Predictive value of KRAS/NRAS, IL-4 VNTR and HPV alterations in metastases of colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: The main aim of the study was to evaluate the potential roles of KRAS/NRAS proto-oncogenes, IL-4 VNTR variants and HPV prevalence in colorectal cancer metastasis. As the second aim, the interactions of the analyzed genes and viral sequences with both clinicopathological variables and each other were targeted. METHODS: DNA was extracted using AmoyDx FFPE DNA Extraction kit from paraffin-embedded colorectal tumor tissue samples (n = 60). NRAS/KRAS mutational profiles were determined with real-time polymerase chain reaction using AmoyDx KRAS/NRAS Mutation Detection Kit. Genotyping of IL-4 VNTR was made with PCR. HPV detection was analyzed by PCR with both GP5+/GP6+ consensus primers and type-specific primers for HPV-16 and HPV-18. SPSS v22 (IBM) statistics software was used for all statistical analyses. RESULTS: From the demographical/clinicopathological parameters, age and biopsy specimens revealed an association with metastasis. KRAS mutation rate was as high as 65 % in the patients and the most prevalent mutation type was G12D. Metastasis risk was 3.19-fold increased in KRAS-mutated patients compared to KRAS-negative ones. IL-4 VNTR genotypes/alleles were not associated with metastasis in our analysis.  The frequency of HPVs in our colorectal cancer cohort was 36.7 %, but HPV positivity was not found to be associated with metastasis.  A significant association was found between HPV and NRAS mutations; NRAS wild-type status acted as a protective factor by 7.5-fold for HPV negativity. CONCLUSION: Our study comprehensively and concomitantly evaluated several potential molecular risk factors. Future studies designed in such combined approaches will substantially contribute to better manage colorectal cancer tumorigenesis from molecular biological perspective (Tab. 6, Fig. 2, Ref. 40).

Association analysis of Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores with serotonin transporter (5-HTT- LPR, 5-HTT-VNTR) and circadian (PER3-VNTR) genes.

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common complaint encountered in clinical practice with serious consequences both for individual and society since it can increase the ratio of motor vehicle accidents, work- related incidents, and deaths. Moreover, it also manifests less serious individual consequences. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of PER3-VNTR, 5-HTT-LPR, and 5-HTT-VNTR in terms of constituting liability to EDS. Two hundred eighteen participants (93 complaining about daytime sleepiness and 125 individuals with no serious complaint) were recruited in the study. General daytime of sleepiness was quantified with Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). DNA extractions were performed from collected blood samples with standart salting-out procedure and genotyped. ESS scores displayed difference between individuals suffering from sleep disturbances and other individuals with values of 12.75±4.55 and 6.34±4.26, respectively. PER3- VNTR and 5-HTT-LPR genotypes did not display association with mean ESS scores. However, 5-HTT-VNTR genotypes showed significant association with mean ESS scores; individuals with 10/10 genotypes had the highest ESS score reflecting this genotype as a liability factor for EDS. We strongly recommend further studies based on circadian/serotonin pathway genes in different populations to reach to a consensus and highlight sleep genetic marker genes which then can be the future targets of pharmacological treatment studies for sleep problems.

Relation of Repetitive Thinking Styles with Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the repetitive thinking styles and anxiety and depression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). One hundred IBD outpatients (39 active and 61 remission) attending the gastroenterology clinic and 100 healthy controls were included.The rumination and worry scores of IBD patients, particularly in their active period, were significantly higher than controls. Additionally, the correlation of rumination and worry with anxiety and depression was statistically significant. Our results suggest that psychological interventions targeting repetitive thinking would alleviate depression and anxiety as well as GI symptoms in people with IBD which should be confirmed by further studies.

Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma Mimicking a Crohn's Attack.

Small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA) is a rare disease and presents with intermittent abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal bleeding. In cases with delayed diagnosis, intestinal obstruction or bowel perforation can also be observed. In our case, the patient presented with ileus after an operation that was diagnosed with SBA. After six cycles of chemotherapy, the patient went into complete remission.

Does Nonalcoholic Pancreatic Steatosis Always Correlate with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?

PURPOSE: To identify the correlation of nonalcoholic pancreatic steatosis (NAPS) with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in an outpatient group. Based on its metabolic and imaging properties, NAPS has been increasingly recognized in recent years; however, its interaction with NAFLD is still not clear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional observational study, 345 consecutive patients without any chronic illness who were referred to the senior radiologist for abdominal ultrasound (US) were included. The US report showed hepatic and pancreatic echogenicity. The patients' demographic, anthropometric, and laboratory data were collected from medical records. RESULTS: Overall, NAPS and NAFLD were seen in 227 (65.8%) and 219 (63.5%) patients, respectively. Normal echogenicity was noted in 74 (21.4%) patients. Forty-four patients (12.8%) had steatotic liver without NAPS, 52 (15.1%) had steatotic pancreas without NAFLD, and 175 (50.7%) had steatosis in both organs. The discordance in steatosis grading between NAPS and NAFLD was 55.1%. Insulin resistance was present in 8.7, 26.7, 19, and 61.3% of patients with no steatosis, only NAFLD, only NAPS, and steatosis in both organs, respectively. Evident NAFLD and NAPS having grade 2 and 3 steatosis were present in 15.3% and 29.0% of the study group, respectively. Cholecystolithiasis was present in 6.8, 13.6, and 28.8% of patients with normal echogenic pancreas, only NAFLD, and only NAPS, respectively (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Based on the ultrasonographic, clinical, demographic, and anthropometric features of the included patients, we found that NAPS did not fully accompany nonalcoholic fatty liver. Despite severe pancreatic steatosis, more than a quarter of cases had normal liver echogenicity. Insulin resistance frequency was insignificantly higher in NAFLD than NAPS (p=0.694). The significantly higher frequency of cholecystolithiasis in NAPS needs further large-scale studies. The inconsistency of steatosis degree in NAPS and NAFLD in >50% cases may reflect differences in the pathophysiology of these two clinical entities.

An Alternative Method for Treating Dumping Syndrome Using Hemoclips.

Surgeries for obesity can lead to complications. Dumping syndrome is one such complication caused by the quick passage of hyperosmolar chyme from the stomach to the duodenum. Mild cases can be cured with dietary modification and medical treatment. However, refractory cases may need invasive treatment options, such as transoral outlet reduction or surgery. We successfully treated a 48-year-old female with dumping syndrome, using a combination of argon plasma coagulation and hemoclips to narrow the pyloric lumen. We suggest that this new technique could be a cheap and easily accessible alternative to surgery, especially in countries where the specialised devices needed to treat such cases are unavailable.

Clinical presentations of pain in patients with COVID-19 infection.

BACKGROUND: Pain can be considered an early sign of COVID-19 infection. There are no studies that specifically investigate the frequency, characteristics, and presentation patterns of pain in COVID-19 infection. AIMS: Our aim is to evaluate the frequency, localization, and severity of pain among the presenting signs and symptoms in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: Patients with the diagnosis of COVID-19 who were admitted to our hospital between March and June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients' general symptoms at the first admission to the hospital, presence of pain at admission, localization, severity, and persistence of pain were queried by phone call. RESULTS: A total of 210 inpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 were recruited from the hospitals database. Complaints of the patients were 76.6% fatigue, 69.3% pain, 62% fever, 45.3% cough, 43.5% loss of taste and/or smell, 25% diarrhea, and 0.5% skin lesions respectively. Pain was the chief complaint in of 46.61% of the patients. Pain complaints had started on average 2.2 (± 2.8) days before admission. Among 133 patients reporting pain, the distribution of site was 92 (69.2%) myalgia/arthralgia; 67 (50.4%) headache; 58 (43.6%) back pain; 44 (33.1%) low back pain; 33 (25.0%) chest pain; 28 (21.1%) sore throat; and 18 (13.6%) abdominal pain. CONCLUSIONS: The most common pain symptoms were myalgia/arthralgia and headache (69.17% and 50.37%) and found to be much higher than previously reported. Pain is one of the most common complaints of admission to the hospital in patients with COVID-19. Patients who apply to health institutions with pain complaints should be evaluated and questioned in suspicion of COVID-19 infection.

A case of autoimmune hepatitis following pegylated interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis delta.

Autoimmune hepatitis may be frequently associated with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection, but there are few case reports regarding hepatitis B and Delta infection (HBV+HDV) as possible triggers. In this report, we present a 44 years old man who was diagnosed as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) following the treatment of HBV+HDV hepatitis with pegylated interferon (PegIFN). He presented with complaint of fatigue. Laboratory indicated elevated liver enzymes, AST 64IU/L and ALT 112IU/L. The results revealed HBsAg and anti-delta antibody positivity. HBV-DNA was <31.6 IU/mL and HDV-RNA 487.300 copy/mL. Peg-IFN was initiated for 96 weeks. Without a serious adverse effect, the enzymes regressed to normal within 24 weeks. After 96 weeks of treatment, there was a three-fold increase in aminotransferases, with no cholestasis. Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) was 3686 mg/dL (reference 540-1822 mg/dL), anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASMA) and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) were positive. The liver biopsy had all diagnostic clues for AIH. Methylprednisolone and azathioprine treatment was initiated with tenofovir (TdF) prophylaxis. Due to unresponsiveness, even with doubling the dosage for immunosuppressives, treatment was stopped and shifted to mycophenolate mofetil. The patient responded in the 6th month and still under treatment with TdF and mycophenolate mofetil with normal enzymes and negative HDV RNA.

The interaction between current smoking and hemoglobin on the risk of advanced fibrosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Higher hemoglobin levels have been associated with an increased risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Although the mechanism underlying this association is elusive, smoking has been previously related to both higher hemoglobin concentrations and an increased risk of fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The present study was conducted to investigate formally the interaction among current smoking, hemoglobin levels, and risk for advanced fibrosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examined 433 Turkish patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Advanced fibrosis (F ≥ 3) was identified on liver biopsy in 80 cases, whereas 84 patients were current smokers. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the effect of current smoking on risk for advanced fibrosis, after adjusting for the effects of age, sex, BMI, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: Preliminary analyses revealed the presence of substantial statistical interaction between current smoking and hemoglobin levels (P < 0.001). In separate multivariable analyses conducted in the entire cohort and in the subgroups of patients with high and low hemoglobin levels (according to median value in the study cohort: 14.4 g/l), current smoking was associated with increased risk for advanced fibrosis in patients with high hemoglobin (odds ratio: 3.32, 95% confidence interval: 1.23-7.21, P < 0.01) but neither in those with low hemoglobin (odds ratio: 0.71, 95% confidence interval: 0.28-1.81, P = 0.52) nor in the entire study cohort (odds ratio: 1.18, 95% confidence interval: 0.73-2.14, P = 0.79). CONCLUSION: Hemoglobin acts as a modifier in the association between current smoking and advanced fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

The Relation of Cytotoxin-Associated Gene-A Seropositivity with Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Helicobacter pylori-Positive Patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: As a worldwide infectious bacterium, H. pylori leads to stomach pathologies such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer, MALToma, and various extragastric manifestations. In our study, we aimed to investigate the association between serum vitamin B12 level and cytotoxin-associated gene-A (CagA) seropositivity, which is one of the virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). METHOD: This study has been conducted on 289 patients who have met the inclusion criteria. Within these patients, 213 of them were H. pylori positive and 76 were negative. Vitamin B12 and CagA-IgG levels were assessed in consecutive dyspeptic patients undergoing upper endoscopy. RESULTS: Out of 289 patients, 51.9% were women (n = 150) and H. pylori was detected in 213 (73.7%) patients. Histopathological evaluation with modified Sydney classification revealed lymphocyte infiltration in 66.8% (n = 193), activation in 46% (n = 133), metaplasia in 11.4% (n = 33), atrophy in 11.4% (n = 33), and lymphoid follicles in 21.1% (n = 61) of the patients. Within H. pylori-positive patients, the ratio of CagA positivity was 57.3% (n = 122). Low B12 vitamin level was significantly correlated with existence of H. pylori (p=0.02), CagA (p=0.002), lymphocyte (p=0.006), metaplasia (p=0.001), atrophy (p=0.001), and lymphoid follicles (p=0.006). Positivity of CagA has been detected to be statistically corelated with lymphocyte (p=0.001) and activation (p=0.005); however, the same relation was not present with atrophy (p=0.236). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, B12 deficiency was positively correlated with CagA positivity and gastric inflammatory activity.

Characterization of Patients with Biopsy-Proven Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Normal Aminotransferase Levels.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major causes of abnormal liver function tests in hepatology practice. However, not all patients with NAFLD have increased aminotransferase levels. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and histologic characteristics of patients with biopsyproven NAFLD showing normal versus elevated aminotransferase levels. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 515 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD. Patients with ALT ≤ 40 U/L and AST ≤ 37 U/L were considered as having normal liver enzymes. A histological fibrosis score F ≥ 3 was used to define advanced fibrosis. RESULTS: Of the 515 study participants, 107 (20.8%) had normal liver enzymes. Compared with patients showing elevated liver enzymes, those with normal aminotransferase levels were older and most commonly women. Moreover, they had a higher body mass index and more frequently showed metabolic risk factors (metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, higher waist and hip circumferences). Although liver histology tended to be less severe in patients with normal liver enzymes, the prevalence of advanced fibrosis was similar in the two groups. Diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR] = 2.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.46-3.91, p < 0.001) and age (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.07-1.24, p < 0.05) were identified as independent predictors of advanced fibrosis in patients with normal aminotransferase levels. CONCLUSIONS: NAFLD with normal aminotransferase levels is characterized by a severe metabolic profile and a prevalence of advanced fibrosis similar to that identified in cases with elevated aminotransferase levels.

Extracellular matrix protein 1 gene rs3737240 single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with ulcerative colitis in Turkish patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease are chronic inflammatory diseases. Genetic, immunologic, and microbial factors play an important role in their pathogenesis. Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1), a gene related to mucosal barrier function, has been shown to be associated with UC. This study aims to determine the relationship between ECM1 gene rs3737240 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and UC in a group of Turkish patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-four UC patients and 120 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. ECM1 gene rs3737240 SNP genotyping was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS: TT genotype was significantly more common in UC patients than in the healthy control group [p=0.034; odds ratio (OR) 2.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-5.25]. The presence of C allele significantly lowered the UC risk (p=0.034; OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.19-0.95). TT genotype was significantly associated with azathioprine use in UC patients (p=0.037; OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.04-8.65). The C allele significantly reduced the probability of azathioprine use in UC patients (p=0.037; OR 0.33 CI 95% 0.11-0.96). No relation was found between rs3737240 SNP genotype and the phenotypical characteristics of UC patients. CONCLUSION: The TT genotype of ECM1 gene rs3737240 SNP significantly increased susceptibility for UC and azathioprine use in UC patients in a Turkish population.

Therapeutic success with bismuth-containing sequential and quadruple regimens in Helicobacter pylori eradication.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The success rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication with the classical triple therapy is gradually declining. In this study, we aimed to compare and assess the efficacies of six different eradication regimens including sequential protocols. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Endoscopically confirmed nonulcer dyspepsia patients were enrolled. H. pylori presence was determined either histologically or by a rapid urease test. Treatment-naive patients were randomly assigned to an either one of three 10-day (OAC, OTMB, and OACB) or one of three sequential protocols (OA+OCM, OA+OCMB, and OA+OMDB) (O=omeprazole, A=amoxicillin, C=clarithromycin, T=tetracycline, M=metronidazole, B=bismuth, D=doxycycline). The eradication was assessed 6-8weeks after the completion of the treatment by a 14C-urea breath test. RESULTS: In total, 301 patients were included. Fifty-two percent of the participants (n=157) were female, and the mean age was 44.9years (range=18-70). The intention to treat (ITT) and per protocol (PP) eradication rate for each regimen is as follows: OAC (ITT=61.2%, PP=75%), OTMB (83.3%, 87%), OACB (76.5%, 79.6%), OA+OCM (72.3%, 73.9%), OA+OCMB (82.7%, 89.6%), and OA+OMDB (59.3%, 65.3%). Smoking significantly affected the eradication rate (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: In this study, OTMB and OA+OCMB were significantly superior to the triple therapy and succeeded to reach the eradication rate proposed by the Maastricht consensus (over 80%). These two bismuth-containing regimens could be considered for first-line therapy in the regions with high clarithromycin resistance.

Impaired Gallbladder Motility and Increased Gallbladder Wall Thickness in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Along with the increase in the incidence of NAFLD and associated obesity, an increase in gallbladder disease (GD) has been noted. This has led to the identification of a new disease entity called fatty GD. There is a gap in the literature on the dynamics of gallbladder function in patients with NAFLD. METHODS: An observational case-control study, a total of 50 patients with biopsy proven NAFLD without gallbladder stone/sludge and 38 healthy comparison subjects were enrolled. Fasting, postprandial gallbladder volumes (PGV), gallbladder ejection fraction (GEF), and fasting gallbladder wall thickness (FGWT) were measured by real-time 2-dimensional ultrasonography. RESULTS: Fasting gallbladder wall thickness, fasting gallbladder volumes and PGV were significantly higher in patients with NAFLD than control subjects (P < 0.001, P = 0.006, and P < 0.001, respectively). Gallbladder ejection fraction was significantly lower in the NAFLD group than the controls (P = 0.008). The presence of NAFLD was an independent predictor for GEF, PGV, and FGWT. Also, steatosis grade was an independent predictor for GEF, and GEF was significantly lower in the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) subgroup than the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Gallbladder dysfunction and increase in gallbladder wall thickness exists in asymptomatic (without stone/sludge and related symptoms) patients with NAFLD and are useful in identifying fatty GD. Measurement of these variables in NAFLD patients may be useful in identifying those at higher risk for GD.

Increased serum soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

AIM: To analyze the relationship between the serum lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) levels and clinical and histopathological features of biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. METHODS: Fifty-three consecutive, biopsy-proven NAFLD patients (31 males and 22 females, mean age 42.5 ± 9.6 years) and 26 age- and gender-matched, healthy controls (14 males and 12 females, mean age 39 ± 10.7 years) were included. The patients with NAFLD were consecutive patients who had been admitted to the hepatology outpatient clinic within the last year and had been diagnosed with NAFLD as the result of liver biopsy. The healthy controls were individuals who attended the outpatient clinic for routine health control and had no known chronic illnesses. The histological evaluation was conducted according to the NAFLD activity scoring system recommended by The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. The serum LOX-1 levels were measured using an ELISA kit (Life Science Inc. USCN. Wuhan, Catalog No. E1859Hu) in both patients and healthy controls. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the optimal cutoff value of LOX-1 and thereby distinguish between patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and healthy controls. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: NAFLD and healthy control groups were similar in terms of age and sex. NAFLD patients consisted of 8 patients with simple steatosis (15%), 27 with borderline NASH (51%) and 18 with definitive NASH (34%). Metabolic syndrome was found in 62.2% of the patients with NAFLD. The mean serum LOX-1 level in biopsy-proven NAFLD patients was 8.49 ± 6.43 ng/mL compared to 4.08 ± 4.32 ng/mL in healthy controls (P = 0.001). The LOX-1 levels were significantly different between controls, simple steatosis and NASH (borderline+definite) cases (4.08 ± 4.32 ng/mL, 6.1 ± 6.16 ng/mL, 8.92 ± 6.45 ng/mL, respectively, P = 0.004). When the cut-off value for the serum LOX-1 level was set at 5.35 ng/mL, and a ROC curve analysis was performed to distinguish between steatohepatitis patients and controls; the sensitivity and specificity of the serum LOX-1 level were 69.8% and 69.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The serum LOX-1 levels were significantly higher in NAFLD patients than in healthy controls. Additionally, the serum LOX-1 levels could differentiate between steatohepatitis patients and healthy controls.

A potential treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with SIRT1 activators.

Sirtuins (SIRTs) are members of the silent information regulator-2 family and act as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone/protein deacetylases. The de-acetylation of proteins and histones results in an up- or down-regulation of gene transcription and protein function. In recent years, the regulatory action of the deacetylation activity of SIRT1 has been shown to have a positive impact on the pathophysiological mechanisms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Among the effects of SIRT1 are: its healing activity on insulin sensitivity, thereby ameliorating glycemic regulation; its mimetic activity on calorie restriction; its antihyperlipidemic activity on lipid homeostasis via the liver, adipose tissues and skeletal muscles; its anti-inflammatory activities; its protective effects against cardiovascular events and endothelial dysfunction; its positive influence on autophagy, apoptosis and cancer; and finally, its anti-aging activity. The current approach for the treatment of NAFLD involves the treatment of etiological factors and recommendation of life-style changes including more physical activity and a low-calorie diet. However, there is no specific medical treatments for NAFLD. The therapeutic potential of SIRT1 activity in the treatment of NAFLD discovered in humans has been presented in this article. In this review, the potential effects of SIRT1 activation on NAFLD-related pathophysiological mechanisms and on the treatment of NAFLD are discussed.

Association of human leukocyte antigen DQB1 and DRB1 alleles with chronic hepatitis B.

AIM: To investigate the effect of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1 and DQB1 alleles on the inactive and advanced stages of chronic hepatitis B. METHODS: Patient records at a single institution's hepatology clinic were reviewed. Demographic data, laboratory results, endoscopy results, virological parameters, biopsy scores and treatment statuses were recorded. In total, 355 patients were eligible for the study, of whom 226 (63.7%) were male. Overall, 82 (23.1%) were hepatitis B early antigen (HBeAg) positive, 87 (24.5%) had cirrhosis, and 66 (18.6%) had inactive disease. The presence of DQB1 and DRB1 alleles was determined by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. The distribution of the genotyped alleles among patients with cirrhosis and patients with chronic active hepatitis was analyzed. RESULTS: The most frequent HLA DQB1 allele was DQB1*03:01 (48.2%), and the most frequent HLA DRB1 allele was DRB1*13/14 (51.8%). DQB1*05:01 was more frequent in patients with active disease than in inactive patients (27% vs 9.1%; P = 0.002, Pc = 0.026). DRB1*07 was rare in patients with cirrhosis compared with non-cirrhotics (3.4% vs 16%; P = 0.002, Pc = 0.022). Older age (P < 0.001) and male gender (P = 0.008) were the other factors that affected the presence of cirrhosis. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, DRB1*07 remained a significant negative predictor of cirrhosis (P = 0.015). A bioinformatics analysis revealed that a polymorphic amino acid sequence in DRB1*07 may alter interaction with the T-cell recognition site. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that HLA alleles may influence cirrhosis development and disease activity in Turkish chronic hepatitis B patients.

TLR4 gene polymorphism in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in comparison to healthy controls.

OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have suggested that bacterial overgrowth and endotoxemia along with its receptor, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), play a role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present study was designed to test and evaluate the TLR4 gene polymorphism in patients with NAFLD in comparison to healthy controls. METHODS: A total of 119 patients [mean (standard deviation, SD) age 43.4 (11.5) years, 55.5% were males] with NAFLD and 80 healthy controls [mean (SD) age 40.9 (8.1) years, 67.5% were females)] were evaluated in terms of patient demographics, anthropometrics, blood biochemistry, liver histology, and ultrasonographic (USG) findings. Histological evaluation was performed in 111 patients, and blood samples were collected from 119 patients with NAFLD and 80 healthy persons. Allelic variants of TLR4 (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) were assayed by real-time PCR. Genomic DNA was amplified using FAM/VIC primers specific for allelic variants of TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile with real-time PCR. Amplicons were analyzed with high-resolution melting on a Light Cycler 480 for detecting different melting patterns of polymorphic and wild-type alleles. RESULTS: The number of the subjects with heterozygous mutation at genotype 299 (Asp299Gly) was significantly lower in the NAFLD than in the control group (23.8 vs. 10.9%, P=0.027). Logistic regression analysis revealed that female gender [odds ratio (OR)=2.984, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.561-5.360, P=0.001] and heterozygous (Asp299Gly) mutation at codon 299 (OR=2.998, 95% CI 1.325-6.783, P=0.008) were the significant predictors of higher likelihood of TRL4 gene polymorphism-related prevention of NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS: As the first-time-in-humans controlled study related to investigation of TLR4 gene polymorphism in NAFLD, our findings contribute to the available data that TLR-4 signaling is pivotal for the pathogenesis of NASH and indicate that the TLR4 codon 299 heterozygous gene mutation (Asp299Gly) in humans may have a preventive role against the genesis of NAFLD.

Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on serum ghrelin and obestatin levels.

AIM: To investigate changes in serum ghrelin and obestatin levels before and after Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication. METHODS: A total of 92 patients presenting with symptoms of dyspepsia were enrolled in the study. Upper endoscopy was performed on all patients and used to diagnose H. pylori infection according to the presence of characteristic histopathological findings; seventy patients were diagnosed with H. pylori infection and the remaining 22 non-infected patients were classified as healthy controls. H. pylori eradication was accomplished by administering the classical triple therapy drug regimen, consisting of lansoprazole 30 mg bid, amoxicillin 1 g bid, and clarithromycin 500 mg tid for 14 d. The eradication of H. pylori was assessed with C¹4-urea breath test, which was performed at eight weeks after treatment. Levels of serum active ghrelin and obestatin were assessed at beginning of the study (prior to treatment) and after eight weeks. The levels were comparatively analyzed between the H. pylori negative control group, the H. pylori eradicated group, and the H. pylori non-eradicated group. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients, 50 females and 42 males with a mean age of 38.2 ± 11.9 years (range: 19-64), were analyzed. H. pylori eradication success was achieved in 74.3% (52/70) of H. pylori positive patients. The initial levels of ghrelin in the H. pylori positive and control cases were 63.6 ± 19.8 pg/mL and 65.1 ± 19.2 pg/mL (P = 0.78), respectively, and initial obestatin levels were 771 ± 427 pg/mL and 830 ± 296 pg/mL (P = 0.19), respectively. The difference between the initial levels and the week 8 levels of ghrelin and obestatin in the control group was insignificant [4.5% (P = 0.30) and -0.9% (P = 0.65), respectively]. The difference between the initial and week 8 levels of ghrelin and obestatin in the H. pylori non-eradicated group were also insignificant [0.9% (P = 0.64) and 5.3% (P = 0.32), respectively]. The H. pylori eradicated group had a greater change in obestatin levels when compared to the control and the non-eradicated groups (148 ± 381 pg/mL vs -12 ± 138 pg/mL and -72.8 ± 203 pg/mL, respectively, P = 0.015), while decreases in ghrelin levels were insignificant (-7.2 pg/mL vs -1.4 pg/mL and -1.9 pg/mL, respectively, P = 0.52). The ghrelin/obestatin ratio for the initial and week 8 levels changed significantly in only the H. pylori eradicated group (0.11 vs 0.08, respectively, P = 0.015). For overweight patients (as designated by body mass index), we observed significant increases in obestatin levels in the eradicated group as compared to non-eradicated group (201 ± 458 pg/mL vs -5 ± 81 pg/mL, respectively, P = 0.02). In the H. pylori-eradicated group, the levels did not differ between the sexes for ghrelin (-6.3 ± 26.9 pg/mL vs -8.0 ± 24.0 pg/mL, respectively, P = 0.97) or obestatin (210 ± 390 pg/mL vs 96 ± 372 pg/mL, respectively, P = 0.23). CONCLUSION: Serum levels of ghrelin decreased while obestatin levels increased in H. pylori eradicated subjects, especially in overweight and male patients.

The effect of HLA-DQB1 alleles on virologic breakthroughs during chronic hepatitis B treatment with genetically low barrier drugs.

BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis B treatment with oral antiviral drugs is a long course. During this course, antiviral resistance is a serious issue, particularly, if genetically low barrier drugs are in use. Host immunity is accepted to have an effect on antiviral resistance development. The earliest clinical sign of drug resistance is virologic breakthrough. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relation between HLA-DQB1 alleles and virologic breakthrough events. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The patient records at single institution hepatology clinic were reviewed. Local institution ethics committee approval was taken. The patients' demographic data, virologic parameters, treatment statues were noted. Patients who had received lamivudine or adefovir were recruited and grouped into two according to virologic breakthrough occurrence. Patients who were not compliant to the given treatment were excluded. Blood samples were taken for DNA extraction. HLA-DQB1 alleles were determined at high level by sequence-specific primers-polymerase chain reaction. The distribution of DQB1 alleles among groups was analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-eight patients were eligible for the study. Ninety-six of them had virologic breakthrough where 102 did not have. DQB1 0503 allele was more frequent in patients without breakthrough (28.4% vs. 12.4%, P=0.006). In univariate analysis, HBeAg seropositivity (P<0.001), absence of cirrhosis (P=0.007), younger age (P=0.002) and higher pretreatment logDNA (P<0.001) were related to breakthrough events. However, in multivariate analysis only logDNA (P<0.001) and DQB1*0503 (P=0.02) allele revealed statistically significant relation with breakthrough events. CONCLUSION: Host immunity may have an effect on outcome during treatment with oral antiviral drugs. A patient with better immunologic profile may suppress the viral replication better and this may cause less resistance occurrence during treatment with genetically low barrier drugs.