Simulation of chloropicrin emissions in response to soil conditions and applicator practices.

HYDRUS 2D was used to simulate chloropicrin (CP) emissions across a range of expected application and environmental conditions present within California, where CP is widely used in the pre-plant treatment of soils for high-value specialty crops. Simulations were developed based on field calibration work and physicochemical parameters from literature with additional consideration of application rate-dependent degradation and applicator practices including application depth, application mode, and tarp material. Model output was compared to the distribution of indirect whole-field flux estimates derived from field monitoring studies using measures of maximum 8-h, maximum 24-h, and cumulative emissions due to their relevance to public health. We observed a strong linear relationship (R2 ≥ 0.80, p < 0.001) between HYDRUS-simulated and field-based maximum flux estimates and no evidence of statistical difference depending on the estimation source for maximum 24-h flux. A linear relationship of similar strength (R2 = 0.82, p < 0.001) was observed between simulated and field-based cumulative emission estimates, although mean HYDRUS estimates were lower than field-estimated values for some high-emission application methods. Analysis of simulation output demonstrated large differences in CP emissions in response to application method and a non-linear increase in CP emissions with increasing application rate, with considerable interaction between application variables including application depth, tarp types, and field layout. The findings generally support the use of simulated CP emission estimates as a tool to address gaps in field-based flux estimates, particularly where characterization of short-term peak emissions is needed.

Pesticides exposure assessment of kettleman city using the industrial source complex short-term model version 3.

Kettleman City, California, reported a higher than expected number of birth defect cases between 2007 and 2010, raising the concern of community and government agencies. A pesticide exposure evaluation was conducted as part of a complete assessment of community chemical exposure. Nineteen pesticides that potentially cause birth defects were investigated. The Industrial Source Complex Short-Term Model Version 3 (ISCST3) was used to estimate off-site air concentrations associated with pesticide applications within 8 km of the community from late 2006 to 2009. The health screening levels were designed to indicate potential health effects and used for preliminary health evaluations of estimated air concentrations. A tiered approach was conducted. The first tier modeled simple, hypothetical worst-case situations for each of 19 pesticides. The second tier modeled specific applications of the pesticides with estimated concentrations exceeding health screening levels in the first tier. The pesticide use report database of the California Department of Pesticide Regulation provided application information. Weather input data were summarized from the measurements of a local weather station in the California Irrigation Management Information System. The ISCST3 modeling results showed that during the target period, only two application days of one pesticide (methyl isothiocyanate) produced air concentration estimates above the health screening level for developmental effects at the boundary of Kettleman City. These results suggest that the likelihood of birth defects caused by pesticide exposure was low.

Diazinon-chemistry and environmental fate: a California perspective.

Diazinon, first introduced in USA in 1956, is a broad-spectrum contact organophosphate pesticide that has been used as an insecticide, and nematicide. It has been ond of the most widely used insecticides in the USA for household and agricultural pest control. In 2004, residential use of diazinon was discontinued; as a result, the total amount applied has drastically decreased. [corrected]. Consequently, the amounts of diazinon applied have been drastically decreased. For example, in California, the amount of diazinon applied decreased from 501,784 kg in 2000 to 64,122 kg in 2010. Diazinon has a K(oc) value of 40-432 and is considered to be moderately mobile in soils. Diazinon residues have been detected in groundwater, drinking water wells, monitoring wells, and agricultural well. The highest detection frequencies and highest percentages of exceedance of the water quality criterion value of 0.1 µg/L have been reported from the top five agricultural counties n California that had the highest diazinon use. Diazinon is transported in air via atmospheric processes such as direct air movement and wet deposition in snow and rain, although concentrations decrease with distance and evaluation from the source. In the environment, diazinon undergoes degradation by several processes, the most important of which is microbial degradation in soils. The rate of diazinon degradation is affected by pH, soil type, organic amendments, soil moisture, and the concentration of diazinon in the soil, with soil pH being a major influencing factor in diazinon degradation rate. Studies indicate tha soil organic matter is the most important factor that influences diazinon sorption by soils, although clay content and soil ph also play an important role in diazinon sorption. Diazinon is very highly to moderately toxic aquatic arganisms, Diazinon inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and leads to a suite of intermediate syndromes including anorexia, diarrhea, generalized weakness, muscle tremors, abnormal posturing and behavior, depression, and health. Differences in metabolism among species and exposure concentrations play a vital role in diazinon's bioaccumulation among different aquatic organisms in a wide range of accumulating rates and efficiencies.