient with advanced urothelial cancer presenting with dermatomyositis, who subsequently underwent treatment with anti-PD1 immunotherapy and experienced the onset of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. We discuss these two autoimmune entities and provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature to elucidate similar associations.

Dermatomyositis, an inflammatory disorder that causes a skin rash, might be the first sign that someone has cancer. But when scientists test new cancer treatments, they often don't include people with this skin problem. So, we do not know much about how safe or effective these treatments are for them. Here's a story about someone who had bladder cancer and dermatomyositis. They received a treatment called immunotherapy, but it caused a serious problem called Stevens-Johnson syndrome. We also found similar cases in medical papers.

BRAF/MEK inhibition in NSCLC: mechanisms of resistance and how to overcome it.

Targeted therapy for oncogenic genetic alterations has changed the treatment paradigm of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Mutations in the BRAF gene are detected in approximately 4% of patients and result in hyper-activation of the MAPK pathway, leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Inhibition of BRAF and its downstream effector MEK constitutes a therapeutic strategy for a subset of patients with NSCLC and is associated with clinical benefit. Unfortunately, the majority of patients will develop disease progression within 1 year. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that resistance mechanisms involve the restoration of MAPK signaling which becomes inhibition-independent due to upstream or downstream alterations, and the activation of bypass pathways, such as the PI3/AKT/mTOR pathway. Future research should be directed to deciphering the mechanisms of cancer cells' oncogenic dependence, understanding the tissue-specific mechanisms of BRAF-mutant tumors, and optimizing treatment strategies after progression on BRAF and MEK inhibition.

Assessment of Seroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Lung Cancer.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 mortality rates are significantly higher in patients with lung cancer compared with the general population. However, little is known on their immunization status after vaccination. Methods: To evaluate the humoral response (seroconversion) of patients with lung cancer following vaccination against SARS-COV-2 (Group A), we obtained antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein both at baseline and at different time points after the first dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (two to three weeks [T1], six weeks ± one week [T2], 12 weeks ± three weeks [T3], and 24 weeks ± three weeks [T4]). Antibodies were also acquired from a control cohort of non-lung cancer patients (Group B) as well as a third cohort containing healthy controls (Group C) at all time points and at T4, respectively, to make comparisons with Group A. Analysis of antibody response at different time points, association with clinicopathologic parameters, and comparisons with control groups were performed. Results: A total of 125 patients with lung cancer were included in the analysis (96 males [74.3%], median age of 68 years [46−91]. All study participants received two vaccine doses (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, AZD1222). Analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibody titers showed minimal response at T1 (0.4 [0.4−48.6] IU/mL). Antibody response peaked at T2 (527.0 [0.4−2500] IU/mL) and declined over T3 (323.0 [0.4−2500] IU/mL) and T4 (141.0 [0.4−2500] IU/mL). Active smokers had lower antibody titers at T2 (p = 0.04), T3 (p = 0.04), and T4 (p < 0.0001) compared with former or never smokers. Peak antibody titers were not associated with any other clinicopathologic characteristic. No significant differences were observed compared with Group B. However, lung cancer patients exhibited significantly decreased antibody titers compared with Group C at T4 (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Lung cancer patients demonstrate sufficient antibody response six weeks after the first dose of vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 when vaccinated with two-dose regimens. Rapidly declining antibody titers six weeks after the first dose underline the need for a third dose three months later, in patients with lung cancer, and especially active smokers.

Pulmonary blastoma: a comprehensive overview of a rare entity.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary blastoma is a rare malignancy, accounting for less than 0.5% of primary lung tumors. It belongs to the group of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas, and it is typically characterized by a biphasic pattern of an epithelial and a mesenchymal component. Only a few hundred cases have been reported worldwide. The aim of this study is to review and critically assess the literature regarding pulmonary blastoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A narrative literature review of PubMed database from the inception of the database up to January 2021, limited to the English language, was conducted, using combinations of the following keywords: "pulmonary blastoma", "biphasic pulmonary blastoma", "sarcomatoid carcinoma". RESULTS: Pulmonary blastoma is composed of an epithelial and a mesenchymal malignant component. Regarding pathogenesis, the origin of the biphasic cell population remains elusive. Characteristic immunohistochemical stains are supportive of diagnosis.Clinically, the symptomatology is non-specific, while 40% of the cases are asymptomatic. It is diagnosed at a younger agecompared to other types of lung cancer, and it is often non-metastatic at diagnosis allowing for surgical treatment. Data on management and survival are scarce and mainly come from isolated cases. Advances on targeted therapy may provide novel treatment options. Given the rarity of the cases, multicenter collaboration is needed in order to establish therapeutic guidelines.

Aspiration and Brushing Cytology in tumors and tumor-like conditions of the tongue: A Study of 27 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Lesions of the tongue have a broad differential diagnosis ranging from benign idiopathic processes to infections, cancers, and infiltrative disorders. An important thing to remember is that most tongue lesions will resolve spontaneously or with simple therapy within a week, if not, they should be biopsied or evaluated further for a definitive diagnosis of a potentially serious disorder. Some tongue lesions may be clues to other underlying illnesses which require further evaluation Tongue lesions are traditionally evaluated by surgical biopsy. Most of them, however, are easily accessible by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or brushing. STUDY DESIGN: Fifteen males and twelve females aged from 15 to 72 were examined in our institution over a period of 15 years and 27 lesions, were evaluated by fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or brushing cytology. RESULTS: The lesions were located at the mobile aspect of the tongue.10 malignant tumors were diagnosed: 9 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 1 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In addition, 13 benign tumors (7 cases of papillomas / fibromas, 3 cases of hemangiomas, 2 cases lymphangiomas, and 1 case of lipoma), and 4 nonneoplastic benign conditions (3 traumatic ulcers and 1 hematoma) were found. There were no false-positive diagnoses. There were no clinical complications resulting from FNA or brushing. CONCLUSION: Cytologic examination is rapid, safe, accurate, inexpensive, and patient-friendly for establishing preoperative diagnosis in tumors and tumor-like conditions of the tongue, and we recommend this method as the first diagnostic step in the evaluation of these lesions.

Epidemiology of surgical treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer of the head and neck in Greece.

BACKGROUND: Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) constitutes the most common malignancy in Caucasians. Epidemiological data derive, mainly, from studies in the United States, Australia, and Northern Europe, whereas data from Mediterranean Europe are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To provide information on the epidemiology of surgically treated NMSC of the head and neck in the region of Thrace, Northern Greece, and to evaluate the surgical treatment given. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients surgically treated from 2004 to 2006 was conducted. Data on demographics, histology and skin cancer characteristics, and treatment efficacy and recurrence rate were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-nine NMSCs of the head and neck were excised and histopathologically confirmed in 160 patients, with the majority (58.7%) classified as Fitzpatrick skin type III. Histology included 125 basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and 54 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). The mean age was 70.6 +/- 10.1 (range 38-97). Tumor size ranged between 2 and 50 mm. Excision with 5-mm margins was performed in every case, and the defects were closed mainly using local flaps. Incomplete excision was limited to 3.9% of cases, and the recurrence rate was 1.7%. The study revealed similar characteristics between BCC and SCC regarding age and sex but significant differences in terms of location and size. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection achieves a satisfactory NMSC clearance rate in the head and neck.

Ultrasonography in differentiation between chronic viral hepatitis and compensated early stage cirrhosis.

AIM: To assess the value of gray scale (GS) and colour Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) in differentiating the progression of chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) and compensated liver cirrhosis (CIR). METHODS: Seventy-two patients and 32 normal individuals who were used as controls were studied. Forty-four patients suffered from CVH and 28 from CIR. All patients were underwent to liver biopsy. Multiple qualitative and quantitative variables were studied in liver, portal vein (PV), hepatic artery (HA) and spleen with GS and CDU. On the basis of the obtained CDU data, several known indexes were calculated. In addition, alternative indices [PV diameter (D)/time average mean velocity (VTAM), HA/PV VTAM ratio] were calculated and studied. RESULTS: ROC analysis showed that PV congestion index, PV D/VTAM and HA/PV VTAM indices had the best sensitivity and specificity in discriminating CVH from CIR. Stepwise discriminant analysis showed that 88.9% of the originally grouped cases could be correctly classified by the three qualitative and four quantitative variables selected as statistically significant predictors. Among the CVH patients who underwent to biopsy, statistically significant changes were found in those at fibrosis stage 5 compared to fibrosis stages 1-4. CONCLUSION: Simple GS and CDU parameters discriminate CVH from CIR. The alternative Doppler indexes can accurately differentiate chronic virus hepatitis from cirrhosis. These indexes can be used in monitoring chronic virus hepatitis and avoiding unnecessary biopsies.

Jaw bone metastases: four cases.

OBJECTIVE: Metastatic tumors make up approximately one percent of all oral malignancies. Such tumors may present in the jaw bones and oral soft tissues. The commonest oral site is the mandible. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of four cases of metastatic tumors of the jaws seen at the Oral-Maxillofacial Department, General University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Thrace, Greece from 1989 to 2005, representing 1% of all histologically confirmed malignant tumors at the hospital. RESULTS: Two cases originated from the thyroid gland, one was from the esophagus, and one from the liver. Three metastases occurred in the mandible and one in the maxilla. The oral symptoms were similar to odontogenic infections or to benign neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the resemblance in the presentation of metastases and other tumors affecting the jaws, a high index of clinical suspicion is advocated to ensure early, multidisciplinary care of hosts.

Gray and color Doppler ultrasonography in differentiation between chronic viral hepatitis and compensated early stage cirrhosis.

AIM: To assess the value of Gray scale (GS) and Colour Doppler Ultrasonography (CDU) in differentiating the progression of chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) and compensated liver cirrhosis (CIR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-two patients and 32 normal individuals used as controls were studied. Forty-four patients suffered from CVH and 28 from CIR. All patients underwent liver biopsy. Multiple qualitative and quantitative variables were studied with GS and CDU in the Liver, Portal Vein (PV), Hepatic Artery (HA) and spleen. On the basis of the obtained Doppler data several known indexes were calculated. Alternative indexes [PV diameter (D)/time average maximum velocity (Vmax), PV diameter/time average mean velocity (VTAM), HA/PV VTAM ratio] derived from them were calculated. RESULTS: ROC analysis showed that PV Congestion Index, PV D/VTAM and HA/PV VTAM indexes had the best sensitivity and specificity in discriminating CVH from CIR. Stepwise discriminant analysis selected as significant predictors 3 qualitative and 4 quantitative variables that correctly classify 88.9% of the original grouped cases. In CVH patients that underwent biopsy we found statistically significant changes in those at fibrotic stage 5 compared to fibrotic stages 1-4. CONCLUSION: We found significant differences in haemodynamic parameters and indexes for CVH patients at fibrosis stage 5 compared to all other stages. Simple GS and CDU parameters may discriminate CVH from CIR. The alternative Doppler indexes suggested that accurate differentiation between CVH and CIR is possible. These indexes could be useful for monitoring CVH and avoiding unnecessary biopsies.

Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland. Cytological, histological and immunohistochemical features and review of the literature.

AIM: Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands (PLGA) is a low grade neoplasm that predominantly occurs in the minor salivary glands. In this site is amenable to biopsy and histologic diagnosis. However, experience with cytological findings in these tumors is limited. We describe the cytology of this entity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Touch imprint cytology of a primary parotid PLGA is specified and correlated with histology. RESULTS: Smears were hypercellular showing branching papillae, sheets and clusters of uniform cells with bland nuclei, dispersed chromatin and no nucleoli. The cells had a scant to moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm. They formed tubular structures containing hyaline globules. CONCLUSIONS: The cytologic differential diagnosis of PLGA includes adenoid cystic carcinoma, pleomorphic adenoma, and monomorphic adenoma. PLGA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of head and neck tumors, where the cytology suggests on of the above mentioned tumors, even when the clinical findings (involvement of a major salivary gland, lymph node metastasis) is not typical of PLGA.

Malignant mucoepidermoid tumor arising in the accessory parotid gland: a case report.

PURPOSE: The head and neck surgeon's fascination with parotid surgery arises from the gland's spectrum of histopathological presentations, as well as the diversity of its morphological features. A mass arising in the mid-cheek region may often be overlooked as a rare accessory lobe parotid neoplasm. This report serves to revisit the topic of accessory parotid gland neoplasms to emphasize proper management, particularly the surgical aspects, so that consequences of salivary fistula, facial nerve paralysis, and recurrence are avoided. CASE REPORT: We report a case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma which was assessed pre-operatively as arising from the accessory parotid gland of a 11-year-old female. She had complained of a painless and round mass of the left cheek for a duration of 12 months. Sialography, ultrasonography, CT scan and MRI were performed preoperatively. Sialography revealed a small duct separating from the Stensen's duct. CT and MRI showed that the tumor with smooth outline was lying on the masseter muscle and detached from the main parotid gland. The preoperative diagnosis was an accessory parotid gland tumor. The tumor was removed without facial nerve injury via standard parotidectomy incision. The tumor was composed of mucous, intermediate and epidermoid cells. The pathological diagnosis was low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Accessory parotid gland neoplasms are rare and may present as innocuous extraparotid mid-cheek masses. A high index of suspicion, prudent diagnostic skills (including fine-needle aspiration [FNA] biopsy followed by computed tomography [CT] imaging), and scrupulous surgical approach (extended parotidectomy-style incision and limited peripheral nerve dissection when possible) are the keys to successful management of these lesions.