RESUMEN
The functional or structural linkage among traits [phenotypic integration (PI)] within complex structures can constrain the evolutionary response of individual traits. To analyse whether frugivores with distinct sensory ecology have shaped the patterns of fruit diversification differently, we compared PI values of fleshy fruits that are consumed by birds and mammals. We used phylogenetic comparative analyses of PI among 13 morphological, nutritional and visual fruit traits from 111 Mediterranean plant species. Results showed that morphological traits had higher PI values than nutritional and colour traits. Visual and nutritional traits show positive phylogenetic covariance, while negative covariation occurs between fruits size and nutrients. Importantly, fruits consumed by birds were relatively more integrated than fruits consumed partly or solely by mammals. Hence, we show that major groups of mutualistic frugivores can shape the covariance among some fruit traits differently and thereby influence fruit diversification.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Frutas/fisiología , Fenotipo , Pigmentación , Animales , Aves , Frutas/química , MamíferosRESUMEN
The anatomic response to intravitreal bevacizumab injection in three patients with aggressive, posterior retinopathy of prematurity is described. In all cases, the worse eye was treated with a single intravitreal injection of 0.75 mg of bevacizumab as monotherapy or complementary to laser therapy. In 24 hours, all injected eyes showed regression of the tunica vasculosa lentis and iris vessel engorgement and disappearance of iris rigidity. In addition, plus disease and retinal proliferation began to regress. None of the eyes required additional treatment. Follow-up of up to 10 months
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Retinopatía de la Prematuridad/tratamiento farmacológico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Bevacizumab , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Recién Nacido de muy Bajo Peso , Inyecciones , Resultado del Tratamiento , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/antagonistas & inhibidores , Cuerpo VítreoRESUMEN
The effect of papaverine at the time of starting a post-ischemic acute renal failure in rats has been studied. Papaverine administration increases diuresis and reduces serum urea and creatinine levels. The primary role of hemodynamic disorders as responsible for the diminished glomerular filtration rate is supported by the reduced severity of acute renal failure when this vasodilator agent is administered.
