Measurement of evaporation rates of different kind of aqueous solutions under microwave irradiation.

The evaporation rate of water is, of course, different under the same heating conditions of different aqueous solutions. Under conventional heating conditions, the evaporation rate of water is much higher than the evaporation rate of water of aqueous solutions of different kinds of solute materials, which is well accordance with the classical Raoult's law. The results obtained in this study have clearly shown that the chemical characteristics of dissolved materials in water very seriously affect the evaporation rates of water under the microwave heating. This generally causes contradictory results to Raoult's law and this can be explained with the additional microwave energy absorption by the ionic or molecular solute materials found in the solutions other than the microwave energy absorption by water molecules themselves.

Gold nanoparticle probes: design and in vitro applications in cancer cell culture.

A new architecture has been designed by the conjugation of [(18)F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and anti-metadherin (Anti-MTDH) antibody which is specific to the metadherin (MTDH) over-expressed on the surface of breast cancer cells. Mannose triflate molecule is used as a precursor for synthesis of (18)F-FDG by nucleophilic fluorination. For the conjugation of (18)F-FDG and AuNPs, cysteamine was first bound to mannose triflate (Man-CA) before synthesizing of (18)F-FDG which has cysteamine sides ((18)FDG-CA). Then, (18)FDG-CA was reacted with HAuCl(4) to obtain AuNPs and with NaBH(4) for reduction of AuNPs. At the end of this procedure, AuNPs were conjugated to (18)F-FDG via disulphide bonds ((18)FDG-AuNP). For the conjugation of Anti-MTDH, 1,1'-carbonyl diimidazol (CDI) was bound to the (18)FDG-AuNP, and Anti-MTDH was conjugated via CDI ((18)FDG-AuNP-Anti-MTDH). This procedure was also performed by using Na(19)F to obtain non-radioactive conjugates ((19)FDG-AuNP-Anti-MTDH). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated that synthesized particles were in nano sizes. (18)FDG-AuNP-Anti-MTDH conjugate was characterized and used as a model probe containing both radioactive and optical labels together as well as the biological target. The (18)FDG-AuNP-Anti-MTDH conjugate was applied to MCF7 breast cancer cell line and apoptotic cell ratio was found to be increasing from 2% to 20% following the treatment. Hence, these results have promised an important application potential of this conjugate in cancer research.

Transfer of orally administrated iodine-131 into chicken eggs.

Radioactive iodine-131 as both as free iodide (Na131I) and covalently bound to aniline (aniline-131I) was added to the drinking water of two Leghorn laying hens as a single dose and also as a cumulative dose over 1 week. The radioactivity of the principal parts of the eggs, i.e. shell, white, and yolk, was measured, and the radioactivity levels per gram material, and percent of the total radioactivity were calculated. The radioactivity measurements were continued for 1 month following the administration of 131I. In the case of the single dose administration, the results obtained showed that about 15% of the total radioactivity administered as Na131I was transported into the egg structure; compared to only about 1% for aniline-131I. After cumulative administration, about 15% of the total administered radioactivity was transported into the egg structure with both forms of 131I. This was probably because of metabolic cleavage of iodine bonds in the labeled aniline molecules during the longer period of exposure. These results also showed considerable accumulation of 131I in the egg yolks. In the case of the single dose administration, 131I can be detected in eggs up to about 20 days after administration, and up to about 30 days, in the case of the cumulative administration over 1 week.