Fetal Cerebellar Growth Curves Based on Biomathematics in Normally Developing Japanese Fetuses and Fetuses with Trisomy 18.

We used biomathematics to describe and compare cerebellar growth in normally developing and trisomy 18 Japanese fetuses. This retrospective study included 407 singleton pregnancies with fetuses at 14-39 weeks of gestation and 33 fetuses with trisomy 18 at 17-35 weeks. We used ultrasonography to measure fetal transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) and anteroposterior cerebellar diameter (APCD). We hypothesized that cerebellar growth is proportional to cerebellar length at any given time point. We determined the formula L(t) ≒Keat+r, where e is Napier's number, t is time, L is cerebellar length, and a, K, and r are constants. We then obtained regression functions for each TCD and APCD in all fetuses. The regression equations for TCD and APCD values in normal fetuses, expressed as exponential functions, were TCD(t)=27.85e0.02788t-28.62 (mm) (adjusted R2=0.997), and APCD(t)=324.29e0.00286t-322.62 (mm) (adjusted R2=0.995). These functions indicated that TCD and APCD grew at constant rates of 2.788%/week and 0.286%/week, respectively, throughout gestation. TCD (0.0153%/week) and APCD (0.000430%/week) grew more slowly in trisomy 18 fetuses. This study demonstrates the potential of biomathematics in clinical research and may aid in biological understanding of fetal cerebellar growth.

Evaluation of normal fetal branch pulmonary artery diameters measured by ultrasonography: a comparison with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the size of fetal branch pulmonary artery (PA) diameters in normal growth fetuses. METHOD: Fetal PA diameters were measured in 175 normal fetuses between 18 and 40 weeks of gestation from 2005 to 2006. In addition, 4 fetuses with left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) from 2001 to 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. Branch PA diameters were measured from a cross-sectional image at the level of the three-vessel view (main PA, ascending aorta and superior vena cava) to demonstrate the long axis of both branch PAs whenever possible. RESULTS: Both the left and right PA diameters were found to correlate strongly with the advancing gestational age (r = 0.78, p < 0.01, respectively). Left pulmonary artery to main pulmonary artery (LPA/MPA) ratio and right pulmonary artery to main pulmonary artery (RPA/MPA) ratio were calculated. These two parameters were almost constant throughout gestation. LPA in fetal left CDH was smaller than control. Both LPA/MPA and RPA/MPA were within the normal range in most cases. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to establish the normal range of branch PA diameters and it appears to be useful to compare the branch PA diameters in normal fetuses with that in cases of pulmonary hypoplasia.