Case of syndrome of headache with neurological deficits and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis (HaNDL) with focal slowing on electroencephalogram.

We describe a case of headache and neurological deficits with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytosis in a patient presenting with a 3-week history of recurrent severe headaches associated with negative sensory symptoms and dysphasia. The patient had no cardiovascular risk factors and no family history of migraines. Neurological examination was unremarkable. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging was unremarkable. CSF analysis revealed lymphocytosis (leucocytes 84 × 10(6)/L, 100% lymphocytes). Extensive laboratory investigations of CSF and serum did not reveal an infectious, autoimmune or metabolic cause. Visual evoked potentials were normal. Awake electroencephalogram revealed intermittent 3-5 Hz generalised slowing and frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity, without epileptiform discharges. Repeat CSF analysis showed marked reduction of the total leucocyte count and remained negative for infectious aetiology. Propranolol was commenced, and no recurrence of headache or neurological symptoms was observed at follow-up. An extensive literature review on the topic is discussed.

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: diagnosis and management in the setting of lung transplantation.

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is a potentially devastating early complication of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) therapy in solid organ transplantation. Management centres on cessation of CNI therapy; however, this strategy is complicated in lung transplantation because of the threat of allograft rejection, or, if CNI is replaced with mammalian target of rapamycin-based immunosuppression, poor wound healing and bronchial dehiscence. We describe four cases of RPLS after lung transplantation, emphasizing the diagnostic and management approach required to maintain a healthy allograft and ensure that RPLS is, as the name suggests, reversible.